View source for Maghrebi war (1699–1702)

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Maghrebi war
| place             = [[Maghreb]], mainly [[Algeria]]
| partof            = the [[Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco|Algerian-Sherifian conflicts]], and the [[Tunisian–Algerian War (disambiguation)|Tunisian–Algerian Wars]]
| date              = 1699–1702
| result            = Algerian victory<ref name=Gheziel>Gheziel, Abla. [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02062607/document "La politique des deys d'Alger à la veille de la conquête française (1730-1830)."] Al-Mawaqif (Revue des études et des recherches sur la société et l'histoire) 6 (2011): 63-74. p.1. '''“1672, Moulay Ismā'il lance une expédition, espérant conquérir Tlemcen: il est battu. En 1702, le Maroc et Tunis s'associent en une expédition militaire commune contre Alger, Mustapha les affronte et les met en déroute“'''</ref>
* Moroccan and Tunisian forces routed<ref name=Gheziel />
| combatant1        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Algiers.jpg}} [[Ottoman Algeria|Regency of Algiers]]
| combatant2        = [[File:Tunisian flag till 1831.svg|23px]] [[Ottoman Tunis|Beylik of Tunis]]<br>[[Image:Flag of Morocco 1666 1915.svg|23px]] [[Sultanate of Morocco (1665–1912)|Sultanate of Morocco]]<br>[[File:Maritime flag of Regency of Tripoli (18th century).svg|23px]] [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Pashalik of Tripoli]]
| commander1        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Algiers.jpg}} Hadj Mustapha<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Algiers.jpg}} [[Hadj Chaouch|Hassan Chaouch]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Algiers.jpg}} [[Bouchelaghem Bey]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Algiers.jpg}} Ali Khodja Bey{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Algiers.jpg}} Ahmed ben Ferhat
| commander2        = [[File:Tunisian flag till 1831.svg|23px]] [[Murad III Bey|Mourad III]]{{Assassinated}} <br>[[File:Tunisian flag till 1831.svg|23px]]  [[Ibrahim Sharif of Tunis|Ibrahim Sharif]]<br> [[Image:Flag of Morocco 1666 1915.svg|23px]] [[Moulay Ismail]]{{WIA}}<br>[[Image:Flag of Morocco 1666 1915.svg|23px]] Zeïdan ben Ismail<br>[[File:Maritime flag of Regency of Tripoli (18th century).svg|23px]] Bosnak Ismail Pasha
| territory         = Very minor, or no changes
| campaignbox       =
}}
The '''Maghrebi war (1699–1702)''' was a conflict involving a [[Ottoman Tunisia|Tunisian]], [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripolitanian]], and [[Alaouite dynasty|Moroccan]] coalition, and the [[Deylik of Algiers]]. It was an important milestone in the further weakening of the already fragile Ottoman grip over the Maghreb, as both sides utterly ignored the Ottoman sultan's pleas to sign a peace treaty.<ref name=":0">André Raymond, ''Tunis sous les Mouradites : la ville et ses habitants au XVII<sup>e</sup> siècle'', éd. Cérès, Tunis, 2006</ref> This war also led to the renewal of the [[Revolutions of Tunis|Muradid infighting]], which would later lead to the establishment of the Beylik of Tunis, and the [[Husainid dynasty]] in 1705.<ref>Ibn Abi Dhiaf 1990, <abbr>p.</abbr> 107.
</ref>
== Background ==
=== Ambitions ===
As early as the 1690s, a change of course was made in the foreign policy of the Regency of Algiers by the dey [[Hadj Ahmed Chabane|Hadj Chaabane]] whom diverted Algiers from the wars of sea against the Europeans and sought to federate the entire [[Maghreb]] under his authority. He specifically was interested in expanding his borders by enlarging the [[Beylik of Mascara]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grammont|first=H. D. de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s54aAAAAYAAJ&q=djidiouia+1701|title=Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque (1515-1830)|date=1887|publisher=E. Leroux|language=fr}}</ref> He also wanted to annex Tunis, and make it a fourth Beylik-governorate.
