View source for Mainz

{{Short description|Capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{about|the city in Germany|the light cruiser|SMS Mainz{{!}}SMS ''Mainz''|the Mainz sword|Gladius{{!}}''Gladius''|the school|Music and Audio Institute of New Zealand}}
{{Infobox German place
| name              = Mainz
| German_name       =
<small> ''Määnz'' / ''Meenz'' ([[Hessian dialects|Hessian]]) </small><br />
<small>{{nativename|fr|Mayence}}</small>
| type              = City
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| total_width            = 280
| border                 = infobox
| perrow                 = 1/2/3/2/1
| caption_align          = center
| image1                 = Mainzer Dom Blaue Stunde (37539430014).jpg
| caption1               = View of [[Mainz Cathedral]] from [[Wiesbaden]]
| image2                 = Mainz Markt BW 2012-08-18 16-11-28.JPG
| caption2               = Houses on Market Square
| image3                 = Mainz Kaiserdom St. Martin bei Nacht 1.JPG
| caption3               = Old Town
| image4                 = Mainz St. Peter BW 2012-08-18 13-38-32.JPG
| caption4               = [[St. Peter's Church, Mainz|St. Peter]]
| image5                 = Mainz Osteiner Hof BW 2012-08-18 16-32-08.JPG
| caption5               = [[Osteiner Hof]]
| image6                 = Drususstein Gesamt 2011.jpg
| caption6               = [[Drususstein]]
| image7                 = Historia juda tombejo de Majenco, sube z.JPG
| caption7               = [[:de:Judensand|Judensand]] (Jews' Sand) cemetery
| image8                 = Mainz - Christuskirche.jpg
| caption8               = [[Christuskirche, Mainz|Christuskirche]]
| image9                 = Alte-Uni+Mainzer-Dom+Staatstheater-vom-Bonifaziusturm-A-741-a.jpg
| caption9               = [[Mainz Cathedral]] and [[Rhine]] ([[Upper Rhine]])
}}
| image_flag        = Mainz Flagge Hissformat.svg
| image_coa         = Coat of arms of Mainz-2008 new.svg
| coordinates       = {{Coord|49|59|58|N|08|16|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| state             = Rhineland-Palatinate
| district          = urban
| year              = 13/12 BC
| elevation         = 85-285
| area              = 97.75
| postal_code       = 55116–55131
| area_code         = 06131, 06136
| licence           = MZ
| Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 15 000
| divisions         = 15 boroughs
| website           = [https://www.mainz.de/en/ www.mainz.de]
| mayor             = Nino Haase<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/direktwahlen/wahl-der-buergermeister-kreisfreier-staedte/ Wahl der Oberbürgermeister der kreisfreien Städte], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</ref>
| leader_term       = 2023&ndash;31
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| party             = independent
| footnotes        = {{designation list
|embed                 = yes
|designation1          = WHS
|designation1_offname  = ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz
|designation1_date     = 2021
|designation1_type     = Cultural
|designation1_criteria = (ii)(iii)(vi)
|designation1_number   = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636]
}}
}}
<!--[[File:Sattelite Wiesbaden Mainz.jpg|thumb|Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden]]-->
'''Mainz''' ({{IPA|de|maɪnts|lang|De-Mainz.ogg}}; [[#Alternative names|see below]]) is the capital and largest city of the German state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], and with around 223,000 inhabitants,<ref name=pop>{{cite web|url=https://www.mainz.de/medien/internet/downloads/statistik/Einwohner_nach_Stadtteilen_am_31_12_2023.pdf |title=Einwohner der Landeshauptstadt Mainz laut Melderegister am 31.12.2023 (zum Stichtag erstellt am 15.02.2024)|publisher=Landeshauptstadt Mainz|access-date=2024-07-23}}</ref> it is [[List of cities in Germany by population|Germany's 35th-largest city]]. It lies in the [[Frankfurt Rhine-Main|Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region]]—Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after [[Rhine-Ruhr]]—which also encompasses the cities of [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Wiesbaden]], [[Darmstadt]], [[Offenbach am Main]], and [[Hanau]].
Mainz is located at the northern end of the [[Upper Rhine Plain]], on the left bank of the [[Rhine]], opposite the [[Hesse|Hessian]] capital of [[Wiesbaden]] and the mouth of the [[River Main]] into the Rhine. It is the largest city of [[Rhenish Hesse]], a region of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] that was historically part of [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]], and is [[Rheinhessen (wine region)|one of Germany's most important wine regions]] because of its mild climate. Mainz is connected to [[Frankfurt am Main]] by the [[Rhine-Main S-Bahn]] rapid transit system. Before 1945, Mainz had six boroughs on the other side of the Rhine (see: [[:de:Rechtsrheinische Stadtteile von Mainz]]). Three have been incorporated into [[Wiesbaden]] (see: [[:de:AKK-Konflikt]]), and three are now independent.
Mainz was founded as [[Castrum]] ''Mogontiacum'' by [[Roman people|Roman]] general [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] in the 1st century BC on the northern frontier of the [[Roman Empire]],  and became the capital of the [[Roman province]] of [[Germania Superior]]. The city was settled by the [[Franks]] from 459 on, and in the 8th century it became an important city within the [[Holy Roman Empire]], as capital of the [[Electorate of Mainz]] and seat of the [[Elector of Mainz|Archbishop-Elector of Mainz]], the [[Primate (bishop)|primate]] of Germany. [[Mainz Cathedral]] is one of the three Rhenish [[Imperial Cathedrals]] along with [[Speyer Cathedral]] and [[Worms Cathedral]].
Since the 12th century, Mainz was one of the {{Ill|ShUM-cities|de|SchUM-Städte}}—a league formed by the cities of [[Speyer]], [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] and Mainz—which are referred to as the cradle of [[Ashkenazi Jewish]] life and as the center of Jewish life during Medieval times. The Jewish heritage of these cities is one of a kind, and has been declared the UNESCO World Heritage Site of {{Ill|ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz|de|SchUM-Stätten von Speyer, Worms und Mainz|quote=y}},<ref name="Centre">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822022640/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which includes the {{Ill|Judensand|de|Judensand}} (Jews' Sand), the second-oldest Jewish cemetery in Europe after the [[Jewish Cemetery, Worms|Heiliger Sand]] in Worms.
Mainz is the birthplace of [[Johannes Gutenberg]], who introduced letterpress [[printing]] to Europe with his [[movable type]] [[printing press]], [[Global spread of the printing press|starting the global spread of the printing press]], and in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including the [[Gutenberg Bible]]s, two of which are kept at the city's [[Gutenberg Museum]]. Mainz was heavily damaged in [[World War II]]; more than [[Bombing of Mainz in World War II|30 air raids]] destroyed around half of the old town in the city centre, but many buildings were rebuilt post-war.
Like most cities in the [[Rhineland]], Mainz holds [[Mainz carnival|extensive carnival celebrations]], that are known as the second-most important in Germany, after the [[Cologne Carnival|celebrations in Cologne]]. The borough of Lerchenberg is the seat of [[ZDF]] (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen, {{lit.}} "Second German Television"), the second-most important German public service television broadcaster, as well as of [[3sat]], another television broadcaster, that is jointly operated by public broadcasters from Germany ([[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] and [[ZDF]]), Austria ([[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]]), and Switzerland ([[SRG SSR]]).
==Alternative names==
Mainz has a number of [[Names of European cities in different languages|different names]] in other languages and dialects. In [[Latin]] it is known as {{lang|la|Mogontiacum}} ({{IPA|la|mɔɡɔnˈti.akũː|pron}}) or {{lang|la|Moguntiacum}} and, in the local [[Hessian dialects|Hessian]] dialect, it is ''Määnz'' {{IPA-dedia|mɛːnt͡s|}} or ''Meenz'' {{IPA-dedia|meːnt͡s|}}. It is known as {{lang|fr|Mayence}} {{IPA|fr|majɑ̃s|}} in French, {{lang|it|Magonza}} {{IPA|it|maˈɡontsa|}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOP: Dizionario di Ortografia e Pronunzia della lingua italiana |url=https://www.dizionario.rai.it/p.aspx?nID=lemma&lID=1051515 |access-date=30 January 2023 |website=www.dizionario.rai.it |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055315/https://www.dizionario.rai.it/p.aspx?nID=lemma&lID=1051515 |url-status=live }}</ref> in Italian, {{lang|es|Maguncia}} {{IPA|es|maˈɣunθja|}} in Spanish, {{lang|pt|Mogúncia}} {{IPA|pt|muˈɣũsjɐ|}} in Portuguese, {{lang|pl|Moguncja}} {{IPA|pl|mɔˈɡunt͡sja|}} in Polish, {{transliteration|yi|Magentza}} ({{lang|yi|מגנצא}}) in Yiddish, and {{lang|cs|Mohuč}} in Czech and Slovak ({{IPA|cs|ˈmoɦutʃ}}).<ref name="EKI.ee">{{cite web |title=Query in the KNAB database. Foreign names |website=EKI.ee |url=http://www.eki.ee/cgi-bin/mkn8.cgi?form=mm&lang=en&kohanimi=96046353&f2v=Y&f3v=Y&nimeliik=&maakond=&vald=&kihelkond=&asum=&f10v=Y&f14v=Y&of=tb |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>
Before the 20th century, Mainz was commonly known in the [[Anglosphere]] either as ''Mentz'', its English version, or by its French version ''Mayence''. It is the namesake of two American cities named [[Mentz (disambiguation)|Mentz]].<ref name="Lokale Nachrichten aus Mainz und Rheinhessen-2022">{{cite web |title=Neue Heimat Amerika |website=Lokale Nachrichten aus Mainz und Rheinhessen |date=14 May 2022 |url=https://www.lokalezeitung.de/2022/05/14/neue-heimat-amerika/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>
==Geography==
===Topography===
Mainz is on the 50th latitude north, on the [[Rhineland|left bank of the Rhine]].<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2014">{{cite web |title=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |website=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://www.mainz.de/tourismus/stadtportraet/mainz-in-zahlen.php |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="www.pfalz-info.com">{{cite web |title=Mainz |website=www.pfalz-info.com |url=https://www.pfalz-info.com/mainz/ |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> The east of the city is opposite where the [[Main (river)|Main]] falls into it.<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2014" /> {{as of|2021}}, the population was 217,272.<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2014" /> The city is part of the FrankfurtRheinMain area of 5.9 million people.<ref name="IHK Frankfurt am Main-2022">{{cite web |title=Metropolregion FrankfurtRheinMain |website=IHK Frankfurt am Main |date=28 November 2022 |url=https://www.frankfurt-main.ihk.de/standortpolitik/metropolregion-frankfurtrheinmain |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130212011/https://www.frankfurt-main.ihk.de/standortpolitik/metropolregion-frankfurtrheinmain |url-status=live }}</ref> Mainz can easily be reached from [[Frankfurt International Airport]] in 30 minutes by commuter railway {{ric|Rhine-Main S-Bahn|S8}} or regional trains {{Bahnlinie|RE|2|7=Regionalexpress}} {{Bahnlinie|RE|3|7=Regionalexpress}} {{Bahnlinie|RB|31|7=Regionalbahn}}.<ref name="RMV.DE-2022">{{cite web |title=RMV-Fahrplanauskunft |website=RMV.DE |date=16 December 2022 |url=https://www.rmv.de/auskunft/bin/jp/query.exe/en?ld=14.205&protocol=https:&seqnr=4&ident=36.024961205.1675177656&CMS_AppId=FahrplanauskunftErgebnis&&application=PRINTVIEW& |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131150939/https://www.rmv.de/auskunft/bin/jp/query.exe/en?ld=14.205&protocol=https:&seqnr=4&ident=36.024961205.1675177656&CMS_AppId=FahrplanauskunftErgebnis&&application=PRINTVIEW& |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[river port]] of Mainz is located on the [[Rhine]] and thus on one of the most important waterways in Germany.<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2014-2">{{cite web |title=Logistik und Transport |website=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |date=18 December 2014 |url=https://www.mainz.de/wirtschaft/standort-mainz/logistik.php |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130213945/https://www.mainz.de/wirtschaft/standort-mainz/logistik.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Port of Mainz|container port hub]] is north of the town centre.<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2014-2" />
After the [[Quaternary glaciation|last ice age]], sand dunes were deposited in the Rhine valley at what was to become the western edge of the city. The [[Mainz Sand Dunes]] area is now a nature reserve with a unique landscape and rare ''steppe'' vegetation for this area.<ref name="mainzer-sand">{{cite web |title=Der Mainzer Sand |website=mainzer-sand |url=http://www.mainzer-sand.de/ |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130214557/https://www.mainzer-sand.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2014-3">{{cite web |title=Mainzer Sand |website=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |date=23 December 2014 |url=https://www.mainz.de/freizeit-und-sport/im-gruenen/mainzer-sand.php |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130214554/https://www.mainz.de/freizeit-und-sport/im-gruenen/mainzer-sand.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
While the Mainz legion camp was founded in 13/12 BC on the Kästrich hill, the associated [[vicus|vici]] and [[canabae]] (civilian settlements) were erected towards the Rhine. Historical sources and archaeological findings both prove the importance of the military and civilian Mogontiacum as a port city on the Rhine.<ref>Olaf Höckmann: ''Mainz als römische Hafenstadt''. p.&nbsp;87–106. in: Michael J. Klein (editor): ''Die Römer und ihr Erbe. Fortschritt durch Innovation und Integration''. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003, {{ISBN|3-8053-2948-2}}.</ref>
{{Panorama
|image   = Mainz aerial photograph.jpg
|height  = 200px
|width   = 400px
|alt     = View north along the Rhine with the old Winterhafen in the lower left and the former port facilities further north
|caption = View north along the Rhine with the old Winterhafen in the lower left and the former port facilities further north
|dir     =
|align   = left
}}
{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Sattelite Wiesbaden Mainz.jpg
| alt1 = Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden
| link1 =
| caption1 = Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden
| image2 = 50. Breitengrad in Mainz.jpg
| alt2 = Line showing 50° north latitude on the Gutenbergplatz
| link2 =
| caption2 = Line showing 50° north latitude on the Gutenbergplatz
}}
{{clear}}
===Climate===
Mainz experiences an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfb'').
