View source for Mad Catz

{{short description|Chinese interactive entertainment company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{update|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name                = Mad Catz Global Limited
| former_name         = Mad Catz Interactive, Inc.
| traded_as           = {{OTC Expert|MCZAF}}
| logo                = Mad-Catz-Logo.png
| type                = [[Public company|Public]]
| genre               =
| foundation          = {{start date and age|1989}} (as Mad Catz Interactive, Inc.)<br />{{start date|2018|1|4|df=yes}} (second incarnation)
| close               =
| fate                =
| location_city       =
| location            =
| key_people          =
| area_served         =
| industry            = [[Video game industry|Video games]]
| products            =
| services            =
| revenue             = US $134.1 million {{small|(2016)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-06-03-mad-catz-profit-turns-to-usd11m-loss-on-incredibly-disappointing-rock-band-4|title=Mad Catz profit turns to $11m loss on "incredibly disappointing" Rock Band 4|website=GamesIndustry.biz|date=3 June 2016|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604134108/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-06-03-mad-catz-profit-turns-to-usd11m-loss-on-incredibly-disappointing-rock-band-4|url-status=live}}</ref>
| operating_income    =
| net_income          =
| num_employees       =
| parent              =
| divisions           =
| subsid              =
| homepage            = {{URL|http://www.madcatz.com/}}
| footnotes           =
}}
'''Mad Catz Interactive, Inc.''' is an American-Canadian brand that provided interactive entertainment products marketed under the '''Mad Catz''', '''[[GameShark]]''' (gaming products) and '''TRITTON''' (audio products) brands. Mad Catz also distributed video game products for third-party partners. '''Mad Catz Global Limited''' (a [[Hong Kong]]–based company) acquired the trademarks.
==History==
===1989–2000===
[[File:PlayStation-Mad-Catz-12X-Memory-Card.jpg|thumb|right|A memory card for the original [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]]]
Mad Catz was founded in 1989. It focused on accessories such as control pads, memory cards, connection cables, headphones and other [[human interface device]]s for the PC and various video game consoles. Mad Catz also published console game titles, such as ''[[Real World Golf]]'' 1 and 2, ''[[MC Groovz Dance Craze]]'' and ''[[Pump It Up (video game series)|Pump It Up]]''.
Mad Catz Interactive, Inc. was incorporated under the ''[[Canada Business Corporations Act]]'' on 25 August 1993. The company was acquired in 2000 by the Toronto-based GTR Group, Inc. for a purchase cost of US$33.3 million, along with Games Trader (which collected and sold previously played and republished games) and ZapYou.com (which focused on e-commerce solutions).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/ASE/MCZ/reports/firstquarter.htm |title=Mad Catz, Inc - Press Release Page |publisher=Media.corporate-ir.net |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060628/http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/ASE/MCZ/reports/firstquarter.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
===2000–2009===
In 2000, Mad Catz released the MC2 [[Racing wheel|Racing Wheel]] for the [[Sony]] [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]], which was awarded the Golden Award by ''[[GamePro|Incite Video Gaming Magazine]]'', and the Mario Andretti Racing Wheel, which [[GameSpy]] judged as the best peripheral of the 2000 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). The company produced 12 licensed controllers for the launch of the Sega [[Dreamcast]] and also released Internet-related accessories such as the Panther DC and keyboard adapter.