During this time the freshly rising [[Alaouite dynasty]] also sought to expand their control, and especially fancied the [[Beylik of Mascara]], an Algerian governorate in the west of the country.
=== Algerian-Moroccan conflicts ===
{{Main articles|Battle of Moulouya|Siege of Oran (1693)}}
During his early reign, [[Alaouite dynasty|Alaouite sultan]] [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]] directed several unsuccessful invasions to take over the [[Western Beylik|Beylik of Mascara]] which all resulted in defeats in 1672 at Tlemcen, 1678 at the Oued Za, 1692 at the Moulouya, 1693 in Oran and 1694 in Djidiouïa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=M-4TAAAAIAAJ&q=1694 Les confins algéro-marocains]
Augustin Bernard
É. Larose</ref><ref name=Gheziel />
[[Battle of Moulouya|The Battle of Moulouya]], in 1692 ended in an Algerian victory, and the Algerians pushing the Moroccans back all the way to [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galibert|first=Léon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFfRAAAAMAAJ&q=Alg%C3%A9rie|title=L'Algérie: ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader|date=1844|publisher=Furne|language=fr}}</ref>
[[Siege of Oran (1693)|The Siege of Oran]] was an attempt by the Moroccans to seize [[Spanish Oran]] and the Algerian territories around them. The allied Spanish-Algerian armies successfully pushed the Moroccans back.
In the resulting peace treaty the Sultan of Morocco was forced to give up every territory east of the [[Moulouya River]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Martinière|first1=Maximilien Antoine Cyprien Henri Poisson de La|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oT46AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA15|title=Documents pour servir à l'étude du Nord Ouest africain: réunis et rédigés par ordre de M. Jules Cambon|last2=Lacroix|first2=Napoléon|date=1894|publisher=Gouvernement général de l'Algérie, Service des affaires indigènes|language=fr}}</ref>
=== Algerian-Tunisian war ===
{{Main articles|Tunisian-Algerian War (1694)}}
In 1694 Chabane invaded Tunisia with the help of a pretender called Mohammed ben Cheker.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Rousseau|first=Alphonse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpkBAAAAQAAJ|title=Annales tunisiennes: ou, Aperçu historique sur la régence de Tunis|date=1864|publisher=Bastide|language=fr}}</ref> The resulting war ended in the total annexation of Tunis for several months. During that time Chaabane appointed ben Cheker as the Bey of Tunis, a new Beylik of Algiers similarly functioning in the same way as the [[Beylik of Constantine]].
This didn't last long though, and in 1695 the Tunisians revolted and defeated ben Cheker at the [[Battle of Kairouan (1695)|battle of Kairouan]], reinstating the [[Muradid dynasty]]. This ended the short-lived Algerian Beylik of Tunis.
=== Tunisian-Moroccan alliance ===
After these defeats the two countries of Tunis and Morocco decided to ally against the Algerians, whom recently experienced instability following a revolt by the [[Odjak of Algiers]] against the Corsair-friendly Hadj Chaabane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Deys 2|url=https://exode1962.fr/exode1962/en-savoir-plus/histoire-ancienne/turcs/deys2.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=exode1962.fr}}</ref> The two countries decided to prepare for a coordinated invasion of Algiers.
