View source for Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack

{{Short description|German-born Australian artist (1893–1965)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack
| image = Ludwig_Hirschfeld_Mack,_1923.jpg
| nationality = German/Australian
| birth_date = {{birth date|1893|07|11|df=yes}}
| birth_name = Ludwig Hirschfeld
| birth_place = [[Frankfurt-am-Main]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1965|1|7|1893|6|11}}
| death_place = [[Allambie Heights]], Sydney, Australia
| occupation = Artist, musician, art educator
| alma_mater = [[Bauhaus]], [[Weimar]]
| notable_works = ''Desolation, Internment Camp, Hay 1941''
| spouse = Elenor Wirth (1917–1953)<br>Olive Russell (1955–1965)
}}
'''Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack''' (11 July 1893 – 7 January 1965) was a German-born Australian artist.
His formative education was from 1912 until 1914 at the {{ill|Debschitz-Schule|de}}, an art school in Munich founded by [[Wilhelm von Debschitz]]. Hirschfeld-Mack studied at the [[Bauhaus]] from 1919 until 1924 and remained working there until 1926 where, along with {{ill|Kurt Schwerdtfeger|de}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bauhauskooperation.com/wissen/das-bauhaus/koepfe/biografien/biografie-detail/person-Schwerdtfeger-Kurt-1191|title=Kurt Schwerdtfeger, 1920–1924 Bauhaus student|publisher=Bauhaus Kooperation|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> he further developed the {{lang|de|Farblichtspiele}} (coloured-light-plays), which used a projection device to produce moving colours on a transparent screen accompanied by music composed by Hirschfeld-Mack. It is now regarded as an early form of [[multimedia]].<ref>Lameri, Bregt (2013) [http://www.filmforumfestival.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/lameris_proposal_Farbenlichtspiele.pdf "Colourful Projections: Bauhaus Farbenlichtspiele and their Various Reconstruction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107022615/http://www.filmforumfestival.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/lameris_proposal_Farbenlichtspiele.pdf |date=7 November 2016}}. Retrieved 6 November 2016</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=[[Kenneth Peacock]]|title=Instruments to Perform Color-Music: Two Centuries of Technological Experimentation|journal=[[Leonardo (journal)|Leonardo]]|volume=21|number=4|pages=397–406 (404)|year=1988}}</ref> He was a participant, along with the former Bauhaus master [[Gertrud Grunow]], in the {{lang|de|II. Kongreß für Farbe-Ton-Forschung (Hamburg 1. – 5. Oktober 1930)}} (Second Congress for Colour-Sound Research).<ref>''Farbe-Ton-Forschungen. III. Band. Bericht über den II. Kongreß für Farbe-Ton-Forschung'' (Hamburg 1. – 5. Oktober 1930). Published 1931.</ref> In 1923 he participated in the prestigious film festival {{lang|de|Der Absolute Film}} in Berlin with other film producers such as [[Hans Richter (artist)|Hans Richter]], [[Viking Eggeling]], [[Walter Ruttmann]], [[Fernand Léger]], [[Francis Picabia]] and [[René Clair]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schwarzbauer|first1=Resi|last2=Bell|first2=Chris|title=Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack: more than a Bauhaus artist|publisher=HistorySmiths|location=Melbourne|year=2021|page=63|isbn=9780648957416}}</ref> Music and colour theory remained lifelong interests, informing his art work in a number of media, and it was the inspiration for his well-respected and influential teaching.
==Life==
Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack was born in [[Frankfurt am Main]] where he grew up. He attended the [[Musterschule]], a progressive Frankfurt high school for musically gifted children, which still exists today. He was later taught by [[Hermann Obrist]] and [[Wilhelm von Debschitz]] in Munich, taking art history with [[Heinrich Wölfflin]] and Fritz Burger. During the First World War, Hirschfeld-Mack was an infantry officer.