In September 2001, GTR Group decided to capitalize on the strength of the Mad Catz brand and changed its corporate name to Mad Catz Interactive, Inc., closing its GamesTrader and ZapYou.com business units.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/ASE/MCZ/reports/annreport02.pdf|title=Mad Catz Annual Report 2012 : Leading the Way|website=Media.corporate-ir.net|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606054944/http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/ASE/MCZ/reports/annreport02.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The year 2001 saw the release of Microsoft's Xbox and Nintendo's [[GameCube]] and [[Game Boy Advance]]. Mad Catz offered products for these launches, such as the Control Pad Pro for GameCube, the Lynx Control Pad and the BeatPad (dancepad) controller for the [[PlayStation 2]], the Game Boy FlipLight, and memory cards for the [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]].<ref name=":2" />
In January 2003, Mad Catz acquired the [[GameShark]] brand, described as "the industry leader in video game enhancement software, [enabling] players to take full advantage of the secret codes, short cuts, hints and cheats incorporated by video game publishers into their game offerings,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/forums/index.php?topic=622.0 |title=Mad Catz Acquires GameShark Brand From Interact |publisher=Nintendoworldreport.com |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055851/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/forums/index.php?topic=622.0 |url-status=live }}</ref> and associated intellectual properties from InterAct for US$5 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.corporate-ir.net/library/69/690/69024/items/163013/annreport03.pdf |title=Mad Catz 2003 Annual Report |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060657/http://library.corporate-ir.net/library/69/690/69024/items/163013/annreport03.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In September 2007, Mad Catz acquired UK-based company Joytech for US$3.7 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taketwo-sale-unit-idUSWNAS366220070907 |title=Take-Two sells unit to Canada's Mad Catz |publisher=Reuters |date=7 September 2007 |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806092856/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taketwo-sale-unit-idUSWNAS366220070907 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2007, Mad Catz further diversified into the videogame accessory market by acquiring European-based manufacturer [[Saitek]] for US$30 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sinclair |first=Brendan |url=http://www.gamespot.com//news/mad-catz-buys-saitek-6182902 |title=Mad Catz buys Saitek |publisher=GameSpot |date=14 November 2007 |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107032809/http://www.gamespot.com/news/mad-catz-buys-saitek-6182902 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2008, [[Capcom]] commissioned Mad Catz to produce a limited number of ArcadeSticks and six-button controllers, branded as “FightSticks” and “FightPads,” to coincide with the launch of their ''[[Street Fighter IV]]'' fighting game.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://gizmodo.com/5161299/mad-catz-street-fighter-iv-fightsticks-review |title=Mad Catz Street Fighter IV FightSticks Review |date=27 February 2009 |publisher=Gizmodo.com |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060424/http://gizmodo.com/5161299/mad-catz-street-fighter-iv-fightsticks-review |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the unanticipated demand for these products, production on these controllers was ramped up from their originally limited numbers. The FightStick remains a mainstay of the Mad Catz product line. In 2008, the FightStick's popularity spurred Mad Catz's involvement in the pro-gaming community, and Mad Catz has a strong presence at shows such as [[Evolution Championship Series|EVO]], [[Penny Arcade Expo|PAX]], and [[San Diego Comic-Con]]. In 2009, Mad Catz released licensed controllers for ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2]]'' and ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops]].''
===2010–2017===
[[File:Rock Band 3 controllers.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mad Catz's ''[[Rock Band 3]]'' controllers: Keyboard, Rock Band 3 Drumkit, and Mustang Pro (102-button) Guitar.]]