== The war ==
=== Moroccan invasion of the Beylik of Mascara ===
{{Main articles|Mascara campaign (1699–1701)}}
In the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] year of 1111 (1699–1700) the Moroccan army, mainly composed of the [[Black Guard]], led by the son of Ismail, Zeidan or Zidan entered Algeria.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Garrot|first=Henri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-xAAAAAYAAJ&q=28+avril+1701+chelif+%22alg%C3%A9riens%22|title=Histoire générale de l'Algérie|date=1910|publisher=Impr. P. Crescenzo|language=fr}}</ref> As the Bey of Mascara, [[Mustapha Bouchelaghem]] was at the time not prepared to defend his territory, the invasion was swift. The first engagement was at [[Tlemcen]] wherein the Moroccan army besieged the city defended by armed [[Kouloughlis]] whom were the main inhabitants of the city.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kettle|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykhyAAAAMAAJ&q=tlemcen+kouloughlis|title=De Gaulle and Algeria, 1940-1960: From Mers El-Kébir to the Algiers Barracades [sic.]|date=1993|publisher=Quartet|isbn=978-0-7043-7023-4|language=en}}</ref> After it fell, the Moroccan army went on and advanced to [[Mascara, Algeria|Mascara]], the capital of the [[Western Beylik|Beylik]] where he looted the palace of the Bey, despite his initial success this campaign resulted in a peace negotiation which infuriated Moulay Ismail and caused him to direct another offensive against the Algerians.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p-xAAAAAYAAJ&q=1701 Histoire générale de l'Algérie]. P.554.
Henri Garrot
Impr. P. Crescenzo,</ref><ref name=":2">Cour Auguste, « Chapitre X », L’établissement des dynasties des Chérifs au Maroc et leur rivalité avec les Turcs de la Régence d’Alger, Saint-Denis, Éditions Bouchène, « Histoire du Maghreb », 2004, <abbr>p.</abbr> 150–155.</ref> These achievements by Moulay Zidan are apparently unknown to contemporary comment and may be assumed to be fiction, however during the same year a Moroccan prince was defeated by an Algerian battalion in September while he was on a minor tax raid in Tlemcen.<ref name=Mercer>Mercer, Patricia Ann. [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29688/1/10752660.pdf Political and military developments within Morocco during the early Alawi Period (1659-1727)]. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom), 1974</ref>
=== Tunisian campaign on Constantine ===
{{Main articles|Constantine campaign (1699–1700)}}
In 1699 Tunisian troops reinforced with [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripolitanian]] ones invaded the [[Beylik of Constantine]], at the same time as the Moroccan ones. The Bey of Constantine at the time, Ali Khodja Bey was more prepared than his Mascaran counterpart, although he failed decisively in a battle near Constantine against [[Murad III Bey]], and his commander [[Ibrahim Sharif of Tunis]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Although his goal was not necessarily clear, he most likely wanted to incorporate [[Kabylia]] and [[Constantinois]] into Tunisia in a similar fashion to the [[Hafsid dynasty]].
=== Moroccan retreat ===
After several raids against him, [[Zidan Ibn Ismail|Zidan]] chose to retreat from captured Algerian territories, keeping his loot with him. This retreat angered his father whom promptly replaced him.
=== Algerian counter-attack ===
==== Battle of Jouami' al' Ulama ====
{{Main articles|Battle of Jouami' al' Ulama}}
On 3 October 1700 Algerian forces successfully defeated the armies of [[Murad II Bey|Murad]] in the [[Battle of Jouami' al' Ulama]] near [[Sétif]].<ref>Mahfoud Kaddache, , Alger, EDIF2000, 2011 (<abbr>1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr>éd.</abbr> 1982) p. 419</ref> This defeat cause a rout, and Murad had to retreat back into Tunisian territories, abandoning all of his gains. Although he did lose, he attempted to raise another army in hopes of attacking Algeria again. He also sent his commander [[Ibrahim Sharif of Tunis|Ibrahim Sharif]] to Constantinople to recruit additional [[Janissary|janissaries]].<ref name=":0" />
==== Battle of Chélif ====
{{Main articles|Battle of Chelif}}
Ismail led a large army of up to 50,000 men<ref>{{Cite book|last=Galibert|first=Léon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6mD0oLMWXcC&pg=PA235|title=L Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours comprenant le bombardement de Tanger, la prise de Mogador, la bataille d'Isly et le glorieux combat de Djemma-Gazouat|date=1846|publisher=Furne et Cie.|language=fr}}</ref> against the armies of the Dey of Algiers. Despite the numerical inferiority of the Algerians, they were still able to achieve a great victory over the Moroccan armies, killing about 3,000 Moroccans.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turbet-Delof|first=Guy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBu9N6AR0IkC&dq=28+avril+1701+dey&pg=PA163|title=La presse périodique française et l'Afrique barbaresque au XVIIe [dix-septième] siècle: 1611-1715|date=1973|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-03532-3|language=fr}}</ref> This defeat led a to a [[Ceasefire]] between Algiers and Morocco, and allowed the Dey to focus on Tunis instead.
