View source for Mangfu

{{Short description|Python robe, a Chinese robe with 4-claw dragon-like creature}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| l = Python clothing/ Python robe
| c3 = 花衣
| pic2 = [[File:Chinese summer court robe ('dragon robe'), c. 1890s, silk gauze couched in gold thread, East-West Center.jpg|Chinese summer court robe ('dragon robe'), c. 1890s, silk gauze couched in gold thread, East-West Center|100px]]
| piccap = A form of mangfu in the Ming dynasty
| pic = [[File:王鏊像.jpg|王鏊像|100px]]
| l3 = Flower clothing
| p3 = Huāyī
| altname4 = Huayi
| origin = [[Ming dynasty]], [[China]]
| altname = Mangpao
| c2 = 蟒袍
| l2 = Python robe
| p = Mǎngfú
| c = 蟒服
| p2 = Mǎngpáo
| altname3 = Huayi
| piccap2 = A court robe with mang (python) pattern in the Qing dynasty,  c. 1890s
| lang1 = English
| lang1_content = Python robe/ [[Dragon robe]]
}}
'''{{Transliteration|zh|Mangfu}}''' ({{Lang-zh|c=[[wikt:蟒服|蟒服]]|p=mǎngfú|l=python clothing/python garment}}), also known as '''{{Transliteration|zh|mangpao}}''' ({{Lang-zh|c=[[wikt:蟒袍|蟒袍]]|p=mǎngpáo|l=python robe}}), '''{{Transliteration|zh|huayi}}''' ({{Lang-zh|c=[[wikt:花衣|花衣]]|p=Huāyī|l=flower clothing}}), and '''{{Transliteration|zh|python robe}}''', sometimes referred as [[dragon robe]] although they are different garments, in English, is a type of {{Transliteration|zh|[[paofu]]}}, a [[robe]], in {{Transliteration|zh|[[hanfu]]}}. The {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} falls under the broad category of {{Transliteration|zh|[[mangyi]]}} ({{Lang-zh|c=[[wikt:蟒衣|蟒衣]]|p=mǎngyī|l=python clothes}}), where the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} is considered as being the classic form of {{Transliteration|zh|mangyi}}.<ref name=":6" /> The {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} was characterized by the use of a python embroidery called {{Transliteration|zh|mang}} ({{Lang-zh|c=[[wikt:蟒|蟒]]|p=mǎng|l=python}}) although the python embroidery is not a [[Python (genus)|python]] snake as defined in the English dictionary but a four-clawed [[Chinese dragon]]-like creature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=It is not a real python, it is a dragon with five claws and a python with four claws, respected by apricot and golden yellow |url=https://min.news/en/culture/055bd95a8018fee09cbb634cb242269c.html |website=iMedia}}</ref> The {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} was derived from the ''{{Transliteration|zh|[[dragon robe|longpao]]}}'' ({{Lang-zh|c=|p=lóngpáo|l=[[dragon robe]]|s=[[wikt:龙袍|龙袍]]|t=[[wikt:龍袍|龍袍]]}}) in order to differentiate monarchs and subjects; i.e. only the Emperor is allowed to wear the {{Transliteration|zh|[[Chinese dragon|long]]}}, five-clawed dragon, while his subjects wear ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=刘冬 |title=Peking Opera Costumes: A Display of History, Culture, and Fine Craftsmanship |url=http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/2018/ich/202003/t20200310_800196460.html |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=China Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Shaorong |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52775158 |title=Traditional Chinese clothing : costumes, adornments & culture |date=2004 |publisher=Long River Press |isbn=1-59265-019-8 |edition=1st |location=San Francisco |oclc=52775158}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=18, 20}} The ''{{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}}'' was worn in the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing dynasties]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> They had special status among the Chinese