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{{Short description|Polynesian mythological hero and trickster}}
{{other uses|Maui (disambiguation)}}
'''Māui''' or '''Maui''' is the great [[culture hero]] and [[trickster]] in [[Polynesian mythology]]. Very rarely was Māui actually worshipped, being less of a [[deity]] ([[demigod]]) and more of a [[folk hero]]. His origins vary from culture to culture, but many of his main exploits remain relatively similar.<ref name="Craighill Handy 1927: 118">Craighill Handy 1927: 118</ref>
Tales of Māui's exploits and adventures are told throughout most of [[Polynesia]]; they can be traced back as far west as islands off [[New Guinea]]. Some exploits common to most Polynesian traditions are stealing fire for humans from the underworld, fishing up islands with his magical hook, and capturing the Sun to lengthen the days.<ref>Tregear 1891:233</ref> There is a great deal of variation in the representations of Māui from nation to nation, from being a handsome young man, to being an old wise wandering priest.<ref name="Craighill Handy 1927: 118"/> Although Māui was said to be very rascally or "kolohe", many of his deeds were to better the lives of his fellow people.
== Māori mythology ==
{{Further|Māui (Māori mythology)}}
In [[Māori mythology]], as in other [[Polynesian mythology|Polynesian traditions]], Māui is a [[culture hero]] and a trickster, famous for his exploits and cleverness. Māori names of Māui include ''Māui-tikitiki'' ("Māui the top-knot"), ''Māui-tikitiki-a-Taranga'' ("Māui the top-knot of [[Taranga (Māori mythology)|Taranga]]"), ''Māui-pōtiki'' ("Māui the last born"), and ''Māui te whare kino'' ("Māui the house of trouble").{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
=== Islands of New Zealand ===
Māui's older brothers always refused to let him come fishing with them. One night, he wove for himself a flax fishing line and enchanted it with a [[karakia]] to give it strength; to this he attached the magic fish-hook made from the jawbone that his grandmother Murirangawhenua had given him. Then he stowed away in the hull of his brothers' [[waka (canoe)]]. The next morning, when the waka was too far from land to return, he emerged from his hiding place. His brothers would not lend him any bait, so he struck himself on the nose and baited the hook with his blood. He pulled up a giant fish which would become the [[North Island]] of New Zealand, known as ''Te Ika-a-Māui''; the valleys and mountains of the island were made by his brothers chopping up the fish for themselves. In some traditions his waka became the [[South Island]], known as ''[[Te Waka a Māui]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.mataurangamaori.tki.org.nz/Support-materials/Te-Reo-Maori/Maori-Myths-Legends-and-Contemporary-Stories/Maui-and-the-giant-fish|title=Māui and the giant fish|first=Wiremu|last=Grace|date=2016|website=Te Kete Ipurangi|publisher=Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref> (Other traditions make the South Island the waka of [[Aoraki / Mount Cook#Māori history, legends and traditions|Aoraki]].)
