View source for Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily

{{Short description|Queen of the French from 1830 to 1848}}
{{Distinguish|Princess Maria Amalia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1818–1857)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| title   = [[Duchess of Orléans]]
| image   = Louis Hersent - Marie-Amélie de Bourbon, princesse des Deux-Siciles, reine des Français.jpg
| caption = Portrait by Louis Hersent, {{circa|1836}}
| succession = [[Queen consort of the French]]
| reign   = 9 August 1830 – 24 February 1848
| spouse  = {{marriage|[[Louis Philippe I, King of the French]]|1809|1850|end=d.}}
| issue   = {{plainlist|
*[[Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans]]
*[[Louise of Orléans|Louise, Queen of the Belgians]]
*[[Princess Marie of Orléans (1813–1839)|Marie, Duchess of Württemberg]]
*[[Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours]]
*Princess Françoise
*[[Princess Clémentine of Orléans|Clémentine, Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
*[[François, Prince of Joinville]]
*[[Prince Charles, Duke of Penthièvre]]
*[[Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale]]
*[[Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier]]
}}
| full name  = {{langx|it|Maria Amalia Teresa di Borbone}}<br />{{langx|fr|link=no|Marie-Amélie Thérèse de Bourbon-Siciles}}
| house      = [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies|Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]
| father     = [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]
| mother     = [[Maria Carolina of Austria]]
| birth_date  = {{Birth date|df=y|1782|4|26}}
| birth_place = [[Caserta Palace]], [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]]
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|df=y|1866|3|24|1782|4|26}}
| death_place = [[Claremont (country house)|Claremont House]], Surrey, England
| burial_place = [[Chapelle royale de Dreux|Royal Chapel]], Dreux, France
| signature   = Signature of Queen Marie Amélie.jpg
}}
'''Maria Amalia Teresa of Naples and Sicily''' (26 April 1782&nbsp;– 24 March 1866) was [[List of French royal consorts|Queen of the French]] by marriage to [[Louis Philippe I]], King of the French.<ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Marie Amélie Thérèse |volume=17 |pages=709–710}}</ref>  She was the last queen of  France.
Among her grandchildren were the monarchs [[Leopold II of Belgium]], [[Carlota of Mexico|Empress Carlota of Mexico]], with whom Maria Amalia regularly corresponded while she was in [[Second Mexican Empire|Mexico]], [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]], and [[Mercedes of Orléans|Queen Mercedes of Spain]].
==Early years==
[[File:Kauffmann - Maria Luisa and Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Maria Amalia (left) with her older sister [[Luisa of Naples and Sicily|Maria Luisa]], by [[Angelica Kauffmann]], 1782.]]
Maria Amalia was born on 26 April 1782 at the [[Caserta Palace]]<ref name=EB1911/> just outside [[Naples]]. She was the tenth of eighteen children of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]] and [[Maria Carolina of Austria]].<ref name=EB1911/>
As a young Italian princess, she was educated in the Catholic tradition, which she appears to have taken to heart. Maria Carolina, like her mother, [[Maria Theresa]],<ref name="Marie Amelie">Dyson. C.C, ''The Life of Marie Amelie Last Queen of the French, 1782–1866'', BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, p. 50.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> made an effort to be a part of her daughter's life, though she was cared for daily by her governess, Vincenza Rizzi.<ref>Dyson, p. 31.</ref> As a child, Maria Amalia's mother and her aunt, Marie Antoinette, arranged for her engagement to Marie Antoinette's son, [[Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France]], her cousin, the future king of France.<ref>Dyson, p. 35.</ref> Her young fiancé died in 1789.<ref>Dyson, p. 37.</ref>
Maria Amalia faced chaos and upheaval from a young age. The death of her aunt [[Marie Antoinette]] during the [[French Revolution]] and her mother's subsequent dramatic actions emblazoned the event in her memory.<ref>Dyson, p. 39.</ref> During the outbreak of the [[French Revolution]] in 1789, the Neapolitan court was not hostile to the movement. When the French monarchy was abolished and her aunt [[Marie Antoinette]] and uncle [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] were executed, Maria Amalia's parents joined the [[First Coalition]] against France in 1793. Although peace was made with France in 1796, by 1798 conflict again erupted and the royal family fled to the Kingdom of Sicily,<ref name=EB1911/> leaving [[Naples]] on 21 December 1798 aboard {{HMS|Vanguard|1787|6}}, a [[British Royal Navy]] vessel protected by two Neapolitan warships. Maria Amalia spent the years 1800 to 1802 with her mother in Austria. In 1802, she finally returned to Naples with her mother. After the invasion of Naples by Napoleon in 1806, the royal family was once more forced to flee to Sicily, where they again settled in Palermo under the protection of British troops.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866">Dyson, C. C: The life of Marie Amélie last queen of the French, 1782–1866. With some account of the principal personages at the courts of Naples and France in her time, and of the careers of her sons and daughters (1910)</ref>
While in exile, Maria Amalia encountered her future husband, [[Louis Philippe I|Louis Philippe d'Orléans]], also forced from his home in France<ref name=EB1911/> due to political complications of the French Revolution and the rise of [[Napoleon]]. Louis-Philippe's father, the previous [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orleans|Duke of Orléans]], had been guillotined during the [[French Revolution]], though he had advocated it in the early years.<ref>Dyson, p. 100.</ref>