===Bauhaus===
Hirschfeld-Mack completed a craftsman apprenticeship at his father's leather factory before studying at the Teaching and Experimental Studios for Applied and Free Art (Debschitz School) under [[Hermann Obrist]] and Wilhelm von Debschitz in Munich in 1912. He then enrolled at the [[University of Munich]] and attended lectures in art history by [[Heinrich Wölfflin]] and Fritz Burger.<ref name=Bauhaus100>{{cite web|url=https://bauhauskooperation.com/wissen/das-bauhaus/koepfe/biografien/biografie-detail/person-Hirschfeld-Mack-Ludwig-532|title=Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack, 1919–1925 Bauhaus student|publisher=Bauhaus Kooperation|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> In 1919 he went to study at the [[State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart|Art Academy]] in Stuttgart under [[Adolf Hölzel]] (colour theory) and [[Ida Kerkovius]], but later the same year enrolled at the [[Bauhaus]], where he studied under [[Johannes Itten]], [[Paul Klee]] and [[Wassily Kandinsky]],<ref name="Bauhaus100" /> and was apprenticed to [[Lyonel Feininger]] in the print workshop, obtaining a Bauhaus graduate diploma in [[lithography]] in 1924.<ref name="adb">{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography|last=Fisher|first=Tim|id2=hirschfeldmack-ludwig-10510|title=Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack (1893–1965)|volume=14|year=1996}}</ref> When Itten did not offer a course devoted to colour at the Bauhaus, Hirschfeld-Mack offered to conduct a colour course during the winter semester of 1922/23. While this course was not officially recognised, it was at times attended by Kandisky and Klee.{{sfn|Schwarzbauer|Bell|2021|pp=49–53}}<ref>Rainer K. Wick, ''Teaching at the Bauhaus'', Ostfildern, Ruit 2000, p. 113, cited in McNamara, Andrew "The Colour of Modernism: ColourForm Experiments in Europe and Australia" in Sascha Bru, Jan Baetens, Peter Nicholls, Benedikt Hjartarson (eds.) (2009) ''Europa! Europa?: The Avant-Garde, Modernism and the Fate of a Continent'', vol. 1 of European Avant-Garde and Modernism, Tania Rum Edition, Walter de Gruyter, {{ISBN|9783110217711}}</ref>
He remained at the Weimar Bauhaus until its closure in 1925 and conducted experiments in light projection, following German sculptor Kurt Schwerdtfeger (1897–1966) in developing the "Farbenlichtspiele" (colour-light play), producing an apparatus that combined moving projections of coloured light through mechanically operable geometric stencils displayed to music created by Ludwig himself.<ref>McDonough, T. (2014). Janice Kerbel: "Killing the Workers". ''Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context, and Enquiry'', 37(1), 102–111.</ref> Its first performance was at the Bauhaus Lantern Festival 21 June 1922. Ludwig described the kinetic projection as "fugue-like, strictly structured plays of colour, always derived from a definite colour-form theme".
In 1963, Hans Maria Wingler, the director of the newly established Bauhaus Archiv in Darmstadt, Germany, invited Ludwig to reconstruct his colour light plays, which required him to reconstruct the apparatus and rewrite the scores from his notes and his memory as well as prepare the music for the performance at the Bauhaus Archiv in Darmstadt. In early 1964 he and his second wife Olive departed for Europe and spent some time in Darmstadt training assistants for the performance.{{sfn|Schwarzbauer|Bell|2021|pp=274–277}}<ref name=Cantz>Hirschfeld-Mack, Ludwig & Hapkemeyer, Andreas & Stasny, Peter & Museion (Bolzano, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy) (2000). ''Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack : Bauhäusler und Visionär''. H. Cantz, Ostfildern</ref> With the assistance of sponsors, a film of the black and white play Kreuzspiel was subsequently made by the trained assistants after his death and two copies of this film remain. In 2000 under the direction and assistance of Hirschfeld-Mack's grandson Kaj Delugan performances of the plays were filmed in colour by Corinne Schweizer and Peter Böhm with a musical sound-track for the 2000 Exhibition in Bolzano, Italy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McNamara|first=Andrew|chapter=The Bauhaus in Australia: interdisciplinary confluences in modernist practices|title=Modern Times: The Untold Story of Modernism in Australia | date=2008 | publisher=Miegunyah Press | pages=2–15, 215–217 | isbn=978-0-522-85551-7 }}</ref>{{sfn|Schwarzbauer|Bell|2021|p=287}}