=== Māui brings fire to the world ===
Māui wanted to know where fire came from, so one night he went among the villages of his people and put all the fires out. Māui's mother Taranga, who was their [[rangatira]], said that someone would have to ask [[Mahuika]], the goddess of fire, for more. So Māui (a grandson of Mahuika) offered to go and find her. Mahuika lived in a cave in a burning mountain at the end of the earth. She gave Māui one of her burning fingernails to relight the fires, but Māui extinguished fingernail after fingernail until Mahuika became angry and sent fire to pursue Māui, who survived only by calling upon [[Tāwhirimātea]], the god of weather, to put it out with his rain. Mahuika threw her last nail at Māui, but it missed him and flew into some trees including the [[māhoe]] and the [[kaikōmako]]. Māui brought back dry sticks of these trees to his village and showed his people how to rub the sticks together and make fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.mataurangamaori.tki.org.nz/Support-materials/Te-Reo-Maori/Maori-Myths-Legends-and-Contemporary-Stories/How-Maui-brought-fire-to-the-world|title=How Māui brought fire to the world|first=Wiremu|last=Grace|date=2016|website=Te Kete Ipurangi|publisher=Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
=== Māui slows the sun ===
In former days, the sun used to travel quickly across the sky, leaving not enough daylight time for working and eating. Māui proposed to catch the sun and slow it down. Armed with Murirangawhenua's magic jawbone and a large amount of rope, Māui and his brothers journeyed to the east and found the pit where the sun-god [[Tama-nui-te-rā]] slept during the night-time. There they tied the ropes into a noose around the pit and built a wall of clay to shelter behind. Tama-nui-te-rā was caught in the noose and Māui struck him with the jawbone until he surrendered and agreed to travel slowly across the sky.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.mataurangamaori.tki.org.nz/Support-materials/Te-Reo-Maori/Maori-Myths-Legends-and-Contemporary-Stories/How-Maui-slowed-the-sun|title=How Māui slowed the sun|first=Wiremu|last=Grace|date=2016|website=Te Kete Ipurangi|publisher=Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
=== The death of Māui ===
Māui's last trick led to his death and involved [[Hine-nui-te-pō]], the goddess of death and the underworld. In an attempt to make mankind [[Immortality|immortal]] by reversing the natural birth process, he transformed into a worm and entered Hine-nui-te-pō's [[vagina]], intending to leave through her mouth while she slept.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mercer |first=Erin |chapter=The Gothic in Oceania |editor-last=Jackson |editor-first=Anna |title=New Directions in Children's Gothic: Debatable Lands |date=27 March 2017 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-315-69587-7 |edition=1 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315695877 |page=123 |doi=10.4324/9781315695877 |quotation=In the original myth, when Māui attempted to reverse the natural birth process by entering Hine-nui-te-pō's vagina and exiting via her mouth he was crushed to death between the obsidian teeth of Hine-nui-te-pō's vagina{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> However, she was awoken by {{lang|mi|pīwakawaka}} ([[New Zealand fantail|fantails]]) who had burst into laughter at the sight of Māui entering her vagina.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Lewis |title=Indigenous Intergenerational Resilience: Confronting Cultural and Ecological Crisis |date=4 November 2021 |publisher=Routledge |page=20 |isbn=978-1-000-47233-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HehEEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> Angered, Hine-nui-te-pō crushed Māui to death with the [[obsidian]] [[Vagina dentata|teeth in her vagina]]. The story now serves as a [[cautionary tale]] against [[rape]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Streiff |first1=Madeline |last2=Dundes |first2=Lauren |title=From Shapeshifter to Lava Monster: Gender Stereotypes in Disney's Moana |journal=Social Sciences |date=September 2017 |volume=6 |issue=3 |page=91 |doi=10.3390/socsci6030091 |doi-access=free |language=en |issn=2076-0760 |quotation=Disney's story is a twist on traditional lore in which Maui shapeshifts into a worm and then enters the toothed vagina of Hine-nui-te-pō. Maui's invasion prompts her to crush him with obsidian teeth lining her vagina, an object lesson discouraging rape.}}</ref>
== Hawaiian mythology ==
{{Further|Māui (Hawaiian mythology)}}
In [[Hawaiian religion]], Māui is a [[culture hero]] and ancient [[Alii|chief]] who appears in several different genealogies. In the [[Kumulipo]] he is the son of ʻAkalana and his wife Hina-a-ke-ahi ([[Hina (goddess)|Hina]]). This couple has four sons, Māui-mua, Māui-waena, Māui-kiʻikiʻi and Māui-a-kalana. Māui-a-kalana's wife is named Hinakealohaila; his son is Nanamaoa. Māui is one of the [[Kupua]]. His name is the same as that of the [[Hawaii]]an island [[Maui]], although native tradition holds that it is not named for him directly, but instead named after the son of the ''[[Hawaiʻiloa]]'' ("discoverer of Hawaiʻi", who was named after Māui himself).