{{Weather box
| location = Mainz
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high F = 38.1
| Feb high F = 41.5
| Mar high F = 49.5
| Apr high F = 57.6
| May high F = 66
| Jun high F = 71.6
| Jul high F = 75
| Aug high F = 74.5
| Sep high F = 68.2
| Oct high F = 57.7
| Nov high F = 46
| Dec high F = 40.1
| year high F = 57.2
| Jan low F = 29.8
| Feb low F = 30.9
| Mar low F = 35.4
| Apr low F = 40.6
| May low F = 47.7
| Jun low F = 53.4
| Jul low F = 56.1
| Aug low F = 55.8
| Sep low F = 50.5
| Oct low F = 43.9
| Nov low F = 36.5
| Dec low F = 31.8
| year low F = 42.7
| Jan precipitation inch = 1.5
| Feb precipitation inch = 1.4
| Mar precipitation inch = 1.5
| Apr precipitation inch = 1.5
| May precipitation inch = 2
| Jun precipitation inch = 2.3
| Jul precipitation inch = 2.2
| Aug precipitation inch = 2.1
| Sep precipitation inch = 1.6
| Oct precipitation inch = 1.7
| Nov precipitation inch = 1.9
| Dec precipitation inch = 1.8
| year precipitation inch = 21.5
| source 1 = ''Intellicast''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intellicast.com/Local/History.aspx?location=GMXX0080 |title=Mainz historic weather averages |access-date=21 September 2009 |publisher=Intellicast |date=June 2011 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061441/http://www.intellicast.com/Local/History.aspx?location=GMXX0080 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| date = August 2010
}}
==History==<!--[[Port of Mainz]] section redirects here-->
{{see also|Timeline of Mainz}}
===Roman Mogontiacum===
[[File:Stadttor1.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of a Roman town gate from the late 4th century]]
The Roman stronghold or ''[[castrum]] '''Mogontiacum''''', the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general [[Nero Claudius Drusus|Drusus]] perhaps as early as 13/12 BC. As related by [[Suetonius]] the existence of ''Mogontiacum'' is well established by four years later (the account of the death and funeral of [[Nero Claudius Drusus]]).<!--{{efn|The earliest certain evidence of the existence of ''Mogontiacum'' is the account of the death and funeral of [[Nero Claudius Drusus]], brother of the future emperor, [[Tiberius]], given in [[Suetonius]]' life of Drusus. Few leaders have been as loved and as popular as Drusus. He fell from his horse in 9 BC, contracted gangrene and lingered for several days. His brother Tiberius reached him in just a few days riding post-horses over the Roman roads and served as the chief mourner, walking with the deceased in a funeral procession from the summer camp where he had fallen to Mogontiacum, where the soldiers insisted on a funeral. The body was transported to Rome, cremated in the [[Campus Martius]] and the ashes placed in the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]], who was still alive, and wrote poetry and delivered a state funeral oration for him. If Drusus founded Mogontiacum the earliest date is the start of his campaign, 13 BC. Some hypothesize that Mogontiacum was constructed at one of two earlier opportunities, one when [[Marcus Agrippa]] campaigned in the region in 42 BC or by [[Julius Caesar]] himself after 58 BC. Lack of evidence plays a part in favouring 13 BC. No sources cite Mogontiacum before 13 BC, no legions are known to have been stationed there, and no coins survive.{{Cite quote|intermediate source needs cited |date=August 2010}}}}--> Although the city is situated opposite the mouth of the [[Main (river)|Main]], the name of Mainz is not from ''Main'', the similarity being perhaps reinforced by [[Folk etymology|folk-etymological]] reanalysis. ''Main'' is from Latin ''Moenis'' (also ''Moenus'' or ''Menus''), the name the Romans used for the river. [[Linguistics|Linguistic]] analysis of the many forms that the name "Mainz" has taken on make it clear that it is a simplification of ''Mogontiacum''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Roman Germany: a guide to sites and museums |first=Joachim |last=von Elbe |location=Mainz |publisher=P. von Zabern |year=1975 |page=253}}</ref> The name appears to be [[Celtic languages|Celtic]],<ref name="Spektrum der Wissenschaft-2011">{{cite web |title=Namenskunde: Den Kelten auf der Spur |website=Spektrum der Wissenschaft |date=13 January 2011 |url=https://www.spektrum.de/news/den-kelten-auf-der-spur/1060167 |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222451/https://www.spektrum.de/news/den-kelten-auf-der-spur/1060167 |url-status=live }}</ref> however, it had also become Roman and was selected by them with a special significance.<ref name="Spektrum der Wissenschaft-2011" /> The Roman soldiers defending [[Gallia]] had adopted the Gallic god [[Mogons]] (Mogounus, Moguns, Mogonino), for the meaning of which etymology offers two basic options: "the great one", similar to Latin magnus, which was used in aggrandizing names such as ''Alexander magnus'', "Alexander the Great" and ''Pompeius magnus'', "Pompey the great", or the god of "might" personified as it appears in young servitors of any type whether of noble or ignoble birth.<ref>A second hypothesis suggests that Moguns was a wealthy Celt whose estate was taken for the fort and that a tax district was formed on the area parallel to other tax districts with a -iacum suffix (Arenacum, Mannaricium). There is no evidence for this supposedly wealthy man or his estate, but there is plenty for the god. According to [[Carl Darling Buck]] in ''Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin'', -yo- and -k- are general Indo-European formative suffices and are not related to taxes. As the loyalty of the [[Vangiones]] was unquestioned and Drusus was campaigning over the Rhine, it is unlikely Mogontiacum would have been built to collect taxes from the Vangiones, who were not a Roman ''municipium''.</ref>
[[File:The Cenotaph of Drusus (Drususstein), an empty tomb raised by Roman troops in 9 AD in honour of the deceased general Drusus, Mogontiacum (Mainz) (9739245693).jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Drusus monument or [[Drususstein]] (surrounded by the 17th-century citadel) raised by the troops of [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] to commemorate him]]
[[File:Römersteine 15.JPG|thumb|Remains of the [[Roman aqueduct]] of Mogontiacum]]
Mogontiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dumont |first=Stefan |title=Mogontiacum |website=Mainz als römische Militärbasis |url=http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/roemer.html |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222835/http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/roemer.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The town of ''Mogontiacum'' grew up between the fort and the river. The castrum was the base of [[Legio XIV Gemina|Legio XIV ''Gemina'']] and [[Legio XVI Gallica|XVI ''Gallica'']] (AD 9–43), [[Legio XXII Primigenia|XXII ''Primigenia'']], [[Legio IV Macedonica|IV ''Macedonica'']] (43–70), [[Legio I Adiutrix|I ''Adiutrix'']] (70–88), [[Legio XXI Rapax|XXI ''Rapax'']] (70–89), and [[Legio XIV Gemina|XIV ''Gemina'']] (70–92), among others. Mainz was also a base of a Roman river fleet, the [[Classis Germanica]]. Remains of Roman troop ships ([[navis lusoria]]) and a patrol boat from the late 4th century were discovered in 1982/86 and may now be viewed in the [[Museum of Ancient Seafaring]]. A temple dedicated to [[Isis|Isis Panthea]] and [[Cybele|Magna Mater]] was discovered in 2000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/mogontiacum-mainz-photos/mainz-temple-of-isis/ |title=Mainz, Temple of Isis – Livius |website=www.livius.org |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126094326/https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/mogontiacum-mainz-photos/mainz-temple-of-isis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is open to the public. The city was the provincial capital of [[Germania Superior]], and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as [[Lyon]]. Among the famous buildings were the largest [[Roman Theatre (Mainz)|theatre]] north of the Alps and a bridge across the Rhine. The city was also the site of the assassination of emperor [[Severus Alexander]] in 235.
[[Alemanni]] forces under [[Rando (king)|Rando]] sacked the city in 368. From the last day of 405<ref>Michael Kulikowski, "Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain" ''Britannia'' '''31''' (2000:325–345).</ref> or 406, the Siling and Asding [[Vandals]], the [[Suebi]], the [[Alans]], and other Germanic tribes [[Crossing of the Rhine|crossed the Rhine]], possibly at Mainz. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop, [[Aureus of Mainz|Aureus]], was put to death by the Alemannian Crocus.<ref name="Catholic Answers-2018">{{cite web |title=Mainz |website=Catholic Answers |date=19 November 2018 |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mainz |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130224352/https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mainz |url-status=live }}</ref>
Throughout the changes of time, the Roman castrum never seems to have been permanently abandoned as a military installation, which is a testimony to Roman military judgement. Different structures were built there at different times. The current citadel originated in 1660, but it replaced previous forts. It was used in World War II. One of the sights at the citadel is still the [[cenotaph]] raised by legionaries to commemorate their general, [[Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus|Drusus]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Dumont |first=Stefan |title=Drususstein |website=Festung Mainz |url=http://www.festung-mainz.de/zitadelle/rundgang/drususstein.html |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222834/http://www.festung-mainz.de/zitadelle/rundgang/drususstein.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Frankish Mainz===
In the 4th century, Alemans repeatedly invaded the neighborhood of Mogontiacum.<ref name="Livius-2020">{{cite web |title=Mogontiacum (Mainz) |website=Livius |date=13 October 2020 |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131031126/https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 357, the city was liberated by the Emperor [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]].<ref name="Livius-2020" /> The last emperor to station troops serving the western empire at Mainz was [[Valentinian III]] (reigned 425–455), who relied heavily on his ''Magister militum per Gallias'', [[Flavius Aëtius]]. In 451, [[Attila]]'s [[Huns]] sacked the city.<ref name="Livius-2020" />
[[File:Münze Gold Solidus Theudebert I um 534.jpg|thumb|Gold solidus of the Frankish king [[Theudebert I]], Mainz mint, {{circa}} 534]]
The [[Franks]] from the middle and upper Rhine area took Mainz shortly before 460.<ref name="Portal Rheinische Geschichte">{{cite web |title=500 bis 785 |website=Portal Rheinische Geschichte |url=https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/500-bis-785---die-rheinlande-im-fruehmittelalter-/DE-2086/lido/57ab21f57328c2.42556102 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131035620/https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/500-bis-785---die-rheinlande-im-fruehmittelalter-/DE-2086/lido/57ab21f57328c2.42556102 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in 476, the [[Franks]] under the rule of [[Clovis I]] gained control over western Europe by the year 496.<ref name="Grube">{{cite web |last=Grube |first=August Wilhelm |title=Charakterbilder aus der Geschichte und Sage. Zweiter Theil: Das Mittelalter |website=Projekt Gutenberg-DE |url=https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/grube/sageges2/chap016.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131035620/https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/grube/sageges2/chap016.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Clovis, son of [[Childeric I|Childeric]], became king of the Salians in 481, ruling from [[Tournai]].<ref name="Deutsche Biographie">{{cite web |title=Chlodwig I. |website=Deutsche Biographie |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz60857.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221814/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz60857.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He converted from [[Germanic paganism|paganism]] to [[Catholic Church|Catholic Christianity]].<ref name="Deutsche Biographie" /> [[Theudebert I]] ({{c.}} 500–547 or 548) had installed {{interlanguage link|Sidonius (bishop of Mainz)|lt=Sidonius|de|Sidonius}}<ref name="Mellone">{{cite web |last=Mellone |first=Rebecca |title=regionalgeschichte.net |website=Die Baugeschichte des Mainzer Doms |url=https://www.1000-jahre-mainzer-dom.de/geschichte/baugeschichte.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106005930/https://www.1000-jahre-mainzer-dom.de/geschichte/baugeschichte.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as bishop of Mainz.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mainz.de/medien/internet/downloads/Broschuere_Blick_auf_Mainzer_Frauen_WEB.pdf |title=Broschuere Blick auf Mainzer Frauen |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171617/https://www.mainz.de/medien/internet/downloads/Broschuere_Blick_auf_Mainzer_Frauen_WEB.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dagobert I]] (605/603–639) reinforced the walls of Mainz.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dumont |first=Stefan |title=Neumann: Militärbauverwaltungen |website=Festung Mainz |url=http://www.festung-mainz.de/fr/bibliothek/aufsaetze/festungsgeschichte/verwaltungen.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131050101/http://www.festung-mainz.de/fr/bibliothek/aufsaetze/festungsgeschichte/verwaltungen.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="De Gruyter-1897">{{cite book |title=Hessische Geschichte im Anschlusse an die deutsche und unter Berücksichtigung der Kulturgeschichte |chapter=II. Zeitalter der Merowinger und Karolinger. (486–911.) |publisher=De Gruyter |date=31 December 1897 |doi=10.1515/9783111654201-005 |pages=8–17 |isbn=978-3-11-165420-1}}</ref>
[[Charlemagne]] (768–814), through a succession of wars against other tribes, built a vast Frankish empire in Europe. Mainz from its central location became important to the empire and to Christianity.<ref name="Kaiser2020-2021">{{cite web |title=Sektion 1 |website=Kaiser2020 |date=11 February 2021 |url=https://www.kaiser2020online.de/de/sektion-1/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131051538/https://www.kaiser2020online.de/de/sektion-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, language change was gradually working to divide the Franks.