court clothing as they were only second to the ''{{Transliteration|zh|longpao}}''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Volpp |first=Sophie |date=2005 |title=The Gift of a Python Robe: The Circulation of Objects in "Jin Ping Mei" |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=133–158 |doi=10.2307/25066765 |jstor=25066765 |issn=0073-0548|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Ma |first=Ning |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951833097 |title=The age of silver : the rise of the novel East and West |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-060656-5 |location=New York |oclc=951833097}}</ref>{{Rp|page=204|pages=}} Moreover, their use were restricted, and they were part of a special category of clothing known as ''{{Transliteration|zh|[[cifu (clothing)|cifu]]}}'' ({{Lang-zh|c=|p=cìfú|l=bestowed clothing|s=赐服|t=賜服}}), which could only be awarded by the Chinese Emperor (or by the Empress Dowager on the behalf of the Emperor) in the Ming and Qing dynasties, becoming "a sign of imperial favour".<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=|pages=18, 20}} People who were bestowed with {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} could not exchange it with or gifted it to other people.<ref name=":6" /> They were worn by members of the imperial family below of crown prince, by military and civil officials, and by Official wives.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=|pages=18, 20}} As an official clothing, the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} were worn by officials during celebration occasions and ceremonial events.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=|pages=18, 20}} They could also be bestowed by the Emperor to people who performed extraordinary services to the empire as rewards, to the members of the [[Grand Secretariat]] and to prominent [[Taoism|Daoist]] patriarchs, imperial physicians, tributary countries and local chiefs whose loyalty were considered crucial to secure the borders.<ref name=":6" /> The {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} is also used as a form of {{Transliteration|zh|[[Xifu (Costume)|xifu]]}}, theatrical costume, in [[Chinese opera]], where it is typically found in the form of a [[Round collar robe|round-necked robe]], known as {{Transliteration|zh|[[yuanlingshan|yuanlingpao]]}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Man's Python Robe of Yellow Satin Woven with Pattern of Colored Clouds and Golden Dragons{{!}}The Palace Museum |url=https://en.dpm.org.cn/collections/collections/2012-02-21/1556.html#:~:text=Python%20robe%20is%20opera%20costume,viewed%20dragon,%20to%20flying%20dragon. |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=en.dpm.org.cn}}</ref>{{Rp|page=300}} In Beijing opera, the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} used as {{Transliteration|zh|[[Xifu (Costume)|xifu]]}} is known as '''{{Transliteration|zh|Mang}}'''.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Characteristics of Peking Opera Costumes |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_27354.htm |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=en.chinaculture.org}}</ref>
== ''{{Transliteration|zh|Mang}}'' embroidery design ==
{{See also|Feiyufu#Feiyu_embroidery_design|label 1=Feiyu}}{{Multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 400
| image1            = 開平王常遇春坐像.jpg
| image2            = 高拱.jpg
| footer            = Difference between long and mang decorative designs, Ming dynasty
| caption2          = Gao Gong wearing a danmang pattern design
| caption1          = A man wearing [[Chinese dragons|long]] pattern design.