The two were married in 1809, three years after they met in Italy, whereupon Marie-Amelie became [[Duchess of Orléans]]. The ceremony was celebrated in Palermo 25 November 1809.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> The marriage was considered controversial, because she was the niece of Marie Antoinette, while he was the son of a [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|man]] who was considered to have played a part in the execution of her aunt.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> Her mother was skeptical to the match for the same reason, but she had given her consent after he had convinced her that he was determined to compensate for the mistakes of his father, and after having agreed to answer all her questions regarding his father.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
==Duchess of Orléans==
[[File:Portrait de la duchesse d'Orléans - François Gérard - Musée Condé.jpg|thumb|left|Maria Amalia, by [[François Gérard]], 1819]]
During the first years of her marriage, Marie-Amelie and Louis Philippe lived under British protection in Palermo, in a palace given to them by her father, the [[:File:Palace_d%27Orleans.jpg|Palazzo Orléans]].<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
Marie-Amelie went to France with her new husband in 1814, where she attempted to make a home with her growing family, but with Napoleon's brief return, she was forced to flee yet again. Prior to her husband's rise to power, Marie-Amelie and her husband had to cope with a persistent money problem due to the fact that they had no income aside from that which they were given by the British crown.<ref>Dyson, p. 112.</ref> The family was given permission to return to France again in 1817.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
During the Orléans' time in France prior to Louis-Philippe's accession, the family lived in the [[Palais-Royal]], which had been the home of her father-in-law, [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]]. Despite the monetary worries of the family, the house was returned to its original splendor at a cost to the couple of eleven million francs.<ref>Dyson, p. 153.</ref> During their tenure as Duke and Duchess of Orléans, her spouse made Palais-Royal a center of high society in Paris when the aristocracy found the royal court, which was organized according to revived l'ancien regime-etiquette, too stiff. However, it was rather her sister-in-law [[Princess Adélaïde of Orléans|Madame Adelaide]] who was regarded the hostess at Palais-Royal, while Marie-Amelie was described as dignified but silent and withdrawn.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> In 1825, the Duke and Duchess met with her sister and brother-in-law, the King and Queen of Sardinia in Chambéry, and in May 1830, they hosted her brother and sister-in-law, the King and Queen of the Two Sicilies, at Palais-Royal.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
==Tenure as queen==
In 1830, following what is known as the [[July Revolution]], Louis-Philippe became king of the French, with Maria Amalia as queen of the [[July Monarchy]]. Maria Amalia did not approve of Louis-Philippe's acceptance of the crown and reportedly described it as a catastrophe.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
When tumult followed the publication of the Ordinances in 1830 and erupted in the July revolution in Paris, the Orléans family was at the country estate [[Château de Neuilly|Neuilly]]. Her sister in-law, Adélaïde, convinced Louis-Philippe that the moment was right for him to place himself as the leader of the opposition against the absolute monarchy of Charles X, and present himself as the candidate of a constitutional monarchy, in between the unpopular absolute monarchy and the republicanism.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> In this, she defeated the view of her sister in-law, Maria Amalia, who was loyal to the reigning older branch. When rumors arrived that the royalists were going to arrest Louis-Philippe, he evacuated to [[Raincy]] and the children were sent to [[Villers-Cotterêts]], but Adélaïde and Maria Amalia remained at Neuilly. When a delegation reached Neuilly and offered Louis-Philippe the crown, Maria Amalia refused the offer on behalf of herself and her spouse, reproaching [[Ary Scheffer]] and [[Adolphe Thiers]] for insulting them by having made it.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> Adélaïde, however, accepted it with the argument that her brother would do anything to prevent the country he loved from anarchy.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> [[Adolphe Thiers|Thiers]] accepted the answer of Adélaïde rather than the one from Maria Amalia with the words: "Madame, you have given the crown to your family".<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>  After this, several other visits followed from people asking Louis-Philippe to accept the crown: to all, Maria Amalia answered that Louis-Philippe was an honest man and thus could not do it, while Adélaïde contradicted her by stating, that the offer should be made to Louis-Philippe by the chamber of deputies; and if he should hesitate, she would herself go to Paris and accept the crown for him.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>  Soon after, the Chamber of Deputies called Louis-Philippe to Paris to formally present him their offer. It has been estimated that he accepted the crown largely because of Adélaïde.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
[[File:Queen Marie Amélie with her youngest sons, the Dukes of Montpensier and Aumale by Louis Hersent (1835, Versailles) .jpg|thumb|Portrait of Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, by [[Louis Hersent]] (c. 1835).]]