== Assassination of Murad III, end of the war ==
In 1702, Murad III was raising an army to start another offensive into Algeria. Ibrahim Sharif returned from Constantinople with a large amount of Turkish janissaries which pleased Murad, although unknown to him, Sharif had specific plans. Acting on secret orders from the Ottoman Sultan, on 2 June he assassinated Murad and killed his entire family, and restored Ottoman control over the territory, and ending the [[Muradid dynasty]].<ref>Ibn Abi Dhiaf, ''op. cit.'', p. 95</ref><ref>Andreas Tunger-Zanetti, , Paris, L'Harmattan, <abbr>coll.</abbr> « Histoire et perspectives méditerranéennes », 1996, 300 <abbr>p.</abbr></ref> He signed a peace treaty with the Algerians a few weeks later, ending the war with a [[Status quo ante bellum]].
== Aftermath ==
Although the wars had no short-term effects other than destruction, its long-term effects were more important. In 1705, as a direct result of this war, another war broke out between Algiers and Tunis, which led to the establishment of the [[Husainid dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uySDwAAQBAJ&dq=1705+tunis+husaynid&pg=PA41|title=The Making of the Modern Mediterranean: Views from the South|date=2019-07-09|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-30460-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3rWAAAAMAAJ&q=1705+tunis+husaynid|title=Tunisia, the Rough Guide|date=1998|publisher=Rough Guides.|isbn=978-1-85828-336-4|language=en}}</ref>
After Hadj Mustapha lost popularity in Algiers as a result of these wars he was killed in 1705, and after his death, the country fell into chaos, as Deys were often killed within days or sometimes hours of being elected. It wasn't until 1710 that Algiers was stabilized by a new Dey called [[Baba Ali Chaouch]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUQxAQAAMAAJ&dq=1710+ALGIERS+baba&pg=PA257|title=The St. James's Magazine and United Empire Review|date=1875|publisher=A.H. Moxon|language=en}}</ref>
These, and further military defeats of Tripolitania would lead to instability, and the ascension of the [[Karamanli dynasty]] in 1711.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Habib|first=Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Z0NAQAAIAAJ&q=Karamanli+1711|title=Politics and Government of Revolutionary Libya|date=1975|publisher=Cercle du livre de France|isbn=978-0-7753-6010-3|language=en}}</ref>
Morocco was the least touched in these conflicts although they had to give up their claims over western Algeria, and for some time [[Oujda]].{{Need sources|date=May 2024}}
== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maghrebi war (1699-1702)}}
[[Category:Wars involving the Regency of Algiers]]
[[Category:Wars involving Tunisia]]
[[Category:Wars involving Morocco]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1699]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1700]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1701]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1702]]
[[Category:1699 in Africa]]
[[Category:1700 in Africa]]
[[Category:1701 in Africa]]
[[Category:1702 in Africa]]
[[Category:17th century in the Regency of Algiers]]
[[Category:18th century in the Regency of Algiers]]
[[Category:17th century in Tunisia]]
[[Category:18th century in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Wars involving Libya]]
[[Category:History of Tripolitania]]
[[Category:Algerian–Tunisian wars]]