}}
In ancient China, there is a clear difference between monarchs and subjects; therefore, the Emperor wears the {{Transliteration|zh|[[Chinese dragon|long]]}}, Chinese dragon patterns, on their clothing called ''{{Transliteration|zh|[[dragon robe|longpao]]}}'' ({{Lang-zh|c=|p=lóngpáo|l=[[dragon robe]]|s=[[wikt:龙袍|龙袍]]|t=[[wikt:龍袍|龍袍]]|labels=no}}) while the officials, being the subjects of the Emperor, wear the ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' ({{Lang-zh|c=[[wikt:蟒|蟒]]|p=mǎng|l=python|labels=no}}).<ref name=":0" /> The ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' embroidery is actually an imaginary creature in the form of a four-clawed [[Chinese dragon]],<ref name=":0" /> which was derived from the design of the {{Transliteration|zh|[[Chinese dragon|long]]}}, the imperial 5-clawed Chinese dragon pattern.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=204|pages=}}
In the [[Ming dynasty]], Bian Yong, the Chief Censor of the [[Hongzhi Emperor|Emperor Hongzhi]], described the ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' as having ''"no horns and legs"''; however, during his time:''<ref name=":8" />''
{{Quote|text=the mang robe worn by internal officials (eunuchs) is very similar to the image of the dragon", therefore not fitting the regulations}}
[[Shen Defu]] also described the ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' as being similar to the {{Transliteration|zh|long}} in appearance with the number of their claws as the main difference:<ref name=":8" />
{{Quote|text=The mang robe is a garment with an image close to a dragon, similar to the [[dragon robe]] of the top authority (the emperor), except for the deduction of one claw.}}
After the [[Ming dynasty]], it was expressed that a {{Transliteration|zh|[[Chinese dragon|long]]}} ({{Lit|Chinese dragon}}) would be demoted to a ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' ({{Lit|python}}) if it lost one of its claw.<ref name=":0" />
Shen Defu also explained that the most valued form of ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' pattern was the {{Transliteration|zh|zuomang}} ({{Lang-zh|c=[[wikt:坐蟒|坐蟒]]|p=|l=seated python|labels=}}) which a frontal view {{Transliteration|zh|mang}} on the back and front region of the robe; there were other form of {{Transliteration|zh|mang}} pattern such as the {{Transliteration|zh|danmang}} ({{Lang-zh|c=[[wikt:單蟒|單蟒]]|p=|l=}}), which faces on the right side.<ref name=":6" />
== History ==
[[File:Un descendant direct de confucius.jpg|thumb|[[Duke Yansheng|Duke Yanshen]] wearing a {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} with a danmang in a {{Transliteration|zh|[[Mandarin square|buzi]]}}, Ming dynasty]]
In the [[Ming dynasty]], the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} was a form of ''{{Transliteration|zh|[[cifu (clothing)|cifu]]}}'' along with {{Transliteration|zh|[[feiyufu]]}} and {{Transliteration|zh|[[douniufu]]}};<ref name=":6" /> therefore, the right to bestow ''{{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}}'' was only reserved to the Emperor who would bestow the robes to those he favoured.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=BuYun |date=2019-01-01 |title=Wearing The Hat Of Loyalty: Imperial Power And Dress Reform In Ming Dynasty China |url=https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-history/509 |journal=The Right to Dress: Sumptuary Laws in a Global Perspective, C.1200–1800 |pages=416–434 |doi=10.1017/9781108567541.017|isbn=9781108567541 |s2cid=165356490 }}</ref> According to the {{Transliteration|zh|[[History of Ming|Ming Shi]]}}《{{Linktext|明史}}》, the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} was prescribed for certain officials on specific occasions.<ref name=":6" />
When [[Yongle Emperor|Emperor Yongle]] became emperor, he relaxed the clothing regulations for the eunuchs; therefore, the eunuchs around the emperor wore {{Transliteration|zh|[[Yesa robe|Yesa]]}}-style robes which were decorated with ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' patterns and were tied with a {{Transliteration|zh|[[luandai]]}} ({{Lit|[[Luan (mythology)|Luan]] belt}}), and even the eunuchs who were of high ranks were often found wearing {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}}. However, the wearing of {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} by the eunuchs were improper.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Yuan |first=Zujie |date=2007 |title=Dressing for power: Rite, costume, and state authority in Ming Dynasty China |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11462-007-0012-x |journal=Frontiers of History in China |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=181–212 |doi=10.1007/s11462-007-0012-x |s2cid=195069294 |issn=1673-3401}}</ref>