[[File:Street Fighter IV TE stick modified.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mad Catz's ''Street Fighter IV'' FightStick Tournament Edition [[Arcade controller]]]]
In 2010, Mad Catz released officially licensed controllers for ''[[Rock Band 3]]'', including a keyboard controller, a microphone controller, drum kits, and two guitar controllers (both the familiar five-button and the [[Fender (company)|Fender]] Mustang “Pro” 102-button guitar).<ref>{{cite web |last=Murph |first=Darren |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/06/19/mad-catz-apt-to-release-rock-band-instruments-next-week/ |title=Mad Catz apt to release Rock Band instruments next week |publisher=Engadget.com |date=19 June 2008 |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060305/http://www.engadget.com/2008/06/19/mad-catz-apt-to-release-rock-band-instruments-next-week/ |url-status=live }}</ref> That same year, Mad Catz acquired TRITTON Technologies, a San Diego–based gaming audio headset firm, in May 2010 for US$1 million at closing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/28780/Mad_Catz_Acquires_Gaming_Headset_Company_Tritton.php |title=Mad Catz Acquires Gaming Headset Company Tritton |publisher=Gamasutra |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023063709/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/28780/Mad_Catz_Acquires_Gaming_Headset_Company_Tritton.php |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2010, Mad Catz announced an agreement with [[Major League Gaming]] (MLG) to produce the MLG Pro Circuit Controller for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. Mad Catz sponsored MLG Pro Circuit Competitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=69024&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1433403&highlight= |archive-url=https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20081128014031mp_/http://phx.corporate%2Dir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c%3D104016%26p%3Dirol%2DCSRhome |url-status=dead|title=Mad Catz &#124; All About the Game &#124; Press Release |publisher=Phx.corporate-ir.net |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=28 November 2008 }}</ref>
In 2011, Mad Catz’s Cyborg-branded R.A.T. 7 Gaming Mouse was named “Best PC Accessory of 2010” by [[IGN]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bestof.ign.com/2010/gear/best-pc-accessory.html |title=Best PC Accessory 2010 - Cyborg R.A.T. 7 Gaming Mouse - Gear - IGN |publisher=Bestof.ign.com |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061321/http://bestof.ign.com/2010/gear/best-pc-accessory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The company returned to software distribution by publishing ''[[Jonah Lomu]] [[Rugby Challenge (video game)|Rugby Challenge]]'', ''Damage Inc. Pacific Squadron WWII'' (a World War II flight simulation game with a custom joystick), and ''[[Rock Band 3]].'' Mad Catz acquired certain assets of V Max Simulation Corporation, which designs, constructs, integrates and operates flight simulation equipment and develops flight simulation software.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=69024&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1533559&highlight= |archive-url=https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20081128014031mp_/http://phx.corporate%2Dir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c%3D104016%26p%3Dirol%2DCSRhome |url-status=dead|title=Mad Catz &#124; All About the Game &#124; Press Release |publisher=Phx.corporate-ir.net |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=28 November 2008 }}</ref>
Mad Catz has continued its focus on peripherals and accessories, such as the range of R.A.T. gaming mice and TRITTON-branded gaming headsets. In January 2013, Mad Catz announced its "GameSmart" initiative, a range of products using the [[Bluetooth]] Smart stack featuring game and hardware independence, simplified setup, longer battery life and universal compatibility. Announced products include the R.A.T.<sup>M</sup> Wireless Mobile Gaming Mouse, the F.R.E.Q.<sup>M</sup> Mobile Stereo Headset, M.O.U.S.<sup>9</sup> Wireless Mouse, and the C.T.R.L.<sup>R</sup> Mobile Gamepad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=69024&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1770867&highlight|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131022195945/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=69024&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1770867&highlight|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2013|title = Mad Catz &#124; All About the Game &#124; Press Release}}</ref> The "GameSmart" initiative is intended to introduce an industry standardization to the mobile world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonevangelho/2013/06/15/the-madcatz-mojo-is-there-room-for-yet-another-android-gaming-console/ |title=The MadCatz MOJO: Is There Room For Another Android Gaming Console? |work=Forbes |date=15 June 2013 |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928184759/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonevangelho/2013/06/15/the-madcatz-mojo-is-there-room-for-yet-another-android-gaming-console/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In June 2013, Mad Catz announced the [[Mojo (microconsole)|M.O.J.O.]] [[Android (operating system)|Android]] Micro Console, described as "a supercharged smart phone with no screen that plugs into your flat screen TV to bring the living room experience to mobile gaming."