View source for Lucius Licinius Murena (praetor 88 BC)

{{short description|Roman general and politician}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Lucius Murena
| birth_date    = {{circa}} 110 BC
| death_date    = {{circa}} 80 BC (aged 30)
| allegiance    = [[Roman Republic|Rome]]
| serviceyears  = 87 - 82 BC
| battles       = {{plainlist|
[[First Mithridatic War]]
:[[Siege of Athens and Piraeus (87–86 BC)|Siege of Athens and Piraeus]]
:[[Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC)|Fourth Battle of Chaeronea]]
[[Second Mithridatic War]]
:[[Battle of Halys]]
}}
| children      = [[Lucius Licinius Murena (consul 62 BC)|Lucius]]
}}
'''Lucius Licinius Murena''' was a Roman soldier and politician. He was notable for playing an important role in the Roman victory against the forces of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]] at the [[Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]] in 86 BC during the [[First Mithridatic War]] and for starting another war, the [[Second Mithridatic War]] (83–81 BC), against Mithridates in [[Asia Minor]] without the authorisation of the [[Roman senate]].
== Life ==
Murena was a [[praetor]] probably in 88&nbsp;BC.<ref>Arthur Keaveney, "Young Pompey: 106–79 B.C.", ''L'Antiquité Classique'' 51 (1982), pp. 123–124</ref><ref>Broughton ''MRR'' 3 (1986), p. 123</ref> He was a lieutenant of [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] during the [[First Mithridatic War]] (89–85 BC) with [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]]. He participated in the [[Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]] of 86 BC. Sulla encamped near Chaeronea, close to the camp of [[Archelaus (Pontic army officer)|Archelaus]], the commander of the enemy. He left Murena behind with one legion and two cohorts to face the enemy, should they prepare for battle, and went to Chaeronea, where the Romans had a garrison. Some of the townsfolk offered to go and cut off the enemy at nearby Thurium. Sulla agreed, returned to his camp and prepared for battle, putting Murena in charge of the left wing.  The Chaeroneans were routed and  Murena received some of the fugitives. During the battle Murena was attacked and Sulla sent four cohorts to help him. Later in the battle he set out to help him himself. However, Murena had already gained the upper hand and Sulla joined him in the pursuit of the fugitives.<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Sulla'', 17.3-19.4; [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sulla*.html]</ref>
In a note on [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus (consul 74 BC)|Lucius Licinius Lucullus]], Pseudo-Aurelius Victor wrote that he gained the fleet of Mithridates and king Ptolemy of Egypt for Sulla through Murena.<ref>Pseudo-Aurelius Victor, Victor, ''De Viris Illustribus'', 74.</ref> Presumably the Ptolemy in question was [[Ptolemy IX]].
At the end of that war, Sulla left Murena in [[Asia Minor]] as a ''[[legatus]]'' to watch over the region. He was put in charge of the [[Fimbrian legions|Valerian legions]], two [[Roman legion|legions]] formerly controlled by [[Gaius Flavius Fimbria (cavalry prefect)|Gaius Flavius Fimbria]]. We can deduce from [[Appian]]'s account of this war in his ''The Mithridatic Wars'', that Murena had been given the command of [[Phrygia]], which had been annexed to the [[Attalid kingdom]] in 188 BC, [[Galatia]], a client state of Rome, and [[Cappadocia (kingdom)|Cappadocia]], which was a Roman ally. Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Dardanos]], Sulla had left Mithridates in control of his [[Pontus (kingdom)|Pontus]]. Murena undertook an unauthorised war against Mithridates, the [[Second Mithridatic War]] (83–81 BC).
In 83 BC, Murena attacked [[Comana (Cappadocia)|Comana]], a town which belonged to Mithridates, because of suspicions that the latter was preparing for war against the Romans. Mithridates was fitting a fleet and raising an army to deal with a rebellion by the [[Colchians]] and the tribes around the [[Cimmerian Bosphorus]]. It was the scale of these preparations and the fact that he had not restored the entirety of Cappadocia to its king, [[Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia|Ariobarzanes I]], who was a Roman ally, which led to this impression. Mithridates sent envoys to invoke the peace treaty. Murena replied that he did not see any treaties because Sulla had not written it down before he returned to Greece. Murena then began looting and then returned to Cappadocia to winter there.<ref>Appian, ''Mithridatic Wars'', 64-65.</ref>
Mithridates sent envoys to [[Rome]] to complain. In 82 BC, Murena seized 400 villages which belonged to Mithridates, who chose to wait for the return of the ambassadors, rather than retaliate. Murena returned to Phrygia and Galatia loaded with the plunder. He was reached by, Calidius, a messenger of the senate who ordered him to stop the hostilities because Mithridates had not broken the peace treaty. Murena ignored this and invaded Mithridates’ territory. The latter thought that this was done under the order of Rome and retaliated. Roman villages were attacked and loot was taken. Murena was then defeated by Mithridates in battle near the River Halys and fled to [[Phrygia]].<ref>Appian, ''Mithridatic Wars'', 65.</ref> Mithridates drove all the Roman garrisons out of Cappadocia. [[Aulus Gabinius]] was sent to reinforce the order to stop fighting and to meet Mithridates and Ariobarzanes I to reconcile them.<ref>Appian, ''Mithridaric Wars'', 65–66.</ref> Murena was recalled to Rome.<ref>Cicero, ''On Pompey's Command'', 8.</ref>
Murena was awarded a triumph for a victory over king Mithridates in 81 BC.<ref>''Fasti Triumphales'' (Degrassi, 1954).</ref> His son, also called [[Lucius Licinius Murena (consul 62 BC)|Lucius Licinius Murena]], became consul in 62 BC.
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
==References==
*{{1911|wstitle=Murena|volume=19|page=34}}
*[[Appian]], The Roman History, Vol. 1, The Foreign Wars, Digireads.com, 2011; {{ISBN|978-1420940374}}
*[[Cicero]], The correspondence of M. Tullius Cicero : arranged according to its chronological order, with a revision of the text, a commentary and introductory essays, 1885; scanned by FQ Legacy Publishing, 2013;  ASIN: B00B3KKY20
*Cicero: Pro Murena, Bloomsbury 3PL; reprint edition, 2013; {{ISBN|978-0862920104}}
*[[Elaine Fantham|Fatham]], E., ''Cicero’s Pro L. Murena Oratio.'' American Philological Association texts and commentaries series (Society for Classical Studies Texts & Commentaries), Oxford University Press USA, 2013; {{ISBN|978-0199974535}}
*[[Plutarch]], Lives, vol. 7, Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar (Loeb Classical Library) Loeb, 1919; ASIN: B00E6TGP8C
*Plutarch, Lives, vol. 8, Sertorious and Eumenes, Phocion and Cato and Younger(Loeb Classical Library). Loeb, 1989: {{ISBN|978-0674991118}}
*Plutarch, Lives, Vol. 4, Alcibiades and Coriolanus Lysander and Sulla v. 4 (Loeb Classical Library) Loeb, 1989; {{ISBN|978-0674990890}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Licinius Murena, Lucius}}
[[Category:1st-century BC Romans]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman generals]]
[[Category:Licinii|Murena, Lucius]]
[[Category:Roman Republican praetors]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman triumphators]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC births]]
[[Category:1st-century BC deaths]]
[[Category:People of the Mithridatic Wars]]