=== Revelator of Birds ===
Some of Māui's most renowned feats included causing birds (which were invisible to mortal eyes) to become visible. In this long ago, forgotten time, the music of the birds delighted Māui. He observed them with keen interest, their varied and beautiful plumage which adorned the foliage of fragrant trees, and their melodious music, however, no one else could join him in enjoying what was apparent to his vision. For, although Māui's friends could hear their wonderful bird songs, none perceived the true source of the sounds. Māui felt compassion for his friends, for humanity, and their inability to behold with their eyes the colorful, musical creatures as they flitted from tree to tree, so, Māui caused the creatures to become visible to the naked eye.<ref name=westervelt>{{cite book|last1=Westervelt|first1=William|title=Legends of Gods and Ghosts (Hawaiian Mythology)|date=1915|publisher=George Ellis, Co.|location=Boston|isbn=0898755905|pages=vi–viii}}</ref>
=== Creation of Hawai'i ===
Māui also is credited with the creation of the Hawaiian islands, when he went on a fishing expedition with his friends, and, using a magic fish hook, pulled up various island groups from the oceanic depths.  In some versions of the Hawaiian fisherman story, Māui is said to be a bad fisherman. His brothers would mock him for not catching any fish and he would retaliate with mischievous tricks against them. Māui and all his brothers were sons to a divine father and mother but only Māui was granted miraculous powers, which is why Māui was able to possess this magical hook made from the bones of his divine ancestors. One day, his brothers went fishing but would not permit Māui to join them on the canoe, and this irritated Māui. When they returned, Māui told them that, had he gone with them, they would have caught many more fish rather than just a single shark. His brothers considered his remark and then took him out on their next trip. They asked him where all the "good" fish were. Māui then threw in his magical hook baited with Alae birds, sacred to his mother Hina. The ocean floor began to move and generate huge waves while Māui asked his brothers to paddle fast to accommodate for the oncoming fish. They paddled with great power and were getting tired but Māui told them not to look back because if they did the fish would run away. One of the brothers disobeyed and the fishing line snapped, revealing new islands. Had nobody looked back, there would have been more islands.
=== The secret of fire ===
As humans had not yet discovered fire, during Māui's tenure in a land of perpetual volcanic eruptions and fire in the mountaintops, Māui decided that rather than periodically hike for dozens of miles across corals just to obtain glowing embers of the extinguished fires put out the previous night by cold winds, he decided upon a simpler solution. He would bring the fire to him. Māui knew of a tribe of intelligent birds that mastered the art of fire-making. His plan was to capture their leader, and coerce from him the secret of fire. The bird taught him that he should rub certain sticks together in order to produce fire, and this is how the secret of fire was brought to humanity.<ref name=westervelt />
=== Tamer of the Sun and the Heavens ===
Before Māui's involvement in the matter, the Sun (Lā) notoriously traveled on irregular paths in the sky, coming and going unexpectedly at times, which made activities such as farming very difficult for man. To this end, Māui crafted snares made of his hair in order to trap the sun and compel it to travel more slowly and adhere to regular courses of travel. In this manner, Māui regulated the sun's activities for the benefit of mankind.<ref name=westervelt />
=== Pillar of the Sky ===
Similar to [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]] and [[Heracles]] of [[Greek mythology]], Māui lifted up the heavens, which, for a long time, had lain heavily upon the plants of the Earth, leaving insufficient room for growth and for humanity to move about with ease.<ref name=westervelt />
==Tongan mythology==
