View source for Magento

{{Short description|Open-source e-commerce platform}}
{{About|the e-commerce software|the colour|Magenta|the x-men antagonist|Magneto}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Magento
| logo = Magento Logo.svg
| screenshot =
| caption = Magento 2 Admin Panel
| developer = Magento, Inc.
| released = {{release date and age|2008|3|31}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
| latest release version = {{Magento version}}
| latest release date = {{Magento version|releasedate}}
| programming_language = [[PHP]]
| genre = [[Content management system]], [[shopping cart software]]
| license = [[Open Software License|OSL v3]], [[Academic Free License|AFL v3]]
| website = {{URL|https://magento-opensource.com/}}
}}
'''Magento''' is an [[open-source software|open-source]] [[E-commerce|e-commerce platform]] written in [[PHP]]. Magento [[source code]] is distributed under [[Open Software License]]. Magento was acquired by [[Adobe Inc]] in May 2018 for $1.68 billion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-21/adobe-buys-magento-for-1-7-billion-to-boost-commerce-ambitions|title=Magento Purchased by Adobe |date=2018-05-18|website=Bloomberg News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><ref name="TechCrunch1" />
More than 150,000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Magento Usage Statistics |url=https://trends.builtwith.com/shop/Magento |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=trends.BuiltWith.com}}</ref> online stores have been created on the platform. The platform code has been downloaded more than 2.5 million times, and $155 billion worth of goods were sold through Magento-based systems in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hostingtribunal.com/blog/magento-statistics/|title=Magento Statistics, Market Share, Adoption, and Growth in 2019|date=2019-02-18|website=Hosting Tribunal|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref> As of April 2021, Magento holds a 2.32% market share in global e-commerce platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top global e-commerce platforms market share 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/710207/worldwide-ecommerce-platforms-market-share/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>
Roy Rubin, the former CEO of Varien, sold a share of the company to [[eBay]], which eventually completely acquired and then sold the company to [[Permira]];<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.journalism.co.uk/press-releases/magento-sold-by-ebay-opace-on-whether-magento-can-shine-as-a-private-company/s66/a582879/ | title= Magento sold by eBay: Opace on whether Magento can shine as a private company| date= 2015-11-12}}</ref> Permira later sold it to [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="TechCrunch1">{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Ron |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/21/adobe-to-acquire-magento-for-1-6-b/ |title=Adobe to acquire Magento for $1.68B |work=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[Verizon Media]] |date=2018-05-21 |access-date=2019-03-05 }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
==History==
Magento is officially started development in early 2007. The software was originally developed by ''' Varien Inc.''', a US [[private company]] [[headquarter]]ed in [[Culver City, California]], with assistance from [[Volunteering|volunteer]]s and open-source software contributors. Seven months later, on August 31, 2007, the first public beta version was released.
Varien, the company owning Magento, formerly worked with [[osCommerce]]. Varien had originally planned to [[Fork (software development)|fork]] osCommerce but later decided to [[Rewrite (programming)|rewrite]] it as Magento.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Definitive Guide to Magento|last=McCombs|first=Adam|publisher=Robert Banh Apress|year=2011|pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=staff|first=InfoWorld|date=2013-09-17|title=Bossie Awards 2013: The best open source applications|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2606353/119652-Bossie-Awards-2013-The-best-open-source-applications.html|access-date=2022-01-31|website=InfoWorld|language=en}}</ref> Varien published the first general-availability release of the software on March 31, 2008.
In the first years of its existence, the platform has been the winner of the "''Best of Open Source Software Awards"'' and ''"SourceForge Community Choice Awards"'' several times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2637817/sourceforge-community-choice-awards-winners.html|title=SourceForge Community Choice Awards winners|last=Rodrigues|first=Savio|date=2008-07-25|website=InfoWorld|language=en|access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref>
In February 2011, [[eBay]] announced it had made an investment in Magento in 2010, worth a 49% ownership share of the company.