After the death of Charlemagne, distinctions between France and Germany began to be made.<ref name="Kaufmann-2015">{{cite web |last=Kaufmann |first=Sabine |title=Mittelalter: Karl der Große |website=Planet Wissen |date=2 November 2015 |url=https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/mittelalter/karl_der_grosse/index.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131052911/https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/mittelalter/karl_der_grosse/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag-1927">{{cite book |title=Die Zeit der Reichsgründungen (382–911) |chapter=Fünftes Kapitel. Der Wettstreit Zwischen Ostfranken Und Westfranken. (872–880.) |publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag |date=31 December 1927 |doi=10.1515/9783486752670-035 |pages=316–327 |isbn=978-3-486-75267-0}}</ref> The Rhine roughly formed the border of their territories, whereby the three important episcopal cities of Mainz, [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] and [[Speyer]] with their counties to the left of the Rhine were assigned to [[East Francia]].<ref name="Portal Rheinische Geschichte"/><ref name="Gengler-1849">{{cite book |last1=Gengler |first1=H.G.P. |last2=de Wall |first2=J. |title=Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte im Grundrisse |publisher=Palm |issue=Bd. 1 |year=1849 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZJRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95-IA1 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page=95-IA1 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZJRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95-IA1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Christian Mainz===
{{See also|Free City of Mainz}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = ''Freie Stadt Mainz''
| conventional_long_name = Free City of Mainz
| common_name            = Mainz, Free City|
| era                    = Middle Ages
| status                 = Imperial city
| empire                 = Holy Roman Empire
| year_start             = 1244
| year_end               = 1462|
| event_pre              = City established
| date_pre               = c. 13 BC
| event_start            = [[German town law|City charter]] granted<br />{{spaces|3}}by [[Siegfried III (Archbishop of Mainz)|Abp Siegfried III]]
| date_start             =
| event1                 = Rival archbishops
| date_event1            = 1461
| event_end              = Charter revoked by<br />{{spaces|3}}[[Adolph II of Nassau|Abp Adolph II]]
| date_end               =
| event_post             = German Mediatisation
| date_post              = 1803|
| p1                     = Archbishopric of Mainz
| image_p1               = [[File:Mainz Arms.svg|20px|alt=]]
| s1                     = Archbishopric of Mainz
| image_s1               = [[File:Mainz Arms.svg|20px|alt=]]|
| capital                = <nowiki>Mainz</nowiki>|
| footnotes              = <!--- Accepts wikilinks --->
}}
In the early [[Middle Ages]], Mainz played a significant role in the [[Christianisation]] of the [[Germanic_Peoples|German]] and [[Slavic peoples]]. The first archbishop in Mainz, [[Boniface]], was killed in 754 while attempting to convert the [[Frisians]] to Christianity and is buried in [[Fulda]].<ref name="Sankt Bonifatius-2012">{{cite web |title=Mainz |website=Sankt Bonifatius |date=1 October 2012 |url=https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=derp169 |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131055437/https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=derp169 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[archbishopric]] of Mainz was established in 781 when Boniface's successor [[Lullus]] was granted the pallium by [[Pope Adrian I]].<ref name="Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS)">{{cite web |title=Lullus |website=Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS) |url=https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/118575260 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131060600/https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/118575260 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout history, the Archbishops of Mainz held high positions, including serving as archchancellors of the Holy Roman Empire. Notably, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz is unique as it is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see called a [[Holy See]] (sancta sedes).
[[Ibrahim ibn Yaqub]], a 10th-century Hispano-Arabic, [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] traveler, writes the following about the city: <blockquote>''"Mainz [Maghānja] is a very large city, partly inhabited and partly cultivated fields. It is in the land of the Franks, on a river called the Rhine [Rīn]. Wheat, barley, rye, grapevines and fruit are plentiful."''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn Faḍlān |first=Aḥmad |title=Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=2012 |isbn=0140455078 |pages=145 |translator-last=Lunde |translator-first=Paul |translator-last2=Stone |translator-first2=Caroline}}</ref> </blockquote>In 1244, Archbishop [[Siegfried III (Archbishop of Mainz)|Siegfried III]] granted Mainz a city charter, allowing the citizens to establish and elect a city council.<ref name="Institut für Mainzer Kirchengeschichte Bistum Mainz">{{cite web |title=50 1230–1249 Siegfried III. von Eppstein |website=Institut für Mainzer Kirchengeschichte Bistum Mainz |url=https://bistummainz.de/kunst-gebaeude-geschichte/kirchengeschichte/forschung/viten-mainzer-erz-bischoefe/mainzer-erzbischoefe-1198-bis-1381/50-12301249-siegfried-iii.-von-eppstein/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061935/https://bistummainz.de/kunst-gebaeude-geschichte/kirchengeschichte/forschung/viten-mainzer-erz-bischoefe/mainzer-erzbischoefe-1198-bis-1381/50-12301249-siegfried-iii.-von-eppstein/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1461, a feud between two archbishops, [[Diether von Isenburg]] and [[Adolf II von Nassau]], caused unrest in the city. Following Archbishop Adolf's raid on Mainz in 1462, those who opposed him, including [[Johannes Gutenberg]], were either expelled or imprisoned. Ultimately, after the death of Archbishop Adolf II, Diether von Isenburg was reinstated as the Archbishop of Mainz, duly elected by the chapter and appointed by the Pope.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net">{{cite web |title=Diether von Isenburg |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.alte-uni-mainz.de/biographien-erzbischoefe/diether-von-isenburg.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061757/https://www.alte-uni-mainz.de/biographien-erzbischoefe/diether-von-isenburg.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
Mainzer Dom vom Kreuzgang.jpg|[[Mainz Cathedral]], western main tower
Bonifazius.jpg|Monument to [[St. Boniface]] before Mainz Cathedral
Wenzel Hollar Mainzer Dom 1632.jpg|St. Martin's Cathedral in Mainz, by [[Wenzel Hollar]]; pen-and-ink drawing 1632
</gallery>
===Early Jewish community===
{{main|Jewish community of Mainz}}
[[File:Gebetsraum Synagoge Weisenau 01.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Weisenau Synagogue, built in the first half of the 18th century]]
The Jewish community of Mainz dates to the 10th century CE. It is noted for its religious education. Rabbi [[Gershom ben Judah]] (960–1040) taught there, among others.<ref name="Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate-2020">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/document/181057 |title=ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz: Nomination Dossier |publisher=Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate |date=2020 |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143508/https://whc.unesco.org/document/181057 |url-status=live }}</ref> He concentrated on the study of the [[Talmud]], creating a German Jewish tradition. Mainz is also the legendary home of the martyred Rabbi [[Amnon of Mainz]], composer of the [[Unetanneh Tokef]] prayer.<ref name="Berger-2013">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Michelle |title=Untaneh Tokef |website=Jüdische Allgemeine |date=2 September 2013 |url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/religion/untaneh-tokef/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131062850/https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/religion/untaneh-tokef/ |url-status=live }}</ref> From the late 12th century rabbis met in synods.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-2">{{cite web |title=Magenza |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/einzelaspekte/magenza-die-geschichte-des-juedischen-mainz.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131063701/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/einzelaspekte/magenza-die-geschichte-des-juedischen-mainz.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The city of Mainz responded to the Jewish population in a variety of ways, behaving in a capricious manner towards them. Sometimes they were allowed freedom and were protected; at other times, they were persecuted. The Jews were expelled in 1438, 1462 (after which they were invited to return), and in 1470.<ref name="SchUM Städte e.V.">{{cite web |title=Mainz |website=SchUM Städte e.V. |url=https://schumstaedte.de/schum/mainz/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064416/https://schumstaedte.de/schum/mainz/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jews were attacked in the [[Rhineland massacres|Rhineland massacres of 1096]] and by mobs in 1283.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-3">{{cite web |title=Mainz-Magenza |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.schum-staedte.info/die-schum-gemeinden/mainz-magenza.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064413/https://www.schum-staedte.info/die-schum-gemeinden/mainz-magenza.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Outbreaks of the [[Black Death]] were usually blamed on the Jews, at which times they were massacred, such as the murder of 6000 Jews in 1349.<ref name="Tuchman-2011">{{Cite book |last=Tuchman |first=Barbara Wertheim |title=A distant mirror |date=3 August 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmRoOIwLWhsC&pg=PT113 |access-date=27 August 2011 |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |isbn=978-0-307-29160-8 |page=113 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055337/https://books.google.com/books?id=BmRoOIwLWhsC&pg=PT113 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Outside of the medieval city centre, there is a Jewish cemetery, with over 1500 headstones dating from the 11th through the 19th centuries.<ref name="Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate-2020" /> The earliest known gravestone is date to 1062 or 1063, and these early gravestones resemble those found in Italy in the 8th–9th centuries.<ref name="Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate-2020" />
Nowadays the Jewish community is growing rapidly, and a [[new synagogue Mainz|new synagogue]] by the architect [[Manuel Herz]] was constructed in 2010 on the site of the one destroyed by the Nazis on ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' in 1938.<ref name="Rheinhessen.de-2023">{{cite web |title=Neue Synagoge |website=Rheinhessen.de |date=2 January 2023 |url=https://www.rheinhessen.de/en/a-new-synagogue |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131065019/https://www.rheinhessen.de/en/a-new-synagogue |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BauNetz-2010">{{cite web |title=Licht der Diaspora – Synagoge von Manuel Herz in Mainz eingeweiht |website=BauNetz |date=3 September 2010 |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Synagoge_von_Manuel_Herz_in_Mainz_eingeweiht_1297777.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064904/https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Synagoge_von_Manuel_Herz_in_Mainz_eingeweiht_1297777.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="German-Architects">{{cite web |title=Synagogue Mainz Manuel Herz Architekten |website=German-Architects |url=https://www.german-architects.com/de/manuel-herz-architekten-basel/project/synagogue-mainz |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064804/https://www.german-architects.com/de/manuel-herz-architekten-basel/project/synagogue-mainz |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2021}}, the Jewish community Mainz has 985 members.<ref name="Zentralrat der Juden-2017">{{cite web |title=Gemeinden |website=Zentralrat der Juden |date=13 November 2017 |url=https://www.zentralratderjuden.de/vor-ort/gemeinden/projekt/juedische-gemeinde-mainz-kdoer/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131065545/https://www.zentralratderjuden.de/vor-ort/gemeinden/projekt/juedische-gemeinde-mainz-kdoer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Republic of Mainz===
{{Main|Republic of Mainz}}
During the [[French Revolution]], the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop-elector of Mainz, [[Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal]], had already fled to [[Aschaffenburg]] by the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobins]] of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in the [[Palatinate region|Rhenish Palatinate]], proclaimed the '[[Republic of Mainz]]'. Led by [[Georg Forster]], representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late: [[Prussia]] was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil (although the French dominated Mainz was neither free nor democratic). Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March 1793. After a [[Siege of Mainz (1793)|siege]] of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 23 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. It came to the [[Battle of Mainz]] in 1795 between [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] and France. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason.<ref name="Dumont-2013">{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Franz |last2=Dumont |first2=Stefan |title=Die Mainzer Republik 1792/93 französischer Revolutionsexport und deutscher Demokratieversuch |publication-place=Mainz |date=2013 |isbn=978-3-9811001-3-6 |oclc=846966137 |language=de |page=60}}</ref>