===Further teaching===
In 1926, Hirschfeld-Mack began teaching art in the [[Wickersdorf Free School Community]] in Thuringa. In 1929 he was appointed as a teacher of colour and general morphology at the Bauhochschule University of Craft and Architecture in Weimar. The school was established in Weimar after the Bauhaus left in 1925, and reopen in Dessau in 1926. In 1930 the director Otto Bartning was replaced by Paul Schlze-Naumberg, an advocate of Nazi architecture, resulting in the dismissal of most of the staff.{{sfn|Schwarzbauer|Bell|2021|p=90}} He then became professor at the Pedagogical Academy in [[Frankfurt (Oder)]] until its closure in 1932. He taught at the Teacher Training Academy in Kiel in northern Germany from 1932 until it too was closed by the [[Nazis]] in 1933. He moved in April 1933 to Berlin where he was able to obtain casual employment teaching the construction of musical instruments at the Jöde-Schule/Güntherschule and other institutes.{{sfn|Schwarzbauer|Bell|2021|pp=102–110}} Hirschfeld-Mack had married Elenor Wirth in 1917 and her father had established an acquaintance with the a member of the Clark family, who were members of the Quakers (Society of Friends) in England. After realising that his part Jewish Heritage made it impossible to obtain any permanent employment, Hirschfeld-Mack left Germany in early 1936 for Britain in search of permanent employment.{{sfn|Schwarzbauer|Bell|2021|p=114}}<ref>Vinzent, Jutta (2006) ''Identity and Image : refugee artists from Nazi Germany in Britain, 1933–1945''. VDG, Verlag und Datenbank für Geisteswissenschaften, Weimar</ref>
===United Kingdom===
Upon arrival Hirschfeld-Mack spent some time in [[Haselmere]] in Surrey before moving to London, where he was eventually offered employment under the Quaker Subsistence Program, which aimed to teach unemployed miners in Wales new skills, where he was in charge of the carpentry workshop. After returning to Germany to finalise his papers and spending some time in a carpentry workshop, he returned to England to commence his employment in Cwmavon, Wales in the Eastern Valley of [[Monmouthshire]] in [[South Wales]] around May 1936.{{sfn|Schwarzbauer|Bell|2021|pp=116–118}} Elenor (died 1953) remained in Germany with the two youngest daughters, while his eldest, Marga, followed him into English exile. His second daughter Ursel (17) died by suicide in April 1938.{{sfn|Schwarzbauer|Bell|2021|p=125}} The [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York, included his work in its Bauhaus retrospective of 1938.<ref>Herboth, E. J. "Review: The Bauhaus at MoMA", [[Design Observer]], 15 November 2009</ref>
===Australia===
[[File:Hirschfeld-mack ludwig.png|thumb|Hirschfeld-Mack with pupils at Geelong Grammar School<ref>[https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1082373 "Portrait of German artist Ludwig Hirschfeld Mack (1893–1965) teaching painting in his studio at Geelong Grammar School"], [[Australian War Memorial]]</ref>]]
In 1940 Hirschfeld-Mack was deported to Australia as an [[enemy alien]] on the ship [[HMT Dunera|HMT ''Dunera'']], spending time in [[internment]] camps in [[Hay, New South Wales|Hay]], [[Orange, New South Wales|Orange]] and [[Tatura]], before being granted [[Australian nationality law|Australian citizenship]]. Imprisonment and the longing for freedom were the theme of his small, stark, poignant [[relief print]]s of this period, including the [[woodcut]] ''Desolation, Internment Camp, Hay'' 1941. He was mentor to other internees including {{ill|Erwin Fabian|de}}.<ref>"... tales of 'making do' with humble materials are joined by a group of works produced during the Second World War in internment camps in Hay, Orange and Tatura by German and Italian-born artists including Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack, Erwin Fabian and Bruno Simon. The Bauhaus-trained artist Hirschfeld-Mack taught some of his fellow detainees the technique of [[monotype]] printing, using old windowpanes or discarded [[Masonite]], and printing ink made from black shoe polish. The shortage of materials in these barren surroundings made [[woodcut]]s another popular technique. Hirschfeld-Mack's 1941 print, ''Desolation, Internment Camp, Hay'', is one of the simplest but strongest statements made in this medium. In this eloquent print, the silhouette of a solitary figure is seen at night looking at the [[Southern Cross]] through the [[barbed