On June 6, 2011, eBay announced that it would be acquiring the rest of Magento, which would join its new X.Commerce initiative. Magento's CEO and co-founder Roy Rubin wrote on the Magento blog that "Magento will continue to operate out of [[Los Angeles]], with Yoav Kutner and me as its leaders.".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mashable.com/2011/06/06/ebay-acquires-magento/ | title=eBay Acquires Open Source E-commerce Company Magento | publisher=Mashable | date=6 June 2011 | access-date=4 April 2018 | author=Warren, Christina}}</ref>
Yoav Kutner left Magento in April 2012, citing that the vision for Magento had changed since the time of acquisition due to high-level staff changes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/12/recently-departed-magento-cto-and-co-founder-ebay-doesnt-understand-the-meaning-of-open/ | title=Recently Departed Magento CTO And Co-Founder: eBay Doesn't Understand The Meaning Of Open | publisher=TechCrunch | date=12 April 2012 | access-date=4 April 2018 | author=Rao, Leena}}</ref>
As a result of the [[PayPal#Spin-off from eBay (2014–present)|breakup of eBay]] following [[Carl Icahn]]'s [[Corporate raid|raid]], Magento was spun out as an independent company and sold to [[Permira]], a [[private equity]] fund, on 3 November 2015.<ref>
{{
cite web|last1=Lavelle|first1=Mark|title=Letter from our CEO|url=http://magento.com/letter-from-our-ceo|website=Magento.com|access-date=8 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109034401/http://magento.com/letter-from-our-ceo|archive-date=9 November 2015|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>
In May 2018, it was announced that Magento would be acquired by [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]] for $1.68bn to integrate it into Adobe Experience Cloud, its Enterprise CMS platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.adobe.com/press-release/corporate/adobe-acquire-magento-commerce|title=Adobe to Acquire Magento Commerce|website=Adobe Newsroom|language=en|access-date=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref name="TechCrunch1" /> The acquisition was finalized on June 19, 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://magento.com/blog/magento-news/magento-is-now-part-of-adobe|title= Magento is Now Part of Adobe|website=Magento|language=en|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref>
==Overview==
Magento employs the [[MySQL]] or [[MariaDB]] relational database management system, the [[PHP]] programming language, and elements of the [[Zend Framework]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Varien and the Magento eCommerce Platform |url=http://www.zend.com/topics/Magento-CS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112072406/http://www.zend.com/topics/Magento-CS.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |publisher=Zend}}</ref> It uses multiple other PHP frameworks such as [[Laminas]] (formerly known as [[Zend Framework]]) and [[Symfony]]. It applies the conventions of [[object-oriented programming]] and [[model–view–controller]] architecture. Magento also uses the [[entity–attribute–value model]] to store data<ref>{{cite web |author=Storm, Alan |title=Magento for Developers: Part 7 - Advanced ORM - Entity Attribute Value |url=http://www.magentocommerce.com/knowledge-base/entry/magento-for-dev-part-7-advanced-orm-entity-attribute-value/ |access-date=17 January 2015 |publisher=Magento}}</ref> and as of version 2.4 it requires [[Elasticsearch]] for its catalog search capability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Magento 2.4 requires Elasticsearch |url=https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.4/install-gde/prereq/elasticsearch.html |access-date=September 11, 2020}}</ref> On top of that, Magento 2 introduced the [[Model-View-ViewModel]] pattern to its front-end code using the [[JavaScript]] library [[Knockout (web framework)|Knockout.js]].
===Magento Open Source===
Magento Open Source, previously Magento Community Edition, is an open-source [[e-commerce]] platform. Developers can implement the core files and extend their functionality by adding new plug-in modules provided by other developers.