According to [[Shen Defu]], during the early reign of [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Zhengtong]], the {{Transliteration|zh|mangpao}} was bestowed to foreign rulers.<ref name=":8" /> In 1447, there was an imperial edict by Emperor Zhengtong which prohibited the production of {{Transliteration|zh|mang}} patterns along with {{Transliteration|zh|[[Feiyufu#Feiyu_embroidery_design|feiyu]]}} and {{Transliteration|zh|[[douniu]]}} patterns by unauthorized people; it was therefore a capital offence for artisans:<ref name=":3" />
{{Quote|text=There are clothing regulations for both officials and commoners. Now some people have custom-made robes embroidered with the prohibited patterns of four-clawed dragon [i.e. mang], five-clawed dragon [i.e. long], flying fish [i.e. [[Feiyufu#Feiyu_embroidery_design|feiyu]]], and “Big Dipper bull” [i.e. douniu]. Put the artisans to death and send their families to frontier garrisons as soldiers. People who wear them are to be punished without pardon|author=Shen Dufu|title=Wanli yehuo bian [Unofficial Gleanings of the Wanli Era]|source=translated version from the 2019 article "Wearing The Hat Of Loyalty: Imperial Power And Dress Reform In Ming Dynasty China" by Chen Buyun, p. 422}}
According to the {{Transliteration|zh|Wanli yehuo bian}}《{{Linktext|萬厲野獲編}} – {{Lit|Miscellaneous notes of [[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]]}}》by Shen Defu, during this period, eunuchs were parading in the streets of the capital wearing {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} and {{Transliteration|zh|[[douniufu]]}} while women (especially wives of the elite class) were wearing embroidered robes with designs, such as the {{Transliteration|zh|[[qilin]]}}, {{Transliteration|zh|[[Feiyufu#Feiyu_embroidery_design|feiyu]]}} and {{Transliteration|zh|zuomang}} ({{Lang-zh|c=[[wikt:坐蟒|坐蟒]]|p=|l=seated python|labels=no}}) in front of the senior officials.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> According to Shen Dufu, the [[Sumptuary law|sumptuary laws]] were being trespassed and the fault was that of the Emperor who was failing at regulating the possession robes adorned with imperial insignia.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" />
During the 16th year of [[Hongzhi Emperor|Emperor Hongzhi]] (1504), the customs of bestowing {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} to the [[Grand Secretariat]] began.<ref name=":6" />
The [[Jiajing Emperor|Jiajing emperor]] also bestowed {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} to prominent Daoist patriarchs several times during his reign.<ref name=":6" /> According to the [[History of Ming|Ming shi]], in 1530, it was decreed that the ''Head of the [[Embroidered Uniform Guard|jinyiwei]]'' had to wear a red-coloured {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} or {{Transliteration|zh|[[feiyufu]]}} with a {{Transliteration|zh|[[futou|wushamao]]}} ({{Lit|black gauze hat}}) and a phoenix belt on sacrificial and ceremonial occasions.<ref name=":6" />
In 1538, still under the rule of Emperor Jiajing, gradations of ''{{Transliteration|zh|[[cifu (clothing)|cifu]]}}'' also stipulated that only ministers from the first to third rank were allowed to wear {{Transliteration|zh|[[mangyi]]}}, which consisted of the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}}, the {{Transliteration|zh|[[feiyufu|feiyu mangyi]]}}, and the{{Transliteration|zh|[[douniufu| douniu mangyi]]}}.<ref name=":6" /> The ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' patterns on the clothing insignia were also gradated based on a particular rank; according to Shen Defu, the most valued form of ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' pattern was the {{Transliteration|zh|zuomang}}; other form of ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' pattern which existed in his period also included the {{Transliteration|zh|danmang}} ({{Lang-zh|c=[[wikt:單蟒|單蟒]]|p=|l=|labels=no}}).<ref name=":6" />
In 1578, Great Empress Dowager Li bestowed {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} to [[Zhang Juzheng|Zhang Juzhen]] on behalf of the Emperor.<ref name=":6" />