wire]] fence of the camp. Made by an artist far from home, there is a palpable sense of despair and isolation beneath the alien night sky.". Sarina Noordhuis-Fairfax. "The Story of Australian Printmaking 1801–2005" in ''artonview'', pp. 14–23, issue 49, Autumn 2007, National Gallery of Australia. {{ISSN|1323-4552}}</ref> His release from detention was secured in April 1942 through the intercession of [[James Ralph Darling]], principal of [[Geelong Church of England Grammar School]] in Victoria, who appointed Hirschfeld-Mack as the art master. "Dr Hirschfeld", as he was known, and as recorded by one of his pupils, the curator David Thomas, was held in high regard by students and staff alike, and proved to be an inspirational teacher, consistently propounding the Bauhaus principles of self-knowledge, economy of material and form, and reform of society through art.<ref name="adb"/> Hirschfeld-Mack introduced the boys to such things as colour-coded guitars and colour organs<ref>''Corian'', Geelong Grammar School, May 1955, p. 30</ref> and in 1965 some of the instruments were donated to the Occupational Centre for Mental Handicapped Children in Geelong.<ref>"A complete orchestra – The Colour Chord: Happiness from colour 'chord' for children at new occupational centre", ''[[Geelong Advertiser]]'', 7 July 1965.</ref>
==Recognition==
Hirschfeld-Mack was amongst a number of European wartime refugees who contributed to the renewal of Australian Art.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Whitehead, Eileen | title=World War II prisoner of war visual art : Investigating its significance in contemporary society | date=2009-01-01 | publisher=Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/37014548}}</ref><ref>Whitehead, E. (2014). A Leap in the Dark: Identity, Culture and the Trauma of War Mediated Thorough The Visual Arts of North-East European Migrants And Émigrés To Australia After 1945.</ref><ref>Butler, R., & Donaldson, A. D. S. (2015). "War and peace: 200 years of Australian-German artistic relations". ''Electronic Melbourne Art Journal'', 1(8), 1–24.</ref> As Joseph Burke, then Professor of Fine Arts, Melbourne University, notes in 1954: "Among the leaders of this 'New Australian' contribution may be mentioned [[Desiderius Orban]] (born 1884), a distinguished painter whose teaching has made a profound mark in Sydney in the post-war years; Dr. Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack, an original member of the Bauhaus staff, a close colleague and friend of [[Paul Klee]], whose work has influenced his own highly original abstract paintings; [[Sali Herman]] (born 1898), and the recent winner of the [[Blake Prize for Religious Art]], [[Michael Kmit]], from Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18407780 |title=Art in Australia|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=4 February 1954 |page=10 Supplement: Royal Tour Supplement |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
Hirschfeld-Mack was also a guest lecturer at the [[University of Melbourne]], where he had his first exhibition in Australia in the Rowden White Library in 1946, possibly organised by fellow ''Dunera'' passenger Franz Philipp,<ref>"Water Colour Exhibition: Grammar School master's work", ''[[Geelong Advertiser]]'', 25 March 1946</ref><ref>Thomas, D. "Hirschfeld-Mack: Daniel Thomas on the influence of his teacher Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack" ''[[Art & Australia]]'' vol. 30, no. 4, Winter 1933, p. 520</ref> and in the same year his work was included in group exhibitions of the [[Contemporary Art Society (Australia)|Contemporary Art Society]] (CAS) in Sydney and in Melbourne during its most radical period under [[John Reed (art patron)|John Reed]].<ref>1946 catalogue for the 8th Contemporary Art Society, Hirschfeld-Mack archive, Baillieu Library, Melbourne University</ref> He showed also at the [[Peter Bray Gallery]] in Melbourne in 1953.<ref>Stephen, A. (2006) ''Modernism & Australia: Documents on Art, Design and Architecture 1917–1967'', Miegunyah Press, 632.</ref><ref>Deutscher, Chris & Butler, Roger & Witt, Dixie (1978). ''A survey of Australian relief prints, 1900/1950''. Deutscher Galleries, Armidale, Victoria</ref>
In 1949–1950, 1958 and 1964 he visited Europe. When [[Walter Gropius]] came to lecture at the Royal Australian Institute of Architects convention in Sydney in 1954 he made a special trip to Geelong Grammar School to visit his former colleague.