<ref name=":1" /> M.O.J.O. is designed to interact seamlessly with Mad Catz's GameSmart controllers, mice, keyboards, headsets, and the rest of its gaming peripherals.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=69024&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1828801&highlight= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130906231109/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=69024&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1828801&highlight= |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2013 |title=Mad Catz &#124; All About the Game &#124; Press Release |publisher=Phx.corporate-ir.net |date=11 June 2013 |access-date=22 October 2013 }}</ref> In 2013, Mad Catz produced the ''[[Killer Instinct (2013 video game)|Killer Instinct]]'' Arcade FightStick Tournament Edition 2, the first fighting game controller available for the [[Xbox One]], the then-latest [[Microsoft]] gaming console, that started shipping in late November 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=69024&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1837993&highlight= |archive-url=https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20081128014031mp_/http://phx.corporate%2Dir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c%3D104016%26p%3Dirol%2DCSRhome |url-status=dead|title=Mad Catz &#124; All About the Game &#124; Press Release |publisher=Phx.corporate-ir.net |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=28 November 2008 }}</ref>
Mad Catz helped spur interest in the burgeoning field of [[esports]] by sponsoring the inaugural [[ESL One]] at [[Madison Square Garden]] in October 2014, as well as sponsoring the [[Capcom]] Pro Tour featuring ''[[Street Fighter IV]].''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2015/11/05/esports-boosts-mad-catz/ |title=How This Tech Company Benefits From eSports |publisher=fortune.com |date=5 November 2015 |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107211009/http://fortune.com/2015/11/05/esports-boosts-mad-catz/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In April 2015, Mad Catz announced that it would co-publish ''[[Rock Band 4]]'' along with [[Harmonix]], in addition to making the controllers for the game. Under the terms of the agreement, Mad Catz was responsible for worldwide retail sales, promotion, and distribution for the ''Rock Band 4'' game and its hardware bundles. Harmonix handled ''Rock Band 4'' digital sales and content.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/rock-band-4-will-be-co-published-by-peripheral-com/1100-6426778/= |title=Rock Band 4 Will Be Co-Published By Peripheral Company Mad Catz |author=Eddie Makuch |publisher=Gamespot.com |date=21 April 2015 |access-date=21 April 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621110738/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/rock-band-4-will-be-co-published-by-peripheral-com/1100-6426778/=/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Rock Band 4'' was launched on 6 October 2015.
In August 2015, Mad Catz announced that it will work with [[Cloud Imperium Games]] to create licensed simulation products for its space simulation game ''[[Star Citizen]]''.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/08/04/757593/10144478/en/Mad-Catz-R-Teams-Up-With-Cloud-Imperium-R-Games-to-Create-Dedicated-Saitek-R-Branded-Star-Citizen-R-Hardware.html |title=Mad Catz Teams Up With Cloud Imperium Games to Create Dedicated Saitek Branded Star Citizen Hardware |website=Globenewswire.com |date=3 August 2015 |access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref> These products, produced under Mad Catz's [[Saitek]] brand, were first unveiled at [[Gamescom]] 2015.<ref>[http://imperialnews.network/2015/08/saitek-hotas-peripherals-analysisl] {{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
On 9 February 2016, Mad Catz announced that it would lay off 37 percent of its workforce and stated that "''Rock Band'' sell-through was lower than originally forecast resulting in higher inventory balances as well as lower margins due to increased promotional activity with retailers."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/265502/Mad_Catz_lays_off_63_of_staff_in_restructuring_plan.php |title=Mad Catz lays off 37% of staff in restructuring plan |author=Christian Nutt |publisher=Gamasutra |date=9 February 2016 |access-date=10 February 2015 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211215107/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/265502/Mad_Catz_lays_off_63_of_staff_in_restructuring_plan.php |url-status=live }}</ref> This followed the resignations of company president and CEO Darren Richardson, senior VP of business affairs Whitney Peterson, and company chairman Thomas Brown the day prior.