During the reign under [[Wanli Emperor|Emperor Wanli]], many {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} were bestowed.<ref name=":0" /> According to [[Xie Zhaozhe]] in the {{Transliteration|zh|Wu Zazu}}《{{Linktext|五雜俎}} – {{Lit|Five assorted offerings}}》, more than 10,000 eunuchs were wearing {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} and jade belts in the Forbidden City.<ref name=":8" /> However, the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} did not become a common form of clothing.<ref name=":0" />
=== Qing dynasty ===
==== As {{Transliteration|zh|jifu}} and {{Transliteration|zh|chaofu}} ====
{{Main|Qizhuang|Dragon robe}}
{{See also|Terlig}}{{Multiple image
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = MET 30 75 19 B.jpg
| caption1          = Chaofu with horse hoof-shaped cuff
| image2            = Robe, dragon (AM 2007.83.1-4).jpg
| caption2          = Jifu with horse hoof-shaped cuff
| footer            = Types of mangfu worn by court officials, Qing dynasty
| footer_align      = center
| caption_align     = center
}}
The {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} continued to be worn in the [[Qing dynasty]] as part of the Qing dynasty official uniform (either as part of the {{Transliteration|zh|jifu}} or as part of the {{Transliteration|zh|chaofu}}) and continued to be worn by only those who were awarded by the Emperor.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=|pages=18, 20}}
The structure of the Manchu {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} worn in the Qing dynasty differed from those worn in the Ming dynasty as the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} worn in the Qing dynasty was modified based on the early male clothing of the Manchu, thus retaining the original features while making new changes to the robes; for example, the Manchu {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} had [[horse hoof]]-shaped cuff.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Robe with Python Design, Manchu |url=https://www.shanghaimuseum.net/mu/frontend/pg/article/id/CI00004119 |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=www.shanghaimuseum.net}}</ref><gallery mode="packed">
File:Portrait of Yintang.jpg|Portrait of Yintang (1683–1726)
File:Portrait of a Qing Courtier in a Winter Costume (possibly DoDo).jpg|Qing courtier
File:Portrait of Oboi.jpg|Portrait of Oboi.
File:皇清誥封六十五代襲封衍聖公懋甲公像.jpg|65th generation of [[Duke Yansheng|Duke Yangsheng]]
</gallery>
==== {{Transliteration|zh|Mang ao}} and {{Transliteration|zh|Mang chu}} ====
{{See also|Traditional Chinese wedding dress}}<gallery mode="packed">
File:六十九代衍聖公 元配王夫人衣冠像.jpg|Wife of the 69th generation of Duke Yansheng, wearing mang [[Ru (upper garment)|ao]] and skirt
</gallery>
== Construction and design ==
There are also strict regulations on the robes' colour and the numbers of ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}'' that were allowed to decorate the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}}:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=18}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Characteristics of Court {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} in the Qing dynasty
! colspan="2" |Rank
!Number of ''{{Transliteration|zh|mang}}''
!Stipulated colour
|-
| colspan="2" |Crown prince
| rowspan="5" |9
|Apricot yellow
|-
| colspan="2" |Princes
|Golden
|-
| rowspan="9" |Civil and military officials
|1st rank
| rowspan="9" |Blue and azurite
|-
|2nd rank
|-
|3rd rank
|-
|4th rank
| rowspan="3" |8
|-
|5th rank
|-
|6th rank
|-
|7th rank
| rowspan="3" |5
|-
|8th rank
|-
|9th rank
|}
== List of people bestowed with {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} ==
* Liu Jian (劉健) (1433–1526), Grand Secretary from 1492 to 1513, was bestowed with a red {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}}.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" />
* [[Li Dongyang]] (1447–1516), Grand Secretary from 1494 to 1513, was bestowed with a red {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}}.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" />
* Xie Qian (1450–1531), Grand Secretary from 1495 to 1506 and from 1527 to 1528, was bestowed with a red {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}}.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" />
* Shao Yuanjie (1450–1531), a Daoist patriarch, was bestowed a {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} with a jade belt by Emperor Jiajing in 1536.<ref name=":6" />
* [[Zhang Juzheng|Zhang Juzhen]] (1525–1582), a Ming dynasty imperial tutor and senior grand secretary; the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} were also bestowed to Zhang Juzhen's parents as a symbol of extreme favour.<ref name=":6" />