In the [[Tonga]]n version of his tales, Māui drew up the Tongan Islands from the deep: first appeared  Lofanga and the other [[Haʻapai]] Islands, and finally [[Vavaʻu|Vava{{okina}}u]]. Māui then dwelt in Tonga. Māui had two sons: the eldest, Māui-Atalanga, and the younger Māui-Kisikisi. The latter discovered the secret of fire, and taught people the art of cooking food: he made fire dwell in certain kinds of wood. Māui-Motu'a bears the earth on his shoulders, and when he nods in sleep it causes earthquakes, therefore the people have to stamp on the ground to awaken him. [[Hikule'o]], the deity presiding over [[Pulotu]], the underworld, is the youngest son of Māui-Motu'a. Houma is pointed out as the spot where Māui's fish hook caught.<ref>E.R. Tregear, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9KUTAAAAYAAJ&q=Maui Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary]'' (Lyon and Blair: Lambton Quay, 1891). 1891:235-236).</ref>
Other sources say that in Tonga there were three Māui brothers: Māui-motu{{okina}}a (old Māui), Māui-Atalanga, and Māui-Kisikisi (dragonfly Māui), the last one being the trickster. He also got the name Māui-fusi-fonua (Māui land puller) when he begged for the magic fishhook from the old fisherman Tongafusifonua, who lived in Manuka (located to the east on the island of Tonga). Tongafusifonua allowed him to take the fishhook, under the condition that he could find it in his collection of countless hooks. But his wife, Tavatava, betrayed the secret, allowing Māui to pick the right hook. And so he was able to fish up the coral islands from the bottom of the ocean (Volcanic islands are supposed to have fallen from the heavens).{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
==Tahitian mythology==
In the mythology of [[Tahiti]], Māui was a wise man, or prophet. He was a priest, but was afterwards deified. Being at one time engaged at the [[marae]] (sacred place), and the sun getting low while Māui's work was unfinished, he laid hold of the hihi, or sun-rays, and stopped his course for some time. As the discoverer of fire, Māui was named ''Ao-ao-ma-ra'i-a'' because he taught the art of obtaining fire by friction of wood.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/092611369_Buckov%C3%A1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125120051/https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/092611369_Buckov%C3%A1.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-25 |url-status=live |title=VARIATIONS OF MYTHS CONCERNING THE ORIGIN OF FIRE IN EASTERN POLYNESIA |last=Buckova |first=Martina |journal=Asian and African Studies |volume=18 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=330–331 |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref> Before this time people ate their food raw.<ref>Tregear 1891, 194, 235</ref> See also [[Mahuika|Mahui'e]], Tahitian guardian of fire.
Māui was responsible for earthquakes.<ref name="Anne">{{cite book|last1=Salmond|first1=Anne|title=Aphrodite's Island|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520261143|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/317 317]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/317}}</ref>
== Samoan mythology ==
{{Further|Tiʻitiʻi}}
In Samoan mythology, Māui or [[Tiʻitiʻi]] gave fire to his people. Being the curious and ''kolohe'' demigod that he is, Tiʻitiʻi concealed himself closely to a wall that allowed his father, Talaga, to get to work in the [[underworld]]. The underworld is home to [[Mafuiʻe]], the earthquake god. When Tiʻitiʻi got the chance, he went up to the wall and imitated the voice of his father, saying "O rock! Divide, I am Talaga, I come to work on my land given by Mafuiʻe". As Tiʻitiʻi passed through to the underworld, his father was surprised and told his son to help quietly so he doesn't anger Mafui‘e. While working, Tiʻitiʻi noticed smoke and asked his father where it was coming from. Talaga explained that the smoke was from Mafuiʻes fire. Tiʻitiʻi went to see the god and ask for fire. Mafuiʻe gave him a little bit of the fire; then he quickly built a stone oven, or ''umu'', to put it in. His idea was to cook the taro that they had been harvesting. The god came and blew the fire up scattering the rocks and angered Tiʻitiʻi. As he goes to talk to the god, Mafui‘e was determined to punish Tiʻitiʻi severely for daring to rebel against the power of fire. Their great duel ultimately ended with Tiʻitiʻi triumphant. The young demigod broke off Mafuiʻe's right arm and caught the left arm right after. Scared that Tiʻitiʻi was going to break off that arm, Mafuiʻe pleaded with him to spare the left arm so he could still fulfill his duty of keeping Samoa flat with earthquakes. The god offered him one hundred wives should he spare his left arm. The hero declined; the god offered the secrets of fire that he can take to the upper world. Tiʻitiʻi accepted this offer and learned that the gods had hidden eternal fire in trees, to be extracted by rubbing sticks from the trees together.