In 1955 Hirschfeld-Mack married Miss Olive Russell, a leading [[Quaker]] whom he had met at Tatura, and teacher of social studies at the [[Melbourne Girls Grammar School|Melbourne Church of England Girls Grammar School]]. In 1957 he retired from Geelong Grammar School and they moved to [[Ferny Creek, Victoria]].<ref name=Cantz /><ref name=adb />
In 1960, [[Clement Meadmore]] selected works from Hirschfeld-Mack's own collection to curate the first significant exhibition of Bauhaus ideas and work in Australia, "The Bauhaus – Aspects and Influences", at [[Gallery A]] in Melbourne (July–August 1961).<ref>{{Citation | author1=Gallery A. (Art gallery) | title=The Bauhaus : aspects and influence | date=1960 | publisher=Melbourne | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/14953835}}</ref> Included were Hirschfeld-Mack's own works and colour-coded musical instruments and proof prints he had made for other Bauhaus artists as well as numbers of works given to him during his period at the Bauhaus. After Hirschfeld-Mack's death, Gallery A held a commemorative exhibition of his watercolours.<ref>McNamara, Andrew (2008) 'The Bauhaus in Australia', in Ann Stephen, Philip Goad, and Andrew McNamara, Modern Times: The Untold Story of Modernism in Australia, Melbourne 2008, 8.</ref><ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32484489 MS 7 Papers of Gallery A], National Gallery of Australia Research Library Archives, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra. Item 3GA 158 List of items sold at the L. Hirschfeld-Mack Exhibition, Gallery A, Melbourne, 15 and 26 November 1965, two pages, and Item 1GA 76.5 Exhibition catalogue (Number 9) for L. Hirschfeld-Mack, at Gallery A, 60 Flinders Lane. Includes an illustration, introduction, titles and prices of forty works. Melbourne, March 1960, eight pages.</ref>
Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack died on 7 January 1965 at [[Allambie Heights]], a suburb of [[Sydney]].
==Exhibitions==
* Work represented in ''Bauhaus: 1919–1925'' [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York, 1938
* University of Melbourne, 1946
*Solo exhibition [[Peter Bray Gallery]], 435 Bourke St., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 1953
*Memorial exhibition at University Gallery Melbourne, 1981
*''The Great Australian Art Exhibition 1788–1988'' Art Gallery of South Australia, 1988<ref>Catalogue: ''Creating Australia, 200 years of art 1788–1988'', Art Gallery of South Australia ; edited and introduced by Daniel Thomas; selection co-ordinated by Ron Radford; with contributions by Leigh Astbury ... [et al.]. [Sydney] : International Cultural Corporation of Australia [and] Art Gallery Board of South Australia, 1988. {{ISBN|0-642-13433-2}}
"Published on the occasion of The Great Australian Art Exhibition 1788–1988 originated by the Art Gallery of South Australia and presented by the International Cultural Corporation of Australia for the Australian Bicentennial Authority".</ref>
* ''Bauhaus Centenary: Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack'', 23 February 2019 – 26 May 2019, Geelong Gallery, 55 Little Malop Street, Geelong
==Publications==
He produced an explanatory text of the Farbenlichtspiele in 1923,<ref>Hirschfeld-Mack, Ludwig: Farben Licht-Spiele, Wiesen-Ziele-Kritiken (Weimar 1923)</ref> also an article, "Reflected-Light Compositions..." (1925)<ref>Reprinted in Hans Maria Wingler, Joseph Stein. ''The Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago''. MIT Press, 1969. {{ISBN|9780262230339}}, 653 pages</ref> In retirement in 1963 he published ''The Bauhaus: An Introductory Survey''.<ref>Hirschfeld-Mack, Ludwig: ''The Bauhaus: An Introductory Survey''; foreword by [[Walter Gropius]], introduction by Joseph Burke, epilogue by [[Herbert Read|Sir Herbert Read]]. Croydon, Victoria: Longmans Green, 1963.</ref>