== Theatrical costumes ==
{{Main|Chinese opera costume}}
[[File:Man's Red Python Ceremonial Robe embroidered with Dragon Motifs - Cantonese Opera costume - Cantonese Opera costume - Hong Kong International Airport - DSC06273.JPG|thumb|A red theatrical {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} used as {{Transliteration|zh|[[Xifu (Costume)|xifu]]}} in [[Cantonese opera]]]]
The {{Transliteration|zh|[[Xifu (Costume)|xifu]]}}, [[Xifu (Costume)|Chinese opera costumes]], were made based on the clothing style of the [[Ming dynasty]] while also absorbing clothing features of the [[Song dynasty|Song]], [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]], and [[Qing dynasty|Qing dynasties]].<ref name=":1" /> On stage, the theatrical {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} is typically in the appearance of a {{Transliteration|zh|[[yuanlingshan|yuanlingpao]]}}.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=300}}
In [[Chinese opera]], the theatrical {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} is the highest of formal, ceremonial robe worn by performers in the roles of emperors, princes, officials (ministers for specific occasions, such as court audience), and generals.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Lei |first=Daphne Pi-Wei |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960815831 |title=Operatic China : staging Chinese identity across the Pacific |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-137-06163-8 |location=[New York] |oclc=960815831}}</ref>{{Rp|page=300}}
The theatrical {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} has a male and female version; the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} patterns on the robes vary and can be found in: {{Transliteration|zh|mang}} medallions, front-viewed {{Transliteration|zh|mang}} and flying dragon.<ref name=":2" />
When decorated with flying dragon patterns, the robe is typically also decorated with patterns of waves and mountain peaks.<ref name=":2" /> There is also strict regulations on the colours used in the theatrical ''{{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}}''; the colours are divided into "upper five colours" and "lower five colours", {{Transliteration|zh|minghuang}} (bright yellow) colour is exclusively reserved for imperial usage.<ref name=":2" /> Other colours included: red.
=== In Beijing opera ===
In [[Peking opera|Beijing opera]], the {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} {{Transliteration|zh|[[Xifu (Costume)|xifu]]}} is known as {{Transliteration|zh|Mang}}.<ref name=":9" /> The {{Transliteration|zh|Mang}} is used to represent the emperor have a dragon with an open mouth, while the dragon used on the {{Transliteration|zh|Mang}} of the ministers and generals have their mouth closed.<ref name=":9" /> The dragons looked bold and mighty when used on the {{Transliteration|zh|Mang}} of martial officials but gentle and quiet when used in the {{Transliteration|zh|Mang}} of civil officials.<ref name=":9" /> There is also other kind of {{Transliteration|zh|Mang}} which are specially made for female actresses, laodan, and palace eunuchs.<ref name=":9" />
The colours used in the {{Transliteration|zh|Mang}} also have clear symbolism: red means majestic and noble; green means mighty and bold; white represents handsome young people; black is used to represent people who are upright and unconstrained.<ref name=":9" />
=== Subtypes ===
* {{Transliteration|zh|Jianmang}} ({{Lit|Arrow python robe}}) – A {{Transliteration|zh|mangfu}} in the style of a {{Transliteration|zh|[[yuanlingshan|yuanlingpao]]}} for the role of Emperor Zhu Di of Ming invented by [[Ma Lianliang]]; it is the combination of an arrow robe and a python robe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ye |first=Tan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1128888776 |title=Historical dictionary of Chinese theater |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-5381-2064-4 |edition=Second |location=Lanham |oclc=1128888776}}</ref>{{Rp|page=14}}
== Depictions in entertainment media and literature ==
* [[Chinese opera]]
* ''[[Jin Ping Mei]]''<ref name=":6" />
== Similar clothing ==
* [[Jisün]]
* [[Terlig]]
* [[Yesa robe|Yesa]]
* [[Feiyufu]]
* [[Douniufu]]
* [[Dragon robe]]
== See also ==
* [[Chinese ornamental gold silk]]
* [[Hanfu]]
* [[List of hanfu]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Types of Han Chinese clothing}}
[[Category:Hanfu]]
[[Category:Chinese traditional clothing]]
[[Category:Court uniforms and dress]]