[[File:Jeanbon2.jpg|thumb|left|Tombstone of [[Jean Bon Saint-André|Jeanbon Baron de St. André]], Prefect of Napoleonic Mainz]]
In 1797, the French returned. The army of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] occupied the German territory to the west of the [[Rhine]], and the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] awarded France this entire area, initially as the [[Cisrhenian Republic]]. On 17 February 1800, the French ''[[Mont-Tonnerre|Département du Mont-Tonnerre]]'' was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]], the weakened Napoleon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage |title=French Fortifications, 1715–1815: An Illustrated History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeVAPShsbTMC&pg=PA244 |year=2009 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5807-3 |page=244 |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055343/https://books.google.com/books?id=aeVAPShsbTMC&pg=PA244 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Rhenish Hesse===
In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today as [[Rhenish Hesse]] ({{langx|de|link=no|Rheinhessen}}) was awarded to the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse-Darmstadt]], Mainz being the capital of the new [[Hesse|Hessian]] province of Rhenish Hesse. From 1816 to 1866, a part of the [[German Confederation]], Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison of [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]], Prussian and [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]n troops.<ref name="Dumont-2018">{{cite journal |last=Dumont |first=Stefan |title=Soldaten und Mainzerinnen in der Festung Mainz 1816‒1866 |journal=Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz |year=2018 |doi=10.25358/OPENSCIENCE-4435 |url=https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/4437 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page= |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131070854/https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/4437 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city's powder magazine, the ''Pulverturm'', exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the ''Powder Tower Explosion'' or ''Powder Explosion''.<ref name="Mathieux-1857">{{cite book |last=Mathieux |first=J.P. |title=Schilderung der Pulverexplosion zu Mainz am 18 November 1857, und die Verpflichtung Deutschlands diesem Unglücke gegenüber |year=1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZlWAAAAcAAJ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page= |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=HZlWAAAAcAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brockhaus-1857">{{cite book |title=Die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz |publisher=Brockhaus |series=Illustrirte Depeschen |year=1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=El9uswEACAAJ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page= |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=El9uswEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gondlach-1932">{{cite book |last=Gondlach |first=C. |title=Zu den Erinnerungen an die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz |year=1932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5Z7tAEACAAJ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page= |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5Z7tAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
During the [[Austro-Prussian War]] in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dumont |first=Stefan |title=Mainz als Reichsfestung 1870/71-1918 |website=Festung Mainz |url=http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/reichsfestung.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222836/http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/reichsfestung.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bockenheimer-1907">{{cite book |last=Bockenheimer |first=K.G. |title=Mainz im Jahre 1866: von K. G. Bockenheimer |publisher=P. von Zabern |year=1907 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTMwAAAAYAAJ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |page= |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTMwAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the founding of the [[German Empire]] in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] France had lost the territory of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] to Germany (which France had occupied bit by bit from 1630 to 1795), and this defined the new border between the two countries.<ref name="Büllesbach">{{cite web |last=Büllesbach |first=Rudolf |title=Festung Mainz- Fort Muhl bei Ebersheim |website=Festung Mainz |url=http://www.festung-mainz.de/festung/stuetzpunkt-auf-der-muhl.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131071948/http://www.festung-mainz.de/festung/stuetzpunkt-auf-der-muhl.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Industrial expansion===
[[File:Mainz BlickzumRhein 1890.jpg|thumb|Mainz towards the Rhine (around 1890)]]
For centuries the inhabitants of the [[Fortress Mainz|fortress of Mainz]] had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences. In 1872 Mayor [[Carl Wallau]] and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract to expand the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated the ''Gartenfeld'', an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the banks of the [[Rhine]] to the north of the rampart.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-4">{{cite web |title=Mainz im letzten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts – eine einzige Baustelle |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/bibliothek/aufsaetze/stumme-mainz-baustelle.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131112350/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/bibliothek/aufsaetze/stumme-mainz-baustelle.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city expansion more than doubled the urban area which allowed Mainz to participate in the [[industrial revolution]] which had previously avoided the city for decades.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-4" />
{{interlanguage link|Eduard Kreyßig|de}} was the man who made this happen.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-4" /> Having been the master-builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Kreyßig had the vision for the new part of town, the ''Neustadt''.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-4" /> He also planned the first sewer system for the old part of town since Roman times and persuaded the city government to relocate the railway line from the Rhine side to the west end of the town. [[Mainz Hauptbahnhof|The main station]] was built from 1882 to 1884 according to the plans of {{interlanguage link|Philipp Johann Berdellé|de}}.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-5">{{cite web |title=Hauptbahnhof |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/hauptbahnhof.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131112837/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/hauptbahnhof.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Mainz-Stadtplan1898.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Mainz including expansion zone the Rhine (1898)]]
Kreyßig constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall – which was the largest of its kind in Germany at that time – as well a synagogue,<ref name="Architekturinstitut der Hochschule Mainz-2018">{{cite web |title=Das jüdische Mainz |website=Architekturinstitut der Hochschule Mainz |date=13 July 2018 |url=https://architekturinstitut.hs-mainz.de/das-juedische-mainz/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130122804/https://architekturinstitut.hs-mainz.de/das-juedische-mainz/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the Rhine harbour and a number of public baths and school buildings.<ref name="Schug-2022">{{cite news |title=150 Jahre Mainzer Neustadt: Warteschlange gehört zum Lebensgefühl |website=FAZ.NET |date=23 September 2022 |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/150-jahre-alte-mainzer-neustadt-ist-das-beliebteste-wohnquartier-18336018.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |last1=Schug |first1=Markus |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131114652/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/150-jahre-alte-mainzer-neustadt-ist-das-beliebteste-wohnquartier-18336018.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kreyßig's last work was [[Christuskirche, Mainz|Christ Church]] (''Christuskirche''), the largest Protestant church in the city and the first building constructed solely for the use of a Protestant congregation.<ref name="Objektansicht">{{cite web |title=Evangelische Christuskirche in Mainz-Neustadt |website=Objektansicht |url=https://www.kuladig.de/Objektansicht/O-118738-20150320-3 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131120155/https://www.kuladig.de/Objektansicht/O-118738-20150320-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1905 the demolition of the entire circumvallation and the [[Rheingauwall]] was taken in hand, according to the imperial order of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]].<ref name="Büllesbach-2014">{{cite book |last1=Büllesbach |first1=Rudolf |last2=Hollich |first2=Hiltrud |last3=Tautenhahn |first3=Elke |title=Bollwerk Mainz die Selzstellung in Rheinhessen |publisher=morisel |publication-place=München |date=2014 |isbn=978-3-943915-04-4 |oclc=889297859 |language=de |page=}}</ref>
===20th century===
During the [[German Revolution of 1918]] the [[Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council]] was formed which ran the city from 9 November until the arrival of French troops under the terms of the [[occupation of the Rhineland]] agreed in the [[Armistice]]. The French occupation was confirmed by the [[Treaty of Versailles]] which went into effect 28 June 1919. The [[Rhineland]] (in which Mainz is located) was to be a demilitarized zone until 1935 and the French garrison, representing the ''[[Triple Entente]]'', was to stay until reparations were paid.<ref name="Portal Rheinische Geschichte-2">{{cite web |title=Die Rheinlandbesetzung (1918–1930) |website=Portal Rheinische Geschichte |url=https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Themen/die-rheinlandbesetzung-1918-1930/DE-2086/lido/57d133f17e43d1.98845861 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122935/https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Themen/die-rheinlandbesetzung-1918-1930/DE-2086/lido/57d133f17e43d1.98845861 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1923 Mainz participated in the Rhineland separatist movement that proclaimed a [[Rhenish Republic]].<ref name="Mainz 1918–1930">{{cite web |title=regionalgeschichte.net |website=Mainz 1918–1930 |url=https://www.1914-1930-rlp.de/index.php?id=21134 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122706/https://www.1914-1930-rlp.de/index.php?id=21134 |url-status=live }}</ref> It collapsed in 1924.<ref name="Mainz 1918–1930" /> The French withdrew on 30 June 1930.<ref name="Mainz 1918–1930" /> [[Adolf Hitler]] became chancellor of Germany in January 1933 and his political opponents, especially those of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]], were either incarcerated or murdered.<ref name="Machtergreifung 1933">{{cite web |title=regionalgeschichte.net |website=Machtergreifung 1933 |url=https://www.mainz1933-1945.de/machtergreifung-1933.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122706/https://www.mainz1933-1945.de/machtergreifung-1933.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some were able to move away from Mainz in time.<ref name="Machtergreifung 1933" /> One was the political organizer for the SPD, [[Friedrich Kellner]], who went to Laubach, where, as the chief justice inspector of the district court, he continued his opposition against the Nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900-page [[My Opposition|diary]].<ref name="Lölhöffel-2011">{{cite web |last=Lölhöffel |first=Helmut |title=Neue Dokumente über die NS-Zeit – Was die Deutschen über die Verbrechen wissen konnten – Kultur |website=[[Süddeutsche.de]] |date=14 June 2011 |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/ns-zeit-verbrechen-waren-bekannt-aus-den-graeben-kamen-schreie-1.1108170 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122815/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/ns-zeit-verbrechen-waren-bekannt-aus-den-graeben-kamen-schreie-1.1108170 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kellner-2018">{{cite book |last=Kellner |first=Friedrich |editor-first1=Robert Scott |editor-last1=Kellner |title=My Opposition |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=25 January 2018 |isbn=978-1-108-28969-6 |doi=10.1017/9781108289696 |page=}}</ref>
In March 1933, a detachment from the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|National Socialist Party]] in [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] brought the party to Mainz. They hoisted the [[swastika]] on all public buildings and began to denounce the Jewish population in the newspapers. In 1936, the Nazis [[Remilitarization of the Rhineland|remilitarized the Rhineland]] with great fanfare, the first move of [[Nazi Germany]]'s meteoric expansion. The former Triple Entente took no action.<ref name="Portal Rheinische Geschichte-3">{{cite web |title=1933 bis 1945 – Nationalsozialismus und Zweiter Weltkrieg |website=Portal Rheinische Geschichte |url=https://rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/1933-bis-1945---nationalsozialismus-und-zweiter-weltkrieg-/DE-2086/lido/57ab25d840b824.40615976 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122933/https://rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/1933-bis-1945---nationalsozialismus-und-zweiter-weltkrieg-/DE-2086/lido/57ab25d840b824.40615976 |url-status=live }}</ref>
During World War II the citadel at Mainz hosted the [[Oflag XII-B]] prisoner of war camp.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-2006">{{cite web |title=Mainzer Zitadelle |website=regionalgeschichte.net |date=5 April 2006 |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/zitadelle.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122705/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/zitadelle.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was also the location of four subcamps of the [[Hinzert concentration camp]], mostly for Luxembourgish, Polish, Dutch and Soviet prisoners, but also Belgian, French and Italian.<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=834–837|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref>
