View source for Luso–Leonese War (1167–1169)

{{Short description|War between Leon and Portugal}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Luso–Leonese War of 1167–1169
| partof            = the [[Reconquista]]
| date              = 1167–1169
| image             = Ferda2.jpg
| image_size        = 200px
| caption           = Medieval painting of Ferdinand II of Leon
| place             = [[Iberian Peninsula]]
| result            = Leonese victory{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}
|territory          = Portugal loses all territories east of the [[Guadiana river]]{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2013|p=238}}<br/>All Portuguese territories conquered in [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]] are returned to [[Ferdinand II of Leon]]{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}{{sfn|Lafuente|1962|p=22}}
| combatant1        = [[Image:Leon banner.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Leon]]<br/>'''[[Cobelligerent]]:'''<br>[[Almohad Caliphate]] ([[Siege of Badajoz (1169)|1169]])
| combatant2        = [[Image:PortugueseFlag1143.svg|22px|border]] [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| commander1        = [[Image:Leon banner.svg|23px]] [[Ferdinand II of Leon]]
| commander2        = [[Image:PortugueseFlag1143.svg|22px|border]] [[Afonso I of Portugal]] {{WIA}}{{POW}}<br/>[[Image:PortugueseFlag1143.svg|22px|border]] [[Sancho I of Portugal|Sancho the Populator]]<br/>[[Image:PortugueseFlag1143.svg|22px|border]] [[Gerald the Fearless]]{{POW}}
| strength1         =
| strength2         =
| casualties1       =
| casualties2       =
}}
{{Campaignbox Hispano-Portuguese conflicts}}
The '''Luso–Leonese War of 1167–1169''' was a military conflict fought between the [[Kingdom of León]] and the [[Kingdom of Portugal]]. This war began and ended within the framework of the [[Reconquista]], where the Christian kingdoms expelled the numerous Muslim kingdoms from the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. The war started during the reigns of [[Ferdinand II of León]] and [[Afonso I of Portugal]].
== Background ==
{{further|Luso–Leonese War (1162–1165)}}
With the death of the king [[Sancho III of Castile]] in August 1158, [[Alfonso VIII]], then still a two-year-old child,{{sfn|Gómez|Lincoln|Smith|2019|p=32}} succeeded him on the throne, a circumstance that left the kingdom vulnerable to the ambitions of King Ferdinand II of León.{{sfn|Wheeler|Parsons|2016|p=204}} In December 1160, Ferdinand II of Leon met with Afonso I of Portugal in [[Celanova]] and this meeting seems to have resulted in a pact or alliance between the two monarchs,{{sfn|McMurdo|1888|p=218}} through the marriage of the king of León with [[Urraca of Portugal|Afonso's daughter]], which guaranteed the Leonese king security on his western border while he took care of Castilian issues in the east.{{sfn|McMurdo|1888|p=218}}
The pact did not last long due to the founding in 1160 of [[Ciudad Rodrigo]], on the Portuguese border, by Ferdinand II.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=84–85}}{{sfn|Stephens|2020|p=36}} The settlers proved to be bad neighbors and unscrupulous not only towards the neighboring Leonese cities but also towards the Portuguese, whose borders were disrespected, villages were robbed and lands usurped.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=84–85}} The cities of [[Salamanca]] and [[Ávila]] protested to Ferdinand II and even revolted, but the rebellion was suppressed by the king in 1162.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=84–85}}{{sfn|Iglesias|2003|p=65}}
A new war between Portugal and León raged [[Luso–Leonese War (1162–1165)|from 1162 to 1165]]{{sfn|V. V. A. A.|2013|p=857}} and in 1167 hostilities between the two kingdoms reignited again.{{sfn|Guthrie|1774|p=101}}{{sfn|Freire|1921|p=177}}
== War ==
===Western Leon===