As of 2017, both the latest release and each of the historical releases of the version 1.x and 2.x branches of Magento Open Source were available on the Magento Commerce, Inc. website for download.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magento.com/products/magento-open-source|title=Open Source eCommerce Software {{!}} Magento|website=magento.com|access-date=2016-03-14}}</ref> Development of the version 2 branch of Magento Open Source is coordinated publicly on GitHub.<ref>{{Cite web |title=magento/magento2 |url=https://github.com/magento/magento2 |access-date=2016-03-14 |website=GitHub}}</ref>
[[Adobe Systems|Adobe]] announced after its acquisition that Magento would remain open source.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asay |first=Matt |date=2018-05-21 |title=Doubling down on Adobe's Open Platform Vision with Magento |url=https://medium.com/adobe-io/doubling-down-on-adobes-open-platform-vision-with-magento-c9f8246e83e2 |access-date=2018-05-23 |website=Medium}}</ref> Magento 1.9.4, the last version of the Magento 1.x branch, reached end-of-life on June 30, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayyoub |first=Joe |date=2018-09-06 |title=Supporting Magento 1 through June 2020 |url=https://magento.com/blog/magento-news/supporting-magento-1-through-june-2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704150817/https://magento.com/blog/magento-news/supporting-magento-1-through-june-2020 |archive-date=2020-07-04 |website=Magento.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Magento 1 End of Life Announcement |url=https://www.paypal.com/uk/cshelp/article/magento-1-end-of-life-announcement-ts2249 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.PayPal.com}}</ref>
==== Magento 2 ====
Magento 2 was announced in 2010. It was planned for release in 2011, and a beta version for merchants was released in July 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magento 2 Beta Release Announcement |url=https://magento.com/blog/technical/magento-2-merchant-beta-release |access-date=2016-07-06 |website=Magento Blog}}</ref>  Magento 2 differs in architecture from the previous version, with improved features and developer tools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docs.magento.com/m2/ce/user_guide/magento/release-notes-ce-2.0.html|title=Magento 2 Release Notes|website=docs.magento.com|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref> Magento 1 and Magento 2 existed simultaneously for some years.
On November 17, 2015, Magento 2 was released. Among the features changed in V2 were:
* significant performance and security improvements, especially when paired with PHP version 7+
* integrated server-side Apache Varnish caching with minimal tuning
* reduced database table-locking issues
* enterprise-grade database scalability
* Rich snippets for structured data
* new file structure with easier customization
* [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] preprocessing using [[Less (stylesheet language)|LESS]] & CSS URL resolver
* modular code base structure, offering fine-grain customization
* improved coding patterns
* built-in client-side JavaScript minimization and optimization
* improved static content browser caching
==== OpenMage ====
OpenMage is a [[Fork (software development)|fork]] of Magento 1.x (version 1.9.4.5) maintained by the community on [[GitHub]] to offer [[long-term support]] and continued [[Bug fix|bug fixes]] for Magento 1.x installations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OpenMage LTS - A community-driven fork of Magento Community Edition - OpenMage LTS |url=https://www.openmage.org/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.openmage.org}}</ref><ref>[https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-mirror OpenMage/magento-mirror]</ref><ref>[https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts Magento - Long Term Support]</ref>
=== Adobe Commerce ===
Adobe Commerce is an e-commerce [[platform as a service]] released on April 11, 2016. It initially launched as Magento Commerce. In April 2021, Magento Commerce was rebranded to Adobe Commerce, as part of a long-term project to integrate Magento within the Adobe Experience Cloud business unit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woosley |first=Jason |date=2021-04-21 |title=Magento Is Now Adobe Commerce: Consolidating Our Commerce Branding |url=https://business.adobe.com/blog/the-latest/consolidating-our-commerce-branding |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=Adobe.com}}</ref>
Adobe Commerce is available in an on-premises version and as a service hosted by Adobe in the cloud. The hosted version launched as Magento Enterprise Cloud Edition and later became Adobe Commerce Managed Services.
'''Adobe Commerce On-Premise''' is derived from Magento Open Source and designed for large businesses. It shares the same core files as Magento Open Source but is not [[Free and open-source software|freely licensed]] and has additional proprietary features and functionality. It was originally called Magento Enterprise Edition, and later Magento Commerce (On-Premises), before rebranding to Adobe Commerce On-Premise.  The latest actively supported version of Magento Commerce is 2.3.4<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magento Enterprise Edition 1.14.2.4 Release Notes |url=http://merch.docs.magento.com/ee/user_guide/magento/release-notes-ee-1.14.2.4.html |access-date=2016-03-14 |website=merch.docs. Magento.com}}</ref> (EE and CE) released on October 8, 2019.