{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}During World War II, several [[Bombing of Mainz in World War II|air raids]] destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-6">{{cite web |title=Zerstörung und Aufbau in Mainz 1945–1948 |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/?id=7688 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131124922/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/?id=7688 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mainz was captured on 22 March 1945<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-6" /> against uneven German resistance (staunch in some sectors and weak in other parts of the city) by the [[90th Infantry Division (United States)|90th Infantry Division]] under [[William A. McNulty]], a formation of the XII Corps under Third Army commanded by General [[George S. Patton]] Jr.<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'', Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 164</ref>
From 1945 to 1949, the city was part of the [[French occupation zone in Germany|French zone of occupation]]. When the state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] was founded on 30 August 1946 by the commander of the French army on the French occupation zone [[Marie Pierre Kœnig]], Mainz became the capital of the new state.<ref>[http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/fileadmin/blick/images/30.08.0.1.full.jpg original text of Kœnig's order No. 57] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928025606/http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/fileadmin/blick/images/30.08.0.1.full.jpg |date=28 September 2011}}; as can be found on [http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=329 Landeshauptarchiv Rheinland-Pfalz (main-archive of Rhineland-Palatinate)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524083053/http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=329 |date=24 May 2011}}</ref> In 1962, the diarist, [[Friedrich Kellner]], returned to spend his last years in Mainz. His life in Mainz, and the impact of his [[My Opposition|writings]], is the subject of the Canadian documentary ''[[My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner]]''.<ref name="Levitt-2006">{{citation |last1=Levitt |first1=Fern |last2=Zipursky |first2=Arnie |author3=Abella Entertainment |author4=Chip Taylor Communications |title=Anti-Nazi : my opposition, the diaries of Friedrich Kellner |publisher=Chip Taylor Communications |publication-place=Derry, NH |year=2006 |oclc=186469537 |page=}}</ref>
Following the withdrawal of French forces from Mainz, the [[United States Army Europe]] occupied the military bases in Mainz. Today [[United States Army Europe and Africa]] only occupies McCulley Barracks in Wackernheim and the [[Mainz Sand Dunes]] for the training areas. Mainz is home to the headquarters of the ''Bundeswehr''{{'}}s ''{{interlanguage link|Landeskommando Rhineland-Palatinate|de|Landeskommando Rheinland-Pfalz}}'' and other units.<ref name="Bundeswehr-2022">{{cite web |title=Landeskommando Rheinland-Pfalz |website=Bundeswehr |date=22 September 2022 |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/weitere-bmvg-dienststellen/territoriales-fuehrungskommando-der-bundeswehr/organisation/landeskommando-rheinland-pfalz |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202183308/https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/weitere-bmvg-dienststellen/territoriales-fuehrungskommando-der-bundeswehr/organisation/landeskommando-rheinland-pfalz |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Cityscape==
{{Panorama
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|alt     = Mainz skyline May 2007, from [[Südbrücke, Mainz|South Railway bridge]] over the Rhine looking north
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{{Panorama
|image   = Mainz Panorama 1.jpg
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|alt     = Mainz May 2011, Schillerplatz, looking southeast
|caption = Mainz May 2011, Schillerplatz, looking southeast
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{{Panorama
|image   = Mainz Panorama 2.jpg
|height  = 150px
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|alt     = Market square and cathedral
|caption = Market square and cathedral
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<!--{{Panorama
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===Architecture===
The destruction caused by the [[Bombing of Mainz in World War II]] led to the most intense phase of building in the history of the town. During the last war in Germany, more than 30 air raids destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mainz Cathedral (Mainzer Dom) |url=http://sacred-destinations.com/germany/mainz-cathedral.htm |access-date=14 February 2009 |website=www.sacred-destinations.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214113133/http://sacred-destinations.com/germany/mainz-cathedral.htm |archive-date=14 February 2009}}</ref> The attack on the afternoon of 27 February 1945 remains the most destructive of all 33 bombings that Mainz has suffered in World War II in the collective memory of most of the population living then. The air raid caused most of the dead and made an already hard-hit city largely levelled.<ref>For an aerial view of the total destruction from the repeated US & RAF bombing raids on the city by photographer [[Margaret Bourke-White]], see {{Cite web |title=Bombing Of Mainz, Germany – Hosted by Google |url=https://images.google.com/hosted/life/a1fa68d50b8bc299.html |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=images.google.com |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308155830/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/a1fa68d50b8bc299.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>For an aerial view of bomb-damaged theater, St. Quintins church, St. Johannis church and old university after an Allied air attack, see {{Cite web |title=LIFE – Hosted by Google |url=https://images.google.com/hosted/life/9efa86295e2009bb.html |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=images.google.com |archive-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517040041/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/9efa86295e2009bb.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/50a4e3fc4a6f3db8_large Aerial view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809105524/http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/50a4e3fc4a6f3db8_large |date=9 August 2018 }} of Mainz-Neustadt and the port of Mainz for ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine</ref>
Nevertheless, the post-war reconstruction took place very slowly. While cities such as Frankfurt had been rebuilt fast by a central authority, only individual efforts were initially successful in rebuilding Mainz. The reason for this was that the French wanted Mainz to expand and become a model city. Mainz lay within the [[Allied-occupied Germany|French-controlled sector of Germany]] and it was a French architect and town-planner, [[Marcel Lods]], who produced a Le Corbusier-style plan of an ideal architecture.<ref>Eric Paul Mumford: ''[[Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne|CIAM]] Discourse on Urbanism 1928–1960'' p. 159</ref><ref>Jeffry M. Diefendorf: ''In the Wake of War: The Reconstruction of German Cities After World War 2'' p. 357</ref><ref>See the plan for the reconstruction of the German city of Mainz by Marcel Lods, 1947, in {{Cite book |last=Fingerhuth |first=Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuE7lB92BIcC&q=Marcel%2520Lods%2C%2520Mainz&pg=PA59 |title=Learning from China: The Tao Of The City |date=2004 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-7643-6943-9 |language=en |page=59 |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuE7lB92BIcC&q=Marcel%20Lods,%20Mainz&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}</ref> But the first interest of the inhabitants was the restoration of housing areas. Even after the failure of the model city plans it was the initiative of the French (founding of the Johannes Gutenberg [[University of Mainz]], elevation of Mainz to the state capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, the early resumption of the [[Mainz carnival]]) driving the city in a positive development after the war. The City Plan of 1958 by [[Ernst May]] allowed a regulated reconstruction for the first time. In 1950, the seat of the government of Rhineland-Palatinate had been transferred to the new Mainz and in 1963 the seat of the new ZDF, notable architects were Adolf Bayer, Richard Jörg and Egon Hartmann. At the time of the two-thousand-years-anniversary in 1962 the city was largely reconstructed. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Oberstadt had been extended, Münchfeld and Lerchenberg added as suburbs, the Altstadttangente ([[Automobile dependency|intersection of the old town]]), new neighbourhoods as Westring and Südring contributed to the extension. By 1970 there remained only a few ruins. The new town hall of Mainz had been designed by [[Arne Jacobsen]] and finished by [[Dissing+Weitling]].<ref name="BAUWELT-2022">{{cite web |title=Mainz – Das moderne Monument |website=BAUWELT |date=21 September 2022 |url=https://www.bauwelt.de/themen/bauten/Mainz-Das-moderne-Monument-2153247.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131131539/https://www.bauwelt.de/themen/bauten/Mainz-Das-moderne-Monument-2153247.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The town used Jacobsens activity for the Danish [[Novo Nordisk|Novo]] company<ref name="Informationsdienst Wissenschaft – Nachrichten-2008">{{cite web |title=Novo Nordisk feiert 50-jähriges Jubiläum in Deutschland – Dänisches Pharmaunternehmen ist nicht nur mit Insulinen erfolgreich |website=Informationsdienst Wissenschaft – Nachrichten |date=6 February 2008 |url=https://idw-online.de/de/news245871 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131131958/https://idw-online.de/de/news245871 |url-status=live }}</ref> erecting a new office and warehouse building to contact him. The [[urban renewal]] of the old town changed the inner city. In the framework of the preparation of the cathedrals millennium, [[pedestrian zone]]s were developed around the cathedral, in northern direction to the Neubrunnenplatz and in a southern direction across the Leichhof to the Augustinerstraße and Kirschgarten. The 1980s brought the renewal of the façades on the Markt and a new inner-city neighbourhood on the Kästrich. During the 1990s the Kisselberg<ref name="Studierendenwerk Mainz">{{cite web |title=Studierendenwerk Mainz: Kisselberg |website=Studierendenwerk Mainz |url=https://www.studierendenwerk-mainz.de/wohnen/wohnheime/kisselberg |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131131344/https://www.studierendenwerk-mainz.de/wohnen/wohnheime/kisselberg |url-status=live }}</ref> and the "Fort Malakoff Center" at the site of the old police barracks<ref name="Architektur-Bildarchiv">{{cite web |title=Geschäftszentrum Fort-Malakoff-Park Mainz |website=Architektur-Bildarchiv |url=https://www.architektur-bildarchiv.de/image/Gesch%C3%A4ftszentrum-Fort-Malakoff-Park-Mainz-18240.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131131344/https://www.architektur-bildarchiv.de/image/Gesch%C3%A4ftszentrum-Fort-Malakoff-Park-Mainz-18240.html |url-status=live }}</ref> were built.
{{Panorama
|image   = Rathaus Mainz Jockel-Fuchs-Platz.jpg
|height  = 150px
|width   =
|alt     = Town Hall by Jacobsen
|caption = Town Hall by Jacobsen
|dir     =
|align   = center
}}
==Main sights==
<!-- Hard to order these, chronological by topic makes some sense -->
[[File:Landtagsgebaeude Rheinland Pfalz.jpg|thumb|The [[Deutschhaus Mainz|Deutschhaus]], the House of Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[File:Christuskirche in Mainz.jpg|thumb|Kaiserstraße ("Emperor Street") with boulevard and [[Christuskirche (Mainz)|Christuskirche]]]]
[[File:Mainz-Theodor-Heuss-Bruecke-2005-05-16a.jpg|thumb|[[Theodor Heuss Bridge (Mainz-Wiesbaden)|Theodor Heuss Bridge]]]]
[[File:Nave and main altar - Augustinerkirche - Mainz - Germany 2017.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Augustinerkirche, Mainz|Augustinian Church]]]]
*[[Romano-Germanic Central Museum (Mainz)|Romano-Germanic Central Museum]] (''Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum''). It is home to Roman, Medieval, and earlier artifacts.
*[[Museum of Ancient Seafaring]] (''Museum für Antike Schifffahrt''). It houses the remains of five Roman boats from the late 4th century, discovered in the 1980s.
*Roman remains, including Jupiter's column, Drusus' mausoleum, the ruins of the theatre and the aqueduct.
*[[Mainz Cathedral|Mainz Cathedral of St. Martin]] (''Mainzer Dom''), over 1,000 years old.
*[[St. John's Church, Mainz|St. John's Church]], 7th-century church building
*[[Staatstheater Mainz]]
*The [[Iron Tower]] (''Eisenturm'', tower at the former iron market), a 13th-century gate-tower.
*The [[Wood Tower]] (''Holzturm'', tower at the former wood market), a 15th-century gate tower.
*The [[Gutenberg Museum]] – exhibits an original Gutenberg Bible amongst many other printed books from the 15th century and later.
*The Mainz Old Town – the half south of the cathedral survived World War II.
*The [[Arsenal, Mainz|old arsenal]], the central arsenal of the fortress Mainz during the 17th and 18th century
*The [[Electoral Palace Mainz|Electoral Palace]] (''Kurfürstliches Schloss''), residence of the [[prince-elector]].
*The [[Marktbrunnen (Mainz)|Marktbrunnen]], one of the largest Renaissance fountains in Germany.
*''Domus Universitatis'' (1615), for centuries the tallest edifice in Mainz.
*Christ Church (''[[Christuskirche (Mainz)|Christuskirche]]''), built 1898–1903, bombed in 1945 and rebuilt in 1948–1954.
*The [[St. Stephen's Church, Mainz|Church of St. Stephan]], with post-war windows by [[Marc Chagall]].
*[[Zitadelle Mainz|Citadel]].
*The ruins of the church [[St. Christoph, Mainz|St. Christoph]], a World War II memorial
*''Schönborner Hof'' (1668).