Following the declaration of war on the [[Kingdom of León]] by the [[Kingdom of Portugal]],{{sfn|Guthrie|1774|p=101}} the Portuguese forces commanded by [[Sancho I of Portugal|Don Sancho]] began an incursion into Leonese territory, specifically into the recently founded city of [[Ciudad Rodrigo]].{{sfn|Freire|1921|p=177}}{{sfn|Álvarez Palenzuela|Fernández|1991|p=13}} However, they were defeated in [[Argañín]] (near Ciudad Rodrigo){{sfn|Álvarez Palenzuela|Fernández|1991|p=13}}{{sfn|Herrera|1895|p=31}} and many Portuguese soldiers were taken as prisoners of war.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=84}} Sancho managed to escape from the combat zone but was unable to rescue many of his men, who remained in captivity.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=84}} The King of Leon, Ferdinand II, freed the Portuguese prisoners, but did not sign a peace treaty with the [[Kingdom of Portugal]]. Afonso I, not content with this, decided to start a second campaign, this time in [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]].{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}{{sfn|Freire|1921|p=177}}
===Galicia===
The Portuguese king then approached the Galician border personally with his army and began the offensive.{{sfn|Freire|1921|p=177}} The city of [[Tui, Pontevedra|Tuy]] was taken and they vandalized their cathedral.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}} From Tuy, the Portuguese king moved on to the territories of [[Turonio]] and [[A Baixa Limia|Limia]], which were occupied.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}} A siege was imposed on the castle of Sandino, property of the monks of [[Celanova]], but a violent storm hit the Portuguese forces causing military operations to be cancelled.{{sfn|Freire|1921|p=177}} The monks of [[Celanova]] attributed this event to the intervention of [[Rudesind|Saint Rudesind]], their patron saint.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}{{sfn|Freire|1921|p=177}}
A castle was quickly built at [[Cedofeita]], near [[Celanova]].{{sfn|Alvarez|1993|p=377}} Meanwhile, further south, in the spring of 1169 [[Gerald the Fearless]], a famous leader who conquered Muslim castles on the border with the Moorish taifas,{{sfn|Beck|2019|p=170}} besieged the city of [[Badajoz]].{{sfn|Carroll|1993|p=118}}{{sfn|Manjunath.R |2021|p=1713}} However, he did not have enough soldiers to continue the attack, so he asked Afonso for help, probably while he was still in Galicia.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}{{sfn|Carroll|1993|p=118}} After installing garrisons in the new conquests, Afonso I of Portugal withdrew to the south.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}} The castle of [[Cedofeita]] was quickly attacked by Ferdinand II and, when lightning struck the main tower, the garrison surrendered.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}{{sfn|Alvarez|1993|p=377}}
=== Badajoz ===
{{Main|Siege of Badajoz (1169)}}
The city of [[Badajoz]] was one of the most important [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] fortresses in [[al-Andalus]].{{sfn|Legado Andalusí|1999|p=244}} Due to constant attacks and internal conflicts, the surrounding areas of Badajoz were depopulated.{{sfn|McMurdo|1888|p=224}} The inhabitants of Badajoz paid [[parias]] (tribute) to the King of León in exchange for protection,{{sfn|Martínez Martínez|2005|p=229}}{{sfn|Opello Jr|2019|p=1916}} and it was stipulated between Afonso I of Portugal and Ferdinand II that the conquest of the city would remain in the hands of Leon.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}{{sfn|Stephens|2017|p=39}}{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2013|p=237}}
While Ferdinand was fighting in Galicia to recover the castles and territories occupied by the Portuguese,{{sfn|Alvarez|1993|p=377}} Afonso arrived at the front of Badajoz with his troops.{{sfn|Lomax|1978|p=114}}{{sfn|Disney|2009|p=78}} The Muslim defenders of Badajoz were trapped in the citadel,{{sfn|Lomax|1978|p=114}} however, they ended up being rescued by the king of León, to whom they had asked for help.{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2013|p=237–238}} The Leonese king began to besiege the Portuguese besiegers and, when Afonso tried to pass through the city gate with his men, on horseback, he broke his leg when he hit one of the bolts, being later captured by the Leonese, in {{ill|Caia e São Pedro|pt|Caia e São Pedro|es}}.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}{{sfn|Manjunath.R|2021|p=1713}}{{sfn|Stephens|2021|p=58}} The capture of the Portuguese king was decisive and put an end to hostilities.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=86}}