== The Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack Collection ==
The Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack Collection was presented to Melbourne University in 1971 and 1980 by Hirschfeld-Mack's widow, Olive Hirschfeld. The collection contains over six hundred works by Hirschfeld-Mack, including almost three hundred drawings, over two hundred prints, ninety-one watercolours and sixty-nine paintings. In addition, the University of Melbourne Archives houses material including correspondence, teaching aids, drawings, photographs and slides.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
Olive Hirschfeld also donated a collection of her late husband's paintings, prints and drawings to the [[National Gallery of Australia]], and a number of his works, many from his internment at nearby Tatura, can be found at the Geelong and Shepparton Regional Art Galleries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bobele|first=Stacie| url=https://museumsandcollections.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1378917/bobele.pdf | title=A journey into abstraction: the pictorial language of Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack | publisher=University of Melbourne Collections | date=December 2010 | issue=7 | pages=17–23 | issn=1835-6028 }}</ref>
==The Hirschfeld-Mack professorship in Germany and Australia==
In 2008, the Institute of English Philology at the [[Free University of Berlin]] set up a Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack Visiting Chair of Australian Studies.<ref>[http://www.geisteswissenschaften.fu-berlin.de/we06/arbeitsbereiche/gastlehrstuhl/index.html "Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack Gastlehrstuhl für Australienstudien"], [[Free University of Berlin]]. (in English). Retrieved 18 January 2018</ref> The professorship is named after Hirschfeld-Mack, "to stress the interdisciplinary nature of its teachers, their commitment to the role of culture in the public sphere, and the central transcultural German-Australian aspect of the project". The chair is funded by the [[German Academic Exchange Service]] (DAAD) and the Australian Embassy in Berlin.
Hirschfeld-Mack professors in Berlin included: Dr. [[Stephen Muecke]], professor of [[cultural studies]] at the [[University of Technology Sydney]]; Dr. Philip Mead, professor of [[Australian literature]] at the [[University of Western Australia]]; Dr. Devleena Ghosh, associate professor in arts and sciences at the University of Technology Sydney; Dr. Lynn McCredden, professor of literary studies at [[Deakin University]]; Dr. [[Simon During]], Australian professorial fellow at the [[University of Queensland]]; Dr. [[Anna Haebich]], distinguished professor of [[human rights]] education at [[Curtin University]]; Dr. Peter Otto, professor of English and theatre at the [[University of Melbourne]]; Dr. Chandani Lokuge, associate professor in [[creative writing]] at [[Monash University]]; Dr. [[Verity Burgmann]], professor of [[political science]] at the University of Melbourne; and Dr. [[Andrew Milner]], professor of English and [[comparative literature]] at Monash University.
In 2010 DAAD established, in the reverse direction, a Hirschfeld-Mack Visiting Chair for German Studies at the German Department at the University of Western Australia. Through this reciprocal visiting professor program the exchange between the Australian and German higher education system is intensified. The first Hirschfeld-Mack professors in Perth were the Germanists Dr. Matthias N. Lorenz, [[University of Bielefeld]] (2010), and Prof. Dr. [[Sven Kramer]], [[University of Lüneburg]] (2011).
