View source for Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa

{{Short description|Buddhist text}}
{{Vajrayana}}
The '''''Āryamañjuśrīmūlakalpa''''' ('''''The Noble Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī''''') is a [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sūtra]] and a [[Mantrayana|Mantrayāna]] ritual manual (kalpa) affiliated with the [[bodhisattva]] of wisdom, [[Manjusri|Mañjuśrī]]. In [[Tibetan Buddhism]] it is classified as a [[Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism|Kriyā-tantra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100131167;jsessionid=D3D5193B6F1E885C85FBF25FCF0758FE |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref><ref name="dict_buddh_p172">Keown, Damien (editor) with Hodge, Stephen; Jones, Charles; Tinti, Paola (2003). ''A Dictionary of Buddhism.'' Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-860560-9}} p.172.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Publication: Manjushri Mula Kalpa (Chapter Colophons) |url=https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=6468 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.himalayanart.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=C.B.H. Publications |url=http://archive.org/details/LsLC_arya-manjushri-mula-kalpa-of-t.-ganapathi-shastri-c.-b.-h.-publications |title=Arya Manjushri Mula Kalpa Of T. Ganapathi Shastri C. B. H. Publications}}</ref> According to [[Alexis Sanderson|Sanderson]] (2009: 129) and the study by Matsunaga (1985), the text is datable to about 775 CE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanderson |first=Alexis |title=The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period. In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 41-350. |url=https://www.academia.edu/3621440 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Matsunaga |first=Yukei |title=Tantric and Taoist Studies in honour of R.A. Stein |publisher=Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises |year=1985 |editor-last=Strickmann |editor-first=Michael |location=Brussels |pages=882–894 |chapter=On the Date of the Mañjuśrı̄mūlakalpa}}</ref>
The ''Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa'' is often cited as the earliest example of an extant [[Tantras (Buddhism)|Indian Buddhist Tantra]]. Some scholars identify it as a compilation of a core verse text dated circa 6th century CE with later accretions and additions.<ref name="dict_buddh_p172" /> The Sanskrit version, significantly longer than its corresponding Chinese and Tibetan renderings, is still extant.<ref name="dict_buddh_p172" />
The ''Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa'' states that mantras taught in the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]], Garuda and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by [[Manjushri|Mañjuśrī]].<ref name="Sanderson paper">Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 129-131.</ref> The attribution to Mañjuśrī is an attempt by its author(s) to counter the objection that the teachings in this text are of non-Buddhist origin.<ref name="Sanderson paper" />
The bulk of the text deals with chants and mantras useful for spiritual purposes as well as material gain. Some chapters discuss fierce and sexual tantric rituals.<ref name="Delhey abstract">{{Cite web |last=Delhey |first=Martin |date=December 11, 2009 |title=How Buddhist is the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa (a.k.a.Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa), Abstract of the talk in Tokyo |url=http://www.icabs.ac.jp/iibs/delhey_abstract.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004247/http://www.icabs.ac.jp/iibs/delhey_abstract.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2018 |access-date=February 7, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
== Editions ==
The [[editio princeps]] of the mixed Sanskrit text was published by [[T. Ganapati Sastri]] in three volumes (Trivandrum, published 1920, 1923, and 1925 respectively).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Āryamanjuśrîmûlakalpa|publisher=Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press|location=Trivandrum}}, 3 vols, 1920, 1923, 1925, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series no. 70, 76, 84, new reprint ed. in one vol. University of Kerala 2008, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series no. 269 (Sri Satguru Publications reprint in 1989, Delhi; 1992 combined CBH reprint [http://n2t.net/ark:/13960/t6q00mw21 edition at Archive org].)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-03-11 |title=Manjushrimulakalpa, Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa, Manjushri-mulakalpa: 1 definition |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/manjushrimulakalpa |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
[[Rahul Sankrityayan|Rahul Sankrityayana]]'s edition appeared in 1934.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://ualberta.worldcat.org/title/imperial-history-of-india-in-a-sanskrit-text-c-700-bc-c-770-ad-with-a-special-commentary-on-later-gupta-period/oclc/257169166|title=An imperial history of India in a sanskrit text: [c. 700 B.C. - c. 770 A.D.] ; with a special commentary on later Gupta period|last=Jayaswal|first=K. P|date=1934|publisher=Dass|location=Lahore|oclc=257169166}}</ref> Ganapati Sastri's edition with some modifications was reprinted by P. L. Vaidya in 1964.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mahāyāna-sūtra-saṁgraha. P.2 P.2|last=Vaidya|first=Parashuram Lakshman|date=1964|publisher=Mithila Inst. of Post-graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning|location=Darbhanga|language=sa|oclc=246245976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Einoo |first1=S. |title=Genesis and Development of Tantrism |last2=Sanderson |first2=Alexis |publisher=University of Tokyo |year=2009 |location=Tokyo |pages=316}}</ref>
An English translation was published online in 2020 by the 84000 organization.<ref name="84000 translation">{{Cite web |title=The Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī (Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa)|url=https://read.84000.co/translation/toh543.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha |language=en}}</ref>
== External links ==
*[https://read.84000.co/translation/toh543.html English translation of the Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa by 84000]
*[https://buddhistuniversity.net/content/articles/buddhas-remains_wallis-glenn Paper from ''The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies'' on the Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa by Glenn Wallis]
==Notes==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjusri-Mula-Kalpa}}
[[Category:Buddhist tantras]]
[[Category:Mañjuśrī]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist practices]]
[[Category:Vajrayana]]