== Aftermath==
Ferdinand treated Afonso with courtesy but, nevertheless, Afonso was forced to return all the territories conquered in Galicia and east of the [[Guadiana]] and had to pay a large amount of money.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2013|p=238}}{{sfn|Lafuente|1962|p=22}} [[Gerald the Fearless]], in turn, returned to [[Juromenha]] while the Muslim mayor of Badajoz again took full possession of his city.{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=85}}
Although he spent some time recovering in the {{ill|Termas de São Pedro do Sul|pt}},{{sfn|Queiroz|Portuguez|Seabra|De Moraes|2018|p=53}} [[Afonso I]] was never able to ride a horse again.{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2013|p=238}}{{sfn|Jensen|2016|p=151}} He died in 1185 and was succeded by [[Sancho I of Portugal]] in the same year.{{sfn|Magill|2012|p=31}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |first=H. V.|last=Livermore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHI3AAAAIAAJ |title=A History Of Portugal |date=1947 |publisher=[[CUP Archive]] }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXtCAAAAIAAJ |first=Edward |last=McMurdo |title= The History of Portugal: From the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III|date= 1888|publisher= S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxAjEAAAQBAJ |title= King Alfonso VIII of Castile: Government, Family, and War|isbn= 978-0-8232-8416-0|language= |last1= Gómez|first1= Miguel|last2= Lincoln|first2= Kyle C.|last3= Smith|first3= Damian J.|date= 2 April 2019|publisher= [[Fordham University Press]]}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5rAYDAAAQBAJ |title= Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady|isbn= 978-1-137-05262-9|language= |last1= Wheeler|first1= B.|last2= Parsons|first2= John C.|date= 30 April 2016|publisher= [[Springer Publishing|Springer]]}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4373DwAAQBAJ |title= The Story of the Nations: Portugal|isbn= 978-3-7524-2952-7|language= |last1=Stephens|first1= H. Morse |date= 13 August 2020|publisher= BoD – Books on Demand}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NkqAQAAMAAJ |title= Salamanca y su alfoz en la Edad Media: Siglos XII y XIII|isbn= 978-84-7797-199-3|language= |last1= Iglesias|first1= José Luis Sánchez|date= 2003|publisher= Diputación de Salamanca}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HEsX-_vuekC |title= Mundos medievales: Espacios, sociedades y poder : Homenaje al Profesor José Ángel García de Cortázar y Ruiz de Aguirre|isbn= 978-84-8102-650-4|language= |author1= V. V. A. A.|date= 29 January 2013|publisher= [[University of Cantabria]]}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aofjtRO3fAC |title= Allgemeine Weltgeschichte von der Schöpfung an bis auf gegenwärtige Zeit: Welche alle bekannte Reiche und Staaten, ihre Veränderungen, Staatsverfassungen, Gesetze, Religionen, Sitten und Gebräuche ... In sich begreift|language= |author1= Guthrie|date= 1774}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOvCDwAAQBAJ |title= The Story of the Nations: Portugal: Unveiling Portugal's Rich Historical Tapestry|language= |last1= Stephens|first1= H. Morse |date= 19 May 2021}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykBpAAAAMAAJ |title= Historia de España: La España musulmana y los inicios de los reinos cristianos (711-1157). 5|isbn= 978-84-249-1013-6|language= |last1= Álvarez Palenzuela|first1= Vicente A.|last2= Fernández|first2= Luis Suárez|date= 1991|publisher= Gredos}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cYCAAAAYAAJ |title= El gran ladrón &#91;Alonso de Monroy&#93;: Apuntes para la historia|language= |last1= Herrera|first1= Juan Cabezas de|date= 1895}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfExAQAAMAAJ |title= Brasões da Sala de Sintra|language= |last1= Freire|first1= Anselmo Braamcamp|date= 1921}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlW7AAAAIAAJ |first=Manuel Lucas |last=Alvarez |language=es, la |publisher= Centro de Estudios e Investigación "San Isidoro" |title=