There were also two former platforms, Magento Professional Edition, and Magento Go.
=== Magento Partners ===
==== Solution Partners ====
Magento Solution Partners are development agencies that specialize in eCommerce delivery for Magento Commerce merchants and have extensive experience implementing, maintaining, and upgrading Magento eCommerce websites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://partners.magento.com/portal/directory/?partner_type=1|title=Solution Partners - Magento Partner Program|website=partners.magento.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref> Many Magento solution partners develop their extensions, solutions, and customization into the Magento Commerce platform.
==== Technology Partners ====
Magento Technology Partners are companies or products that help merchants improve their websites out of the box. They cover more than 20 different categories including marketing automation, payments, content management, shipping, tax, hosting, and performance. To ensure quality and compatibility, all Magento Technology Partners pass a rigorous business and technology review. Magento Technology Partners can be found in the official website directory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://partners.magento.com/portal/directory/?partner_type=6|title=Technology Partners - Magento Partner Program|website=partners.magento.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
==Security concerns==
In 2015, it was reported that outdated or unpatched Magento web stores were susceptible to a [[cross-site scripting]] attack,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/20/neutrino_exploit_kit_attacks_hit_thousands_of_magento_shops/|title=Neutrino exploit kit attacks hit thousands of Magento shops|last1=Patching|last2=Research|last3=Security|last4=Vulnerabilities|last5=Malware|first6=fading SHA-1 certificates: Netcraft|last6=Sites cling to a million flawed|first7=Neutrino exploit kit attacks hit thousands of Magento|last7=shops|first8=spill Wi-Fi passwords over London|last8=Connected kettles boil over|work=theregister.co.uk|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> which allowed attackers to perform online skimming to steal user credit card information. According to a security expert,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gwillem.gitlab.io/2016/10/11/5900-online-stores-found-skimming/|title=5900 online stores found skimming [analysis]|work=gitlab.io|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> more than 4000 Magento web stores were vulnerable to such an attack in October 2016.
In 2017, security company DefenseCode reported that Magento CE web stores were susceptible to a remote code execution attack,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3189827/security/unpatched-vulnerability-exposes-magento-online-shops-to-hacking.html|title=Unpatched vulnerability exposes Magento online shops to hacking|newspaper=PCWorld|access-date=2017-04-13|date=2017-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://threatpost.com/high-risk-zero-day-leaves-200000-magento-merchants-vulnerable/124965/|title=High Risk Zero-Day Leaves 200,000 Magento Merchants Vulnerable|newspaper=Threatpost|access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> which allowed attackers to perform [[web skimming]], steal stored credit card information of future and previous customers, take control of the database, and in some instances even the complete server - including other Magento instances. It's suspected that up to 260,000 Magento web stores could be vulnerable to such an attack in April 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cimpanu |first1=Catalin |title=Magecart group leverages zero-days in 20 Magento extensions |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/magecart-group-leverages-zero-days-in-20-magento-extensions/ |access-date=9 December 2018 |date=23 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Developers with Extensive Magento |url=https://elogic.co/}}</ref>
In 2019, Magento reported a potential vulnerability in its administration URL location for its 2.1.x, 2.2.x, and 2.3.x versions. It also reported a critical security breach for customers running version 1.0.2 (and earlier versions) of the Magestore Store Locator extension. Similar incidences of a Magecart attack and Magento killer have also been faced by e-commerce store owners.
==Events==
"Imagine eCommerce" is the annual Magento eCommerce conference<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imagine.magento.com/|title=Magento Imagine Conference|date=2017-09-11}}</ref> that has run since 2011. The first event was held in February 2011 in Los Angeles with more than 600 Magento merchants, partners, and developers. The goals of the event are sharing e-commerce ideas and providing networking opportunity sessions.
Besides Imagine, Magento also organizes local "Magento Live" events in which the participants will have opportunities to learn more about e-commerce in general, get introduced to local Magento partners, and learn about upcoming changes to the Magento software itself. Magento Live events have been held in Australia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://magentolive.com/au/|title=Magento Live AU|date=2016}}</ref> (Sydney), UK<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://magentolive.com/uk/|title=Magento Live UK|date=2016}}</ref> (London), The Netherlands (Amsterdam), Spain (Barcelona), France (Paris) and Germany (München).