*[[Rococo]] churches of St. Augustin (the [[Augustinerkirche, Mainz]]) and [[St. Peter's Church, Mainz|St. Peter]] (the Peterskirche, Mainz).
*Churches of St. Ignatius (1763) and [[St. Quintin's Church, Mainz|St. Quintin]].
*Erthaler Hof (1743)
*The Baroque [[Bassenheimer Hof]] (1750)
*The [[Botanischer Garten der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz]], a [[botanical garden]] maintained by the university
*[[Landesmuseum Mainz]], state museum with archaeology and art.
*Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ([[ZDF]]) – one of the largest public German TV-Broadcaster.
*[[New synagogue Mainz|New synagogue in Mainz]]
*Old Jewish Cemetery Mainz (''Judensand'') – [[ShUM-cities|ShUM city]] of Mainz, UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]<ref name="Centre" />
*Kunsthalle Mainz – museum for contemporary art
*[[Humbrechthof]], later called Schöfferhof, the building in which Johannes Gutenberg developed his technique of printing
==Administration==
[[File:Mainz-flags.jpg|thumb|Mainz Rad and FSV Mainz 05 flags on the Domplatz]]
The city of Mainz is divided into 15 local districts according to the main statute of the city of Mainz. Each local district has a district administration of 13 members and a directly elected mayor, who is the chairman of the district administration. This local council decides on important issues affecting the local area, however, the final decision on new policies is made by Mainz's municipal council.<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2014-4">{{cite web |title=Stadtratsfraktionen und Ratsinformationssystem |website=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |date=19 September 2014 |url=https://www.mainz.de/verwaltung-und-politik/stadtrat-ratsinfo/stadtratsfraktionen-ratsinformation.php |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131133214/https://www.mainz.de/verwaltung-und-politik/stadtrat-ratsinfo/stadtratsfraktionen-ratsinformation.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
In accordance with section 29 paragraph 2 Local Government Act of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], which refers to municipalities of more than 150,000 inhabitants, the city council has 60 members.<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2014-4" />
Districts of the town are:<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2014-5">{{cite web |title=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |website=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |date=22 September 2014 |url=https://www.mainz.de/leben-und-arbeit/stadtteile/stadtteile.php |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131133135/https://www.mainz.de/leben-und-arbeit/stadtteile/stadtteile.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Altstadt (Mainz)|Altstadt]]
*[[Bretzenheim (Mainz)|Bretzenheim]]
*[[Drais]]
*[[Ebersheim (Mainz)|Ebersheim]]
*[[Finthen]]
*[[Gonsenheim]]
*[[Hartenberg-Münchfeld]]
*[[Hechtsheim]]
*[[Laubenheim (Mainz)|Laubenheim]]
*{{interlanguage link|Mainz-Lerchenberg|lt=Lerchenberg|de}}
*[[Marienborn (Mainz)|Marienborn]]
*[[Mombach]]
*[[Neustadt (Mainz)|Neustadt]]
*[[Oberstadt(Mainz)|Oberstadt]]
*[[Weisenau]]
{{div col end}}
Until 1945, the districts of [[Bischofsheim (Mainspitze)|Bischofsheim]] (now an independent town), [[Ginsheim-Gustavsburg]] (which together are an independent town) belonged to Mainz. The former districts [[Mainz-Amöneburg|Amöneburg]], [[Mainz-Kastel|Kastel]], and [[Mainz-Kostheim|Kostheim]] – (in short, ''AKK'') are now administered by the city of [[Wiesbaden]] (on the north bank of the river). The AKK was separated from Mainz when the [[Rhine]] was designated the boundary between the French occupation zone (the later state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]) and the U.S. occupation zone ([[Hesse]]) in 1945.<ref name="Focus-2016">{{cite web |title=Mainz oder Wiesbaden? Der lächerliche Kampf um Amöneburg, Kastel, Kostheim |website=[[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]] |date=23 August 2016 |url=https://www.focus.de/regional/mainz/amoeneburg-kastel-kostheim-der-laecherliche-kampf-um-amoeneburg-kastel-kostheim_id_5838587.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131133610/https://www.focus.de/regional/mainz/amoeneburg-kastel-kostheim-der-laecherliche-kampf-um-amoeneburg-kastel-kostheim_id_5838587.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden">{{cite web |title=Geschichte |website=Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden |url=https://www.wiesbaden.de/leben-in-wiesbaden/stadtteile/amoeneburg/geschichte.php |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131133839/https://www.wiesbaden.de/leben-in-wiesbaden/stadtteile/amoeneburg/geschichte.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Coat of arms===
{{Main|Wheel of Mainz}}
The coat of arms of Mainz is derived from the coat of arms of the [[Archbishopric of Mainz|Archbishops of Mainz]] and features two six-spoked silver wheels connected by a silver cross on a red background.<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2014-6">{{cite web |title=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |website=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://www.mainz.de/kultur-und-wissenschaft/stadtgeschichte/stadtwappen.php |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131112201/https://mainz.de/kultur-und-wissenschaft/stadtgeschichte/stadtwappen.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Population==
{{Historical populations
|50|16000
|750|5000
|1300|24000
|1545|10000
|1700|20000
|1816|25251
|1871|53902
|1900|84251
|1910|110634
|1925|108552
|1933|142627
|1939|158333
|1945|40000
|1951|96005
|1956|115812
|1961|135192
|1966|149387
|1971|178639
|1981|187564
|1991|182867
|2001|185293
|2006|196425
|2011|200957
|2016|213528
|2019|218578
|2023|223318
|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}}
Mainz has a population of about 220,000 and is the largest city in [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. Mainz passed 100,000 in 1908. In 1945, After WWII, right side of the [[Rhine]] river, which were a part of Mainz, became a part of [[Wiesbaden]] and other part of [[Hesse]] due to its occupation zone where Mainz and Rhineland-Palatinate were [[French occupation zone in Germany|French occupation zone]] and Wiesbaden and Hesse were [[American occupation zone in Germany|American occupation zone]] where both cities became its state capital in 1946. Mainz lost 21.1% of population at this time. Mainz and Wiesbaden has rivalries who the better city on the Rhine river are even today. Mainz became an attractive city, especially for young people due to its radio and television broadcasters, Universities and good workplaces. Mainz's population grow normally and Mainz passed 200,000 in 2011.
===Foreign populations===
The following list shows the largest foreign populations in Mainz {{As of|2022|lc=y}}:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" |Rank
! style="background:#efefef;" |Nationality
! style="background:#efefef;" |Population (2022)
|-
|1||{{flag|Turkey}}|| 5,424
|-
|2||{{flag|Italy}}|| 3,875
|-
|3||{{flag|Poland}}|| 3,300
|-
|4||{{flag|Serbia}}|| 2,739
|-
|5||{{flag|Ukraine}}|| 2,587
|-
|6||{{flag|Bulgaria}}|| 2,126
|-
|7||{{flag|Portugal}}|| 1,920
|-
|8||{{flag|Russia}}|| 1,790
|-
|9||{{flag|Syria}}|| 1,612
|-
|10||{{flag|Morocco}}|| 1,325
|-
|11||{{flag|Spain}}|| 1,106
|-
|12||{{flag|France}}|| 942
|}
==Politics==
===Mayor===
[[File:2019 Mainz mayoral election (2nd round).svg|thumb|350px|Results of the second round of the 2019 mayoral election]]
The mayor of Mainz was Michael Ebling of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) until he was promoted State Minister of the Interior in the government of Rhineland-Palatinate in October 2022. The new mayoral election was held on 12 February 2023, with a runoff after [[Mainz carnival]]. The final election took place 5 March 2023. The new elected mayor is Nino Haase, independent.<ref name="swr.online-2023">{{cite web |title=Nino Haase wird neuer OB von Mainz |website=swr.online |date=5 March 2023 |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/mainz/ob-stichwahl-mainz-haase-viering-100.html |language=de |access-date=6 March 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305185416/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/mainz/ob-stichwahl-mainz-haase-viering-100.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Election 2019 of the council:{{Update inline|date=March 2023}}
{{election table}}
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate
! rowspan=2| Party
! colspan=2| First round
! colspan=2| Second round
|-
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|
| align=left| Michael Ebling
| align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]]
| 30,278
| 41.0
| 35,752
| 55.2
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|
| align=left| Nino Haase
| align=left| [[Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]], [[Ecological Democratic Party|ÖDP]], [[Free Voters|FW]])
| 23,968
| 32.4
| 29,029
| 44.8
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|
| align=left| [[Tabea Rößner]]
| align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]]
| 16,621
| 22.5
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|
| align=left| Martin Malcherek
| align=left| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]
| 2,063
| 2.8
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}|
| align=left| Martin Ehrhardt
| align=left| [[Die PARTEI]]
| 999
| 1.4
|-
! colspan=3| Valid votes
! 73,929
! 99.6
! 64,781
! 99.4
|-
! colspan=3| Invalid votes
! 289
! 0.4
! 372
! 0.6
|-
! colspan=3| Total
! 74,218
! 100.0
! 65,153
! 100.0
|-
! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout
! 161,967
! 45.8
! 162,030
! 40.2
|-
| colspan=7| Source: City of Mainz ([https://wahl.mainz.de/wahlapp/bw2019haupt.html 1st round], [https://wahl.mainz.de/wahlapp/bw2019stich.html 2nd round])
|}
===City council===
[[File:2019 Mainz City Council election.svg|thumb|350px|Results of the 2019 city council election]]
The Mainz city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:
{{election table}}
! colspan=2| Party
! Votes
! %
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|
| align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] (Grüne)
| 1,582,459
| 27.7
| {{increase}} 7.5
| 17
| {{increase}} 5
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|
| align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU)
| 1,339,561
| 23.5
| {{decrease}} 6.9
| 14
| {{decrease}} 4
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|
| align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD)
| 1,151,572
| 20.2
| {{decrease}} 7.2
| 12
| {{decrease}} 5
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|
| align=left| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP)
| 340,501
| 6.0
| {{increase}} 0.9
| 4
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|
| align=left| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (Die Linke)
| 335,459
| 5.9
| {{increase}} 1.3
| 4
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}|
| align=left| [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD)
| 302,604
| 5.3
| {{increase}} 2.3
| 3
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Ecological Democratic Party}}|
| align=left| [[Ecological Democratic Party]] (ÖDP)
| 238,727
| 4.2
| {{increase}} 0.2
| 2
| ±0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}|
| align=left| [[Die PARTEI]]
| 127,581
| 2.2
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Voters}}|
| align=left| [[Free Voters]] (FW)
| 108,701
| 1.9
| {{increase}} 0.9
| 1
| ±0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Pirate Party Germany}}|
| align=left| [[Pirate Party Germany|Pirate Party]] (Piraten)
| 78,595
| 1.4
| {{decrease}} 0.4
| 1
| ±0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Volt Germany}}|
| align=left| [[Volt Germany]] (Volt)
| 67,376
| 1.2
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance for Innovation and Justice}}|
| align=left| [[Alliance for Innovation and Justice]] (BIG)
| 31,419
| 0.6
| {{increase}} 0.1
| 0
| ±0
|-
! colspan=2| Total votes
! 5,704,555
! 100.0
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Total ballots
! 100,522
! 100.0
!
! 60
! ±0
|-
! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout
! 162,321
! 61.9
! {{increase}} 11.0
!