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
*Bate, W. (1990) ''Light Blue Down Under''. Melbourne
*Böhm, Peter; Schweizer, Corrinne (Directors). ''Farben Licht Spiele: Reconstruction 2000''. DVD-Video, PAL, stereo, dur. 45 min. (Film of a reconstruction of Hirschfeld-Mack's light playing apparatus)
*[[Frances Derham]] MBE: a retrospective exhibition covering the period 1910 to 1985 and including works by her associates: Mary Cecil Allen, George Bell, Danila Vassilieff, Geoff Jones, Ethel Spowers, Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack. East Malvern, Victoria: Jim Alexander Gallery, 1986
*Draffin, Nicholas (1974) ''Two masters of the Weimar Bauhaus: Lyonel Feininger, Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack'' [Sydney] : Trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales. {{ISBN|072410738X}}
*Elsen, G. (1990) The Dunera Experience, exhibition catalogue, Jewish Museum of Australia, Melbourne
*''Form'' (Cambridge, England), 2, September 1966, p. 10
*Merewether, Charles, (1984), ''Art and Social Commitment'', Sydney, NSW : Art Gallery of New South Wales.
*McNamara, Andrew (2008) 'The Bauhaus in Australia', in Ann Stephen, Philip Goad, and Andrew McNamara, Modern Times: The Untold Story of Modernism in Australia, Melbourne 2008, 215.
*McCulloch, A., (1984), ''Encyclopedia of Australian Art'', Melbourne, Vic (Second edition)
*Hirschfeld-Mack, Ludwig, (1963) ''The Bauhaus : an introductory survey''; with a foreword by [[Walter Gropius]], introduction by Joseph Burke, epilogue by [[Herbert Read|Sir Herbert Read]]. Croydon, Vic. : Longmans Green
*Pearl, C. (1983) The Dunera Scandal. Sydney :
*Renowden, F. & Schwarzbauer, R. (2006) ''The Bauhaus Legacy at GGS. Works designed and inspired or created by Ludwig Hirschfield-Mack (1893–1965), Art Master 1942–1957.''
*Seear, Lynne &  Ewington, Julie (eds.)(1998) ''Brought to light: Australian art 1850–1965 : from the Queensland Art Gallery collection''. South Brisbane : Queensland Art Gallery.
*Stasny, Peter (1991) ''Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack, Künstler, Kunsttheoretiker und Kunstpädagoge im Gefolge des Weimarer Bauhaus'' (PhD thesis, University of Vienna).
*Stephen, Ann, Goad, Philip and McNamara, Andrew (eds.) ''Modern Times: The Untold Story of Modernism in Australia''. Carlton, Victoria: Miegunyah Press; Sydney, NSW, in association with Powerhouse Publishing, 2008.
*Thomas, Daniel & Radford, Ron, (1988), ''The Great Australian Art Exhibition'', CAT.
*Underhill, N. (1977) ''Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack'', exhibition catalogue, Brisbane.
{{div col end}}
==External links==
* [https://searchthecollection.nga.gov.au/artist/19912/ludwig-hirschfeld-mack?irn=19912 "List of works (193)"], National Gallery of Australia]]
* [https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/?artist_id=hirschfeld-mack-ludwig "Collection of works"], [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]]
* [https://www.deutscherandhackett.com/auction/lot/desolation-internment-camp-orange-nsw-1941-0 ''Desolation, Internment Camp, Orange, Nsw, 1941'', coloured woodcut, Deutscher and Hackett
* [https://mail.artinprint.org/the-journal/vol-5-no-3.html "On Survival"] by Susan Tallman, ''[[Art in Print]]'' (September 2015), mentions ''Desolation, Internment Camp, Hay 1941''
{{Portal bar|Biography|The arts}}
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[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century German painters]]
[[Category:20th-century German male artists]]
[[Category:German male painters]]
[[Category:People educated at the Musterschule]]
[[Category:Bauhaus alumni]]
[[Category:Refugees in Australia]]
[[Category:Australian printmakers]]
[[Category:German emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:German people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century German printmakers]]
[[Category:People interned during World War II]]
[[Category:Geelong Grammar School]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian painters]]
[[Category:Modern painters]]
[[Category:State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart alumni]]