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamasutra.com/view/news/265391/Top_brass_resign_amid_MadCatz_executive_shuffle.php |title=Top brass resign amid MadCatz executive shuffle |author=Alex Wawro |publisher=Gamasutra |date=8 February 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210050427/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/265391/Top_brass_resign_amid_MadCatz_executive_shuffle.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 15 September 2016, Logitech acquired Saitek, Mad Catz's simulation brand specializing in computer joysticks for $13 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.logitech.com/2016/09/15/creating-immersive-gaming-experience-logitech-acquires-saitek/|title=Creating a More Immersive Gaming Experience – Logitech Acquires Saitek|website=Blog.logitech.com|access-date=16 September 2016|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918204217/http://blog.logitech.com/2016/09/15/creating-immersive-gaming-experience-logitech-acquires-saitek/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In March 2017, the [[New York Stock Exchange]] reported to the company that it was in the stages of delisting the company from the Exchange due to "abnormally low" stock value, which Mad Catz did not plan to appeal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/294432/Mad_Catz_is_being_delisted_from_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange.php | title = Mad Catz is being delisted from the New York Stock Exchange | first = Alex | last = Wawro | date = 23 March 2017 | access-date = 23 March 2017 | work = [[Gamasutra]] | archive-date = 24 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174916/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/294432/Mad_Catz_is_being_delisted_from_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange.php | url-status = live }}</ref>
===Bankruptcy===
Mad Catz ceased operations on 30 March 2017, and filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 7 of U.S. Bankruptcy code to initiate an orderly liquidation of its assets.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-mad-catz-interactive-makes-volunta-idUSFWN1H80KP | title = BRIEF-Mad Catz Interactive makes voluntary assignment in bankruptcy | date = 31 March 2017 | access-date = 31 March 2017 | work = [[Reuters]] | archive-date = 31 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170331133758/http://www.reuters.com/article/brief-mad-catz-interactive-makes-volunta-idUSFWN1H80KP | url-status = live }}</ref>
=== Return ===
On 4 January 2018, Mad Catz Global Limited (a new company headquartered in Kowloon, Hong Kong<ref>{{Cite web|last=YuHaoSyu|title=MAD CATZ|url=https://www.madcatz.com/En/About/BrandStory/|access-date=24 January 2021|website=Mad Catz official|language=zh-Hant-TW|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427232348/https://www.madcatz.com/En/About/BrandStory/|url-status=live}}</ref>), with new ownership of previous Mad Catz trademarks, announced the return of the Mad Catz brand and the launch of a new line of products at CES 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.madcatz.com/news_detail.html|title=Gaming Mice, Keyboards, Fightsticks and Headsets {{!}} Mad Catz|website=Madcatz.com|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104195648/http://www.madcatz.com/news_detail.html|archive-date=4 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mad Catz Global Limited has continued the brand's development of gaming peripherals such as mice, keyboards, headphones, and controllers. In 2024, Mad Catz announced they will be entering the game publishing business with ''Yatagarasu Enter the Eastward''.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Mad Catz Set to Showcase "Yatagarasu Enter the Eastward" at CES 2024 |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240102907324/en/Mad-Catz-Set-to-Showcase-Yatagarasu-Enter-the-Eastward-at-CES-2024 |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Mad Catz Global Limited |agency=[[Business Wire]] |date=2024-01-02 |access-date=2024-01-08}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.madcatz.com/En/About/BrandStory/ Official Mad Catz website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180114100547/http://www.trittonaudio.in/ Official TRITTON website]
* [http://www.saitek.com/ Official SAITEK website]
* [http://www.madcatz.de/ Official Mad Catz website in Germany]
[[Category:Defunct video game companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Video game companies based in California]]
[[Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Computer peripheral companies]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in San Diego]]
[[Category:Video game companies established in 1989]]
[[Category:Video game companies disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in California]]
[[Category:2017 disestablishments in California]]
[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2017]]
[[Category:Companies that have filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on NYSE American]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies traded over-the-counter in the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in California]]
[[Category:Re-established companies]]