!
|-
| colspan=7| Source: [https://wahl.mainz.de/wahlapp/gw2019pers.html City of Mainz]
|}
==Culture==
Mainz is home to a [[Carnival]], the ''Mainzer Fassenacht'' or ''Fastnacht'', which has developed since the early 19th century. Carnival in Mainz has its roots in the criticism of social and political injustices under the shelter of cap and bells. Today, the uniforms of many traditional Carnival clubs still imitate and caricature the uniforms of the French and Prussian troops of the past. The height of the carnival season is on [[Rosenmontag]] ("rose Monday"), when there is a large parade in Mainz, with more than 500,000 people celebrating in the streets.<ref name="Kirschstein-2018">{{cite web |last=Kirschstein |first=Gisela |title=Phantastischer Rosenmontag in Mainz – Mehr als 500.000 feiern friedlich große Narrenparty, Rosenmontagszug rollt störungsfrei |website=Mainz& |date=12 February 2018 |url=https://mainzund.de/phantastischer-rosenmontag-in-mainz-mehr-als-500-000-feiern-friedlich-grosse-narrenparty-rosenmontagszug-rollt-stoerungsfrei/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131134431/https://mainzund.de/phantastischer-rosenmontag-in-mainz-mehr-als-500-000-feiern-friedlich-grosse-narrenparty-rosenmontagszug-rollt-stoerungsfrei/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Frankfurter Rundschau-2020">{{cite web |title=Nahezu 500.000 Zuschauer |website=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |date=24 February 2020 |url=https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/hochtaunus/nahezu-500000-zuschauer-13557187.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131134438/https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/hochtaunus/nahezu-500000-zuschauer-13557187.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The first-ever [[Katholikentag]], a festival-like gathering of German Catholics, was held in Mainz in 1848.<ref name="Arning-2016">{{cite book |last1=Arning |first1=Holger |last2=Wolf |first2=Hubert |author3=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft |author4=Deutscher Katholikentag 2016 Leipzig |title=Hundert Katholikentage von Mainz 1848 bis Leipzig 2016 : das Buch zum 100. Deutschen Katholikentag |publication-place=Darmstadt |date=2016 |isbn=978-3-534-26772-9 |oclc=932021369 |language=de |publisher=WBG }}</ref>
[[File:Uni-Mainz-Forum-Januar 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Forum of the ''Johannes Gutenberg University'' of Mainz]]
[[Johannes Gutenberg]], credited with the invention of a modern [[printing press]] with movable type, was born here and died here.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Gutenberg, Johann |volume= 12 |last= Hessels |first= John Henry| pages = 739–741; (1) see page 739, first line and (2) page 741|quote=...(1) is supposed to have been born c. 1398–1399 at Mainz & (2) Gutenberg seems to have died at Mainz at the beginning of 1468}}</ref> Since 1968 the [[Johannisnacht, Mainz|Mainzer Johannisnacht]] commemorates the person Johannes Gutenberg in his native city. The [[University of Mainz|Mainz University]], which was refounded in 1946, is named after [[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]]; the earlier University of Mainz that dated back to 1477 had been closed down by Napoleon's troops in 1798.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-7">{{cite web |title=Die Gründung der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://regionalgeschichte.net/link/urn/urn:nbn:de:0291-rzd-016327-20201210-5 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131134942/https://regionalgeschichte.net/link/urn/urn:nbn:de:0291-rzd-016327-20201210-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Mainz was one of three important centres of Jewish theology and learning in Central Europe during the Middle Ages. Known collectively as ''Shum'', the cities of [[Speyer]], [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] and Mainz played a key role in the preservation and propagation of Talmudic scholarship.<ref name="UNESCO World Heritage Centre-2021">{{cite web |title=ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=27 July 2021 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131135124/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mainz-2022">{{cite web |last=Mainz |first=Johannes Gutenberg-Unversität |title=SchUM-Stätten zum UNESCO-Welterbe ernannt |website=JGU Magazin |date=1 December 2022 |url=https://www.magazin.uni-mainz.de/schum-staetten-zum-unesco-welterbe-ernannt/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131135333/https://www.magazin.uni-mainz.de/schum-staetten-zum-unesco-welterbe-ernannt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The city is the seat of Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (literally, "Second German Television", [[ZDF]]), one of two federal nationwide TV broadcasters. There are also a couple of radio stations based in Mainz. The [[Mainzer Stadtschreiber]] (City clerk in Mainz) is an annual German literature award.<ref name="ZDFmediathek-2023">{{cite web |title=Der Mainzer Stadtschreiber Literaturpreis |website=ZDFmediathek |date=17 January 2023 |url=https://www.zdf.de/uri/p12_sendebereich_22610212 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055828/https://www.zdf.de/kultur/mainzer-stadtschreiber |url-status=live }}</ref>
Other cultural aspects of the city include:
*As city in the [[Greater Region]], Mainz participated in the program of the year of [[European Capital of Culture]] 2007.
*The [[Walk of Fame of Cabaret]] may be found nearby the Schillerplatz.
*The [[Music publisher (popular music)|music publisher]] [[Schott Music]] is located in Mainz.
*One of the oldest brass instrument manufacturers in the world, [[Gebr. Alexander]] is located in Mainz.
*Fans of Gospel music enjoy the yearly performances of [[Colours of Gospel]].
*Every one or two years a festival for improvised music between jazz, avant-garde and rock with a line-up of international renowned musicians takes place, the [[Akut-Festival]].
==Education==
*[[University of Mainz]]
*[[University of Applied Sciences Mainz]]
*[[Catholic University of Applied Sciences Mainz]]
==Sports==
The local football club [[1. FSV Mainz 05]] has a long history in the German football leagues. Since 2004 it has competed in the [[Bundesliga]] (First German soccer league) except a break in second level in 2007–08 season. Mainz is closely associated with renowned coach [[Jürgen Klopp]], who spent the vast majority of his playing career at the club and was also the manager for seven years, leading the club to Bundesliga football for the first time. After leaving Mainz Klopp went on to win two Bundesliga titles and reaching a [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] final with [[Borussia Dortmund]]. In the summer of 2011, the club opened its new stadium called [[Coface Arena]], which was later renamed Opel Arena. Further relevant football clubs are [[TSV Schott Mainz]],<ref name="TSV SCHOTT Mainz-2022">{{cite web |title=Sport ist unsere Leidenschaft |website=TSV SCHOTT Mainz |date=24 September 2022 |url=https://tsvschott.de/ |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221207/https://tsvschott.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[SV Gonsenheim]],<ref name="SV 1919 Gonsenheim e.V.-2022">{{cite web |title=SV 1919 Gonsenheim e.V. |website=SV 1919 Gonsenheim e.V. |date=11 August 2022 |url=https://sv-gonsenheim.de/ |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221211/https://sv-gonsenheim.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Fontana Finthen,<ref name="Fontana Finthen eV">{{cite web |title=Fontana Finthen eV |website=Fontana Finthen eV |url=http://www.fontana-finthen.de/ |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130034927/http://www.fontana-finthen.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> FC Fortuna Mombach<ref name="FC Fortuna Mombach 1975 e.V.-1970">{{cite web |title=Startseite |website=FC Fortuna Mombach 1975 e.V. |date=1 January 1970 |url=http://www.fortuna-mombach.de/ |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221205/http://www.fortuna-mombach.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and FVgg Mombach 03.<ref name="FVgg. 1903 Mainz-Mombach e.V.">{{cite web |title=Fußball aus Leidenschaft |website=FVgg. 1903 Mainz-Mombach e.V. |url=https://www.mombach03.de/ |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221206/https://www.mombach03.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Panorama
|image   = Coface-Arena (8208664309).jpg
|height  = 180px
|width   =
|alt     = [[Opel Arena (stadium)|Mewa Arena]]
|caption = [[Opel Arena (stadium)|Mewa Arena]]
|dir     =
|align   = center
}}
The local wrestling club ASV Mainz 1888 is currently in the top division of team wrestling in Germany, the [[Bundesliga (wrestling)|Bundesliga]]. In 1973, 1977, 2012 and 2023 the ASV Mainz 1888 won the German championship.<ref name="Fasel">{{cite web |last=Fasel |first=Torben |title=ASV Mainz 88 |website=ASV Mainz 88 |url=https://www.mainz88.de/verein/erfolge/index.html |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221503/https://www.mainz88.de/verein/erfolge/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2007 the [[Mainz Athletics]] won the [[German champions (baseball)#German Men's Champions|German Men's Championship in baseball]].<ref name="Mainz Athletics-1989">{{cite web |title=Home page |website=Mainz Athletics |date=31 December 1989 |url=https://www.mainz-athletics.de/ |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221603/https://www.mainz-athletics.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz-2015">{{cite web |title=Baseball – Mainz Athletics < 1. Bundesliga |website=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |date=23 March 2015 |url=https://www.mainz.de/freizeit-und-sport/mainz-athletics.php |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221715/https://www.mainz.de/freizeit-und-sport/mainz-athletics.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
As a result of the 2008 invasion of Georgia by Russian troops, Mainz acted as a neutral venue for the Georgian Vs Republic of Ireland football game.<ref name="Meuren-2008">{{cite news |last=Meuren |first=Daniel |title=1:2 gegen Irland: Georgier kraftlos im Exil |website=[[FAZ.NET]] |date=7 September 2008 |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball/1-2-gegen-irland-georgier-kraftlos-im-exil-1699290.html |language=de |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222021/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball/1-2-gegen-irland-georgier-kraftlos-im-exil-1699290.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The biggest basketball club in the city is the ASC Theresianum Mainz. Its men's team is playing in the Regionalliga and its women's team is playing in the 2.DBBL.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asc-theresianum-mainz.de/ |title=ASC Theresianum Mainz Basketball &#124; |publisher=Asc-theresianum-mainz.de |date=13 April 2018 |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203939/http://www.asc-theresianum-mainz.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===USC Mainz===
'''Universitäts-Sportclub Mainz''' (University Sports Club Mainz) is a German sports club based in Mainz (Germany). It was founded on 9 September 1959<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usc-mainz.de/ |title=Universitäts Sportclub Mainz: USC Mainz |website=www.usc-mainz.de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131161535/https://www.usc-mainz.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> by Berno Wischmann primarily for students of the University of Mainz. It is considered one of the most powerful Athletics Sports clubs in Germany. 50 athletes of USC have distinguished themselves in a half-century in club history at Olympic Games, World and European Championships. In particular in the decathlon dominated USC athletes for decades: Already at the European Championships in Budapest in 1966, Mainz won three (Werner von Moltke, Jörg Mattheis and Horst Beyer) all decathlon medals. In the all-time list of the USC, there are nine athletes who have achieved more than 8,000 points – at the head of Siegfried Wentz (8762 points in 1983) and Guido Kratschmer (1980 world record with 8667 points). The most successful athlete of the association is more fighter, sprinter and long jumper Ingrid Becker (Olympic champion in 1968 in the pentathlon and Olympic champion in 1972 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay and European champion in 1971 in the long jump). The most famous athletes of the present are the sprinter Marion Wagner (world champion in 2001 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay) and the pole vaulters Carolin Hingst (Eighth of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing) and Anna Battke.<ref name="Universitäts Sportclub Mainz">{{cite web |title=Universitäts Sportclub Mainz: Olympiateilnehmer |website=Universitäts Sportclub Mainz |url=https://www.usc-mainz.de/der-club/historie/olympiateilnehmer.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131135622/https://www.usc-mainz.de/der-club/historie/olympiateilnehmer.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Three world titles adorn the balance of USC Mainz. For the discus thrower, Lars Riedel attended (1991 and 1993) and the already mentioned sprinter Marion Wagner (2001). Added to 5 titles at the European Championships, a total of 65 international medals and 260 victories at the German Athletics Championships.<ref>Peter H. Eisenhuth in der Mainzer Rhein-Zeitung 9 September 2009.</ref>
The players of USC's basketball section played from the season 1968/69 to the season 1974/75 in the National Basketball League (BBL) of the German Basketball Federation (DBB). As a finalist to winning the DBB Cup in 1971 USC Mainz played in the [[1971–72 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup]] against the Italian Cup winners of [[Fides Napoli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cup Winners' Cup 1971–72 |url=http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c2/C2_72.htm |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=Linguasport |archive-date=28 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228154153/http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c2/C2_72.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Mainz Athletics===
{{main|Mainz Athletics}}
The '''Baseball and Softball Club Mainz Athletics''' is a German baseball and softball club located in the city of Mainz in [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. The Athletics is one of the largest clubs in the [[Bundesliga (baseball)|Baseball-Bundesliga Süd]] in terms of membership, claiming to have hundreds of active players. The club has played in the Baseball-Bundesliga for more than two decades and has won the German Championship in 2007 and 2016.