==Mangarevan mythology==
In the mythology of [[Mangareva]], Māui hauls the land up from the [[sea]], and ties the [[sun]] with tresses of [[hair]]. His father was Ataraga; his mother, Uaega.
There were eight Māui: Māui-mua, Māui-muri, Māui-toere-mataroa, Tumei-hauhia, Māui-tikitiki-toga, Māui-matavaru, Māui-taha, Māui-roto. Māui the eight-eyed (matavaru) is the [[hero]]. He is born from his mother's navel, and is raised by his grandfather, Te Rupe, who gives him a magic [[walking stick|staff]] named ''Atua-tane'' and a hatchet named ''Iraiapatapata''.<ref name="tregear">{{cite book|first=E. R.|last=Tregear|title=Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary|publisher=[[Lyon and Blair]]|location=[[Lambton Quay]]|date=1970}}</ref><ref name="beckwith">{{cite book|first=M.|last=Beckwith|title=Hawaiian Mythology|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|location=[[Honolulu]]|date=1970}}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
[[File:Māui Performer Merrie Monarch Parade DSC9524.jpg|thumb|Participant of the [[Merrie Monarch Festival|Merrie Monarch]] Parade in Hilo performs as Māui, based largely on his depiction in the 2016 film ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'']]
{{Further|Maui (Moana)}}
[[Maui (Moana)|Maui]] appears in the 2016 [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney]] 3D computer-animated musical film ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'' and its 2024 sequel ''[[Moana 2]]'', in which he is voiced by [[Dwayne Johnson]]. Abandoned by his human parents as a baby, the gods took pity on him and made him a demigod and gave him a magic fishhook that gives him the ability to shape-shift. He went on to perform miracles to win back the love of humanity, each of which earned him an animated tattoo. He is fabled to have stolen the heart of Te Fiti, a powerful island goddess who creates life. The protagonist of the film, [[Moana (character)|Moana]], persuades him to help her return it. In his song "You're Welcome," composed by [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]], Maui mentions and takes credit for several of the deeds he is credited with in folklore.<ref name="caldwell">{{Cite web |last=Caldwell |first=Ellen C. |date=6 June 2017 |title=The Polynesian Origin Myths Behind Disney's Moana |url=https://daily.jstor.org/origin-myths-behind-disneys-moana/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> This version of Māui incorporates elements from various [[Polynesian narrative]]s.
==See also==
*[[Hoderi]], another mythological figure armed with a magical fish hook
* [[Warohunugamwanehaora]]
* [[Pandora's Box (1999 video game)|''Pandora's Box'' (1999 video game)]]
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*E.R. Tregear, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9KUTAAAAYAAJ&q=Maui Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary]'' (Lyon and Blair: Lambton Quay, 1891).
*M. Beckwith, ''Hawaiian Mythology'' (University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu, 1970).
*W.D. Westervelt, ''Legends of Maui'' (Hawaiian Gazette: Honolulu, 1910).
*W.D. Westervelt, ''Legends of Gods and Ghosts (Hawaiian Mythology)'' (Press of George H. Ellis, Co.: Boston, 1915).
*E.S. Craighill Handy, ''Polynesian Religion'' (The Museum of Polynesian Religion: Honolulu, 1927).
*Westervelt, W.D. (2010). ''Legends of Ma-ui: A demi god of Polynesia, and of his mother Hina.'' Honolulu, HI: The Hawaiian Gazette Co.
*Westervelt, W. D. (n.d.). V. Retrieved April 10, 2019, from http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/maui/maui08.htm
*Westervelt, W. D. (n.d.). II. Retrieved April 10, 2019, from http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/maui/maui05.htm
==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Maui (mythology)}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Maui (mythology)| ]]
[[Category:Heroes in mythology and legend]]
[[Category:Legendary Polynesian people]]
[[Category:Polynesian gods]]
[[Category:Trickster gods]]