El Reino de León en la Alta Edad Media: Las cancillerías reales (1109-1230) |date=1993 |isbn=978-84-00-06869-1 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBKSDwAAQBAJ |title= Illustrating el Cid, 1498 to Today|isbn= 978-0-7735-5761-1|language= |last1= Beck|first1= Lauren|date= 13 May 2019|publisher= [[McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP]]}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaLYAAAAMAAJ |first=Warren Hasty |last=Carroll |language= |title=The Glory of Christendom |date=1993 |publisher=Christendom Press |isbn=978-0-931888-54-0 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7y7X68vOwC|first= |last= |language=es |title=Itinerario cultural de Almorávides y Almohades: Magreb y Península Ibérica |publisher=Legado Andalusí |date=1999 |isbn=9788493061500 |ref={{harvid|Legado Andalusí|1999}}}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSkEw_P7yLMC |title= Historia del Reino de Badajoz durante la dominación musulmana|isbn= 978-84-9761-188-6|language= |last1= Martínez Martínez|first1= Matías R.|date= 2005|publisher= Editorial MAXTOR}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oM6gDwAAQBAJ |title= Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach|isbn= 978-1-000-30778-8|language= |last1= Opello Jr|first1= Walter C. |date= 5 July 2019|publisher= [[Routledge]]}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AR5DwAAQBAJ |first=H. Morse |last=Stephens |title= A Short History of Portugal|date= 25 September 2017|publisher= Serapis Classics|isbn= 978-3-96255-590-0|language= }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17I2EAAAQBAJ |author=Manjunath.R |title= Timelines of Nearly Everything|date= 3 July 2021|publisher= Manjunath.R |language=en }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVMJAgAAQBAJ |first=Joseph F. |last=O'Callaghan |title= A History of Medieval Spain|date= 12 November 2013|publisher= [[Cornell University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-8014-6871-1|language=en }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8D01AAAAIAAJ |first=Juan Hernández |last=Lafuente |title= Reseña estadística de la Provincia de Badajoz|date= February 1962|language=es |location=Madrid }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fD1pAAAAMAAJ |first=Derek W. |last=Lomax |title= The Reconquest of Spain|date= 1978|publisher= [[Longman]]|isbn= 978-0-582-50209-3|language= }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXEIx2O4Dp8C |first= Anthony R. |last=Disney |title= A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: From Beginnings to 1807|date= 13 April 2009|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-521-84318-8|language= }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wtKEAAAQBAJ |first1=Odaléia T. M. M. |last1=Queiroz |first2=Anderson P. |last2=Portuguez |first3=Giovanni  |last3=Seabra |first4=Clauciana S. B. |last4=De Moraes |title= A Natureza e O Patrimônio Na Produção do Lugar Turístico|date= 20 May 2018|publisher= [[Clube de Autores]]|isbn= 978-85-68066-28-7|language=pt }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hz8lDwAAQBAJ |first=Kurt Villads |last=Jensen |title= Crusading at the Edges of Europe: Denmark and Portugal c.1000 – c.1250|date= 14 October 2016|publisher= [[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn= 978-1-317-15670-3|language= }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBHSc2hTfeUC&dq=afonso+died+1185+sancho+I&pg=PA31 |first=Frank N. |last=Magill |title= The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 2|date= 12 November 2012|publisher= [[Routledge]]|isbn= 978-1-136-59313-0}}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Reconquista]]
[[Category:Wars involving Portugal]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Leon]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1167]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1169]]
[[Category:12th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Wars of the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Conflicts in Europe]]
[[Category:Military history of Galicia (Spain)]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Spain]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Portugal]]