==Economy==
[[File:Mz-bonifaziustuerme.jpg|thumb|Bonifatius center building]]
===Wine centre===
Mainz is documented to be a wine-growing region since [[Saint Boniface|bishop Boniface]] acquired a vineyard boardering the city wall and further vine platations in Bretzenheim in 752<ref>Michael Matheus: 'The Wine City of Mainz' In: Hedwig Brüchert, Ute Engelen (editor Mainz 2019, p. 13–20.): Mainz and Wine. History of a Close Relationship</ref> and is one of the centres of the [[German wine]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.mainz.de/en/culture-museums-science/index.php |title = Culture, Museums, Science|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322193703/https://www.mainz.de/en/culture-museums-science/index.php |archive-date=22 March 2023|website = Mainz city council }}</ref> Since 2008, the city is a member of the Great Wine Capitals Global Network (GWC), an association of well-known wineculture-cities of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.greatwinecapitals.com/ |title=Great Wine Capitals – Global Network – A world of Excellence |website=Great Wine Capitals |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204183755/https://www.greatwinecapitals.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>  Many wine traders work in the city. The [[sparkling wine]] producer Kupferberg produced in Mainz-Hechtsheim and [[Henkell]] – now located on the other side of the river Rhine – were once founded in Mainz. The famous [[Blue Nun]], one of the first branded wines, was marketed by the Sichel family. The ''Haus des Deutschen Weines'' (House of German Wine), is located in the city. The Mainzer Weinmarkt (wine market) is one of the great wine fairs in Germany.<ref name="Mainzer Weinmarkt-2022">{{cite web |title=Mainzer Weinmarkt |website=Mainzer Weinmarkt |date=14 September 2022 |url=https://www.mainzer-weinmarkt.de/ |language= de |access-date= 31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131135700/https://www.mainzer-weinmarkt.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Other industries===
The [[Schott AG]], one of the world's largest glass manufactures,<ref name="SCHOTT">{{cite web |title=SCHOTT Mainz |website=SCHOTT |url=https://www.schott.com/de-de/ueber-uns/unternehmen/regionen-und-standorte/mainz |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131140243/https://www.schott.com/de-de/ueber-uns/unternehmen/regionen-und-standorte/mainz |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the [[Werner & Mertz]], a large chemical factory,<ref name="Das Unternehmen">{{cite web |title=werner-mertz.de |website=Das Unternehmen |url=https://www.werner-mertz.de/ |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117083900/https://werner-mertz.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> are based in Mainz. Other companies such as [[IBM]], [[QUINN group#QUINN Plastics|QUINN Plastics]], or [[Novo Nordisk]] have their German administration in Mainz as well. [[BioNTech]], a [[biotechnology]] company developing [[Immunotherapy|immunotherapies]] including a vaccine against [[coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19) was founded in 2008 in Mainz by scientists [[Uğur Şahin]], and [[Özlem Türeci]], with the Austrian oncologist Christoph Huber.<ref name="Biontech">{{cite web |title=Home |website=Biontech |url=https://www.biontech.com/de/de/home.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131140058/https://www.biontech.com/de/de/home.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{interlanguage link|Johann-Joseph Krug|de}}, founder of France's famous [[Champagne Krug|Krug]] champagne house in 1843, was born in Mainz in 1800.<ref name="geschichte-des-weines.de">{{cite web |title=Krug, Johann Joseph (1800–1866) |website=geschichte-des-weines.de |url=https://www.geschichte-des-weines.de/persoenlichkeiten-der-weinkultur/persoenlichkeiten-von-a-z/328-krug-johann-joseph-1800-1866.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131140336/https://www.geschichte-des-weines.de/persoenlichkeiten-der-weinkultur/persoenlichkeiten-von-a-z/328-krug-johann-joseph-1800-1866.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Transport==
{{Panorama
|image   = Blick-auf-mainz-aus-richtung-der-schiersteiner-bruecke.jpg
|height  = 150px
|width   =
|alt     = View to the Rheinreede, container cranes 2007, laid down in 2010
|caption = View to the Rheinreede, container cranes 2007, laid down in 2010
|dir     =
|align   = center
}}
Mainz is a major transport hub in southern Germany. It is an important component in European distribution, as it has the fifth largest inter-modal port in Germany. The [[Port of Mainz]], now handling mainly containers, is a sizable industrial area to the north of the city, along the banks of the Rhine. In order to open up space along the city's riverfront for residential development, it was shifted further northwards in 2010.<ref name="Schug-2009">{{cite news |last=Schug |first=Markus |title=Ingelheimer Aue: Im Hafen kommt fast alles in die Kiste |website=[[FAZ.NET]] |date=7 May 2009 |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/ingelheimer-aue-im-hafen-kommt-fast-alles-in-die-kiste-1800165.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131140850/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/ingelheimer-aue-im-hafen-kommt-fast-alles-in-die-kiste-1800165.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Rail===
[[File:Mainz - Luftaufnahme.jpg|thumb|Aerial photograph of Mainz]]
[[Mainz Central Station]] or ''Mainz Hauptbahnhof'', is frequented by 80,000 travelers and visitors each day and is therefore one of the busiest 21 stations in Germany. It is a stop for the [[S-Bahn Rhein-Main|S-Bahn]] line [[S8 (Rhine-Main S-Bahn)|S8]] of the [[Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund]]. Additionally, the [[Mainbahn]] line to [[Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof|Frankfurt Hbf]] starts at the station. It is served by 440 daily local and regional trains ([[StadtExpress]], [[RegionalExpress|RE]] and [[Regionalbahn|RB]]) and 78 long-distance trains ([[InterCity|IC]], [[EuroCity|EC]] and [[InterCityExpress|ICE]]). Intercity-Express lines connect Mainz with Frankfurt (Main), [[Karlsruhe Hbf]], [[Worms Hauptbahnhof]] and [[Koblenz Hauptbahnhof]]. It is a terminus of the [[West Rhine Railway]] and the [[Mainz–Ludwigshafen railway]], as well as the [[Alzey–Mainz Railway]] erected by the [[Hessische Ludwigsbahn]] in 1871. Access to the [[East Rhine Railway]] is provided by the [[Kaiserbrücke (Mainz)|Kaiserbrücke]], a railway bridge across the Rhine at the north end of Mainz.<ref name="van den Ende">{{cite web |last= van den Ende |first= Vincent |title=Rechte Rheinstrecke |website=Rheinmodellbahn |url=https://www.rheinmodellbahn.de/pages/st.-goar/rechte-rheinstrecke.php |access-date=|language = de |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131141106/https://www.rheinmodellbahn.de/pages/st.-goar/rechte-rheinstrecke.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Operational usage====
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float:left; margin-right:1em; background:#f3f3f3;"
|-
! colspan="2"| In brief
|- style="background:#fff;"
| Number of passenger tracks<br />above ground:
| 7 [[Rail terminology#M|main line]],<br />1 branch,<br />1 tramway station,<br />2 tracks each
|- style="background:#fff;"
| Trains<br />(daily):
| 78 long-distance<br />440 regional<br />
|}
{{clear}}
===Public transportation===
The Mainz Central Station is an interchange point for the [[Trams in Mainz|Mainz tramway network]], and an important bus junction for the city and region ([[Rhein-Nahe-Nahverkehrsverbund|RNN]], [[Omnibusverkehr Rhein-Nahe|ORN]] and [[Mainzer Verkehrsgesellschaft|MVG]]).<ref name="Mainzer Mobilität">{{cite web |title=Mainzer Mobilität – Ihre Mainzer Verkehrsgesellschaft |website= |url=https://www.mainzer-mobilitaet.de/ |language=de |access-date= |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055823/https://www.mainzer-mobilitaet.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Cycling===
Mainz offers a wide array of bicycle transportation facilities and events, including several miles of on-street bike lanes. The [[EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route|Rheinradweg]] (Rhine Cycle Route) is an international cycle route, running from the source to the mouth of the Rhine, traversing four countries at a distance of {{cvt|1300|km|mi}}. Another cycling tour runs towards Bingen and further to the [[Middle Rhine]], a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rhine Cycle Route |publisher=Euregio Rhine-Waal |access-date=25 November 2011 |url=http://www.rheinradweg.eu/en/ |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055824/https://de.eurovelo.com/ev15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Air transportation===
Mainz is served by [[Frankfurt Airport]], the busiest airport by passenger traffic in Germany by far, the third busiest in Europe and the ninth busiest worldwide in 2009. Located about {{convert|10|mi|0|abbr=off}} east of Mainz, it is connected to the city by an [[S8 (Rhine-Main S-Bahn)|S-Bahn line]].<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz" />
The small [[Mainz Finthen Airport]], located just {{convert|3|mi|0|abbr=out}} southwest of Mainz, is used by [[general aviation]] only. Another airport, [[Frankfurt-Hahn Airport]] located about {{convert|50|mi|0|abbr=out}} west of Mainz, is served by a few [[low-cost carrier]]s.<ref name="Landeshauptstadt Mainz">{{cite web |title=How to get to Mainz |publisher=Landeshauptstadt Mainz |url=http://www.mainz.de/WGAPublisher/online/html/default/HTHN-5V9K2H.EN.0 |access-date=26 November 2011 |archive-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218011313/http://mainz.de/WGAPublisher/online/html/default/HTHN-5V9K2H.EN.0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Notable people==
*[[List of people related to Mainz]]
*[[Electorate of Mainz|Archbishops of Mainz]]
*[[List of mayors of Mainz]]
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Mainz is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte |url=https://www.mainz.de/verwaltung-und-politik/partnerstaedte/partnerstaedte.php |website=mainz.de |publisher=Mainz |language=de |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055851/https://www.mainz.de/verwaltung-und-politik/partnerstaedte/partnerstaedte.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Watford]], United Kingdom (1956)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dijon]], France (1957)
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia (1967)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia]], Spain (1978)
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Haifa]], Israel (1981)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Erfurt]], Germany (1988)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], United States (1994)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Longchamp, Côte-d'Or|Longchamp]], France (1966, with [[Mainz-Laubenheim]])
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rodeneck]], Italy (1977, with Mainz-Finthen)
Mainz has friendly relations with:
*{{flagicon|RWA}} [[Kigali]], Rwanda (1982)
*{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan (1984)
{{div col end}}
==See also==
*[[Johann Fust]]
*[[Johannes Gutenberg]]
*[[Peter Schöffer]], apprentice of Gutenberg and early printer
==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Sources===
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{See also|Timeline of Mainz#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Mainz}}
*Hope, Valerie. ''Constructing Identity: The Roman Funerary Monuments of Aquelia, Mainz and Nîmes''; British Archaeological Reports (16 July 2001) {{ISBN|978-1-84171-180-5}}
*Imhof, Michael and Simone Kestin: ''Mainz City and Cathedral Guide.'' Petersberg: [[Michael Imhof Verlag]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-3-937251-93-6}}
*[[Mainz (journal)|''Mainz'' ("Vierteljahreshefte für Kultur, Politik, Wirtschaft, Geschichte")]], since 1981
*Saddington, Denis. ''The stationing of auxiliary regiments in Germania Superior in the Julio-Claudian period''
*Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'' (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books {{ISBN|978-0-8117-0157-0}}
*{{cite web |title=Rede: UNESCO-Welterbe-Urkunde für die SchUM-Stätten |website=[[Der Bundespräsident]] |url=https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2023/02/230201-Welterbe-SchUM-Staetten.html |language=de |access-date=1 February 2023}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*{{official website|https://www.mainz.de/en/}}
*{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Mainz |short=x}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Mainz |volume= 17| pages = 444–445 |short= 1}}
*{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Mainz|short=x}}
*{{cite web |title=ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz, Germany |website=Google Arts & Culture |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/shum-sites-of-speyer-worms-and-mainz-germany/RQXxI7t9n8C-IQ |access-date=31 January 2023}}
*{{cite journal |last=Duchhardt |first=Heinz |title="Römer" in Mainz: Ein Doppelporträt aus der Frühgeschichte der "neuen" Mainzer Universität |journal=Qfiab 94 (2014) |volume=94 |date=31 January 2023 |pages=292–310 |url=https://perspectivia.net/publikationen/qfiab/94-2014/292-310 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Mainz
|North     = [[Wiesbaden]]
|Northeast = [[Frankfurt]]
|East      = [[Rüsselsheim]]
|Southeast = [[Darmstadt]]
|South     = [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], [[Mannheim]]
|Southwest = [[Bad Kreuznach]]
|West      = [[Trier]]
|Northwest = [[Koblenz]]
}}
{{Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Suburbs of Mainz}}
{{Germany districts rhineland-palatinate}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Mainz| ]]
[[Category:10s BC establishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:Urban districts of Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:Divided cities]]
[[Category:German state capitals]]
[[Category:Free imperial cities]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Germany]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Germany]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Rhine]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st century BC]]
[[Category:Roman legionary fortresses in Germany]]
[[Category:Roman fortifications in Germania Superior]]
[[Category:Rhenish Hesse]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1244]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1462]]