There is a non-profit organization that was established in 2019 and that contributes up to more than 24 global "Meet Magento" events per year named "Magento Association"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magentoassociation.org/|title=Magento Association}}</ref> The association is open to all companies who are active in e-commerce in any way and want using Magento commerce now or in future. The project has been run on all developed markets of Magento like Germany, [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], France, [[Sweden]], Denmark, Italy, [[Spain]], the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, [[India]] and also Vietnam.
==Certification==
There are four different Magento certifications: three of them aim to prove developers' competency in implementing modules; one (Certified Solution Specialist) targets business users (consultants, analysts, project managers). Magento Front End Developer Certification is mainly focused on improving the user interface (UI) of back-end developers who implement the core modules. The Plus certification tests a deep understanding of Magento Enterprise modules and the entire architecture.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.magentocommerce.com/certification/ | title=MAGENTO CERTIFICATION | publisher=Magento | access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref>
== Resources ==
Magento DevBox is a Docker container that allows for the easy installation of the latest Magento 2 CE or EE platform in a virtual environment. It also allows developers to link to an existing local Magento 2 installation. As of June 2017, it is still in beta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DevBox (Beta) quick installation overview {{!}} Magento 2 Developer Documentation |url=https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.4/install-gde/composer.html |access-date=2017-05-29 |website=devdocs.magento.com |language=en}}</ref>
As an alternative, there is another well [https://github.com/markshust/docker-magento supported docker solution for Magento 2] set up by [https://m.academy M.academy].
Magento Commerce 2.3.4 released on January 28, 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.3/release-notes/bk-release-notes.html|title=Magento 2 Roadmap|website=FireBearStudio|language=en|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref> the latest version is v2.3.4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.3/release-notes/bk-release-notes.html|title=Magento Open Source 2.3.4 Release Notes &#124; Magento 2 Developer Documentation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/magento/magento2/releases|title=magento/magento2|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=2017-10-27}}</ref>
Magento 1 migration to Magento 2 can be done by the official Data Migration Tool.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.2/migration/migration-tool.html|title=Data Migration Tool {{!}} Magento 2 Developer Documentation|website=devdocs.magento.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref> The migration can be performed by developers with extensive Magento 1 and 2 experience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://u.magento.com/certification/directory/|title=Magento Certified Developers Directory|website=u.magento.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
Magento also has a diverse group of eCommerce articles<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://magento.com/blog | title=Ecommerce Blog - Ecommerce Tips & Best Practices from Magento}}</ref> written to help B2B<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magento.com/solutions/b2b|title=B2B eCommerce Platform}}</ref> and B2C companies. These can be found in the blog section of the website.
eCommerce case studies are also another portion of the Magento website that provides inside information on how Magento impacts brands.<ref>[https://magento.com/case-studies eCommerce case studies]</ref>
Official Adobe Commerce 2.4.7 release notes
<ref>[https://magento.com/case-studies eCommerce case studies]</ref>
== Criticism and controversy ==
In 2011, a ''TechCrunch'' article reported that according to its sources, former Magento employees claim they have been collectively "cheated out" of nearly 7-10% of Magento, a stake that would have been worth approximately $18 million when eBay acquired the company earlier that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=eBay Acquired Magento For Over $180 Million – But Not Everyone Is Smiling |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/23/ebay-acquired-magento-for-over-180-million-but-not-everyone-is-smiling/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |date=June 23, 2011 |access-date=May 18, 2019 }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[Comparison of shopping cart software]]
* [[List of online payment service providers]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Adobe Inc.}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:EBay]]
[[Category:Free e-commerce software]]
[[Category:Companies based in Culver City, California]]
[[Category:Software companies based in California]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in PHP]]
[[Category:Software using the Academic Free License]]
[[Category:Free content management systems]]
[[Category:Software using the Open Software License]]
[[Category:Defunct software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:2010 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Permira companies]]