When the news arrived that Louis-Philippe had accepted the crown, Maria Amalia reportedly cried and sobbed: "What a catastrophe! They will call my husband an usurper!"<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>  She refused to return to Paris with her children in an open [[state carriage]], as this would give an impression of triumph. When she did arrive to the Palais-Royal, which was at that time wide open to the public, it was noticed that she looked as if she had been crying, which attracted attention. She and her sister-in-law visited those who had been wounded during the revolution, and supported them financially.
Maria Amalia was to say that she could see no advantages of the crown, only the destruction of a peaceful family life and an insecurity for the lives of her family.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>  However, she concluded, as God has given them the crown, they must do the best of the matter: "Since by God's will this Crown of Thorns has been placed upon our heads, we must accept it and the duties it entails".<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> At 6 August 1830, she and her sister-in-law were present at the tribune on the ceremony at the chambers when Louis-Philippe were declared King of the French. She herself was never honored with any form of official ceremony, though she was automatically given the honorary title Queen of the French.
Maria Amalia did not play an active role in politics and in fact made a concentrated effort to remove herself from it.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Marie-Amélie de Bourbon profile |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1357132/Marie-Amelie-de-Bourbon |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref> In 1832, after the failed coup of [[Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchess de Berry]], Marie-Caroline appealed to her from her prison at Blaye, as did one of Marie-Caroline's followers, Mesnard; however Maria Amalia refused to even receive the petition of the first nor to promise anything to the second, despite being personally attached to the Duchess de Berry.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> It was with his sister rather than with his wife that the King discussed state affairs.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
As Queen, Maria Amalia became foremost known for her simple personal life style and her charity.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> For political reasons, King Louis-Philippe did not wish to have any representation or court life of the more elaborate kind but, rather wished to give the impression of his family living a life of the burgher class, and during her tenure as Queen, the royal court was relatively subdued to its outward appearance.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
The court etiquette at the Tuileries was therefore simplified, and the royal family lived a life which was to be modeled after the ideal life of a wealthy burgher class family of the time, with few state occasions, though they did regularly host smaller gala dinners for the representatives of the people. This domestic life did suit Maria Amalia, who was already devoted to this life style. The household included her lady-in-waiting, the [[Christine-Zoë de Montjoye|Marquise de Dolomieu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FAUTEUIL D'EPOQUE EMPIRE PROVENANT DU PALAIS DES TUILERIES |url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=6197047 |publisher=Christies}}</ref>
The Queen's daily routine centered around family dinners, religious duties and charitable work: she kept a strict guard over her daughters and later her daughters-in-law, sewing with them in the drawing room when she was not occupied with her charitable work.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>  After having heard Mass and received private audiences, she worked with her secretaries receiving, personally reading and attending to petitions from the poor.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> Reportedly, Maria Amalia received a personal allowance of 500.000 franc, and spent 400.000 franc of that sum on charity.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
In one instance, she responded to a request from French missionary sister [[Theodore Guerin|Saint Mother Theodore Guerin]] of the [[Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods]] by saying, ''"Ah, yes, sisters, let us save souls!"'' She gave Guerin and her fellow Sister of Providence [[Mary Cecilia Bailly]] funds for their schools in the United States, as well as covered their travel expenses.<ref name="journals">{{cite book |title=Journals and Letters of Mother Theodore Guerin |publisher=Providence Press |author=Guerin, Mother Theodore |author-link=Theodore Guerin |year=1937}}</ref>  Reportedly, however, she did give contributions to the needing regardless of their political or religious convictions.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>  As queen she was named Protector of several charity organizations, notably the [[Société de Charité Maternelle]].<ref>Christine Adams, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9dceL4HYOewC&dq=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+maternelle+empress&pg=PA202 Poverty, Charity, and Motherhood: Maternal Societies in Nineteenth-Century]''</ref>
She was regarded to have performed her representational duties with dignity. In 1843, she hosted British [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] at the [[Château d'Eu]] in Normandy.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> She did not, however, follow Louis-Philippe on his visit to England in 1844.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
While Maria Amalia had accepted the crown unwillingly, she regarded it her duty to keep it after it had once been given to her by God.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> During the [[French Revolution of 1848|Revolution of 1848]], Maria Amalia made an attempt to get Louis-Philippe to take control of the troops, rally the National Guard, subdue the riots on the streets and defend his crown with his life.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> Reportedly, he did not answer her, but only asked her to trust his judgement.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> When a mob marched toward the Tuileries, Louis Philippe was convinced by his ministers to flee, and he signed his abdication in favor of his grandson against the consent of Maria Amalia.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> When the family left the palace, Maria Amalia reportedly turned to minister Thiers and commented: "Ah Monsieur, you were not worthy of such a good king!"<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
The family left under somewhat chaotic circumstances, and Maria Amalia reportedly fainted and had to be lifted into her carriage.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> The couple were accompanied by their son [[Antoine, Duke of Montpensier]]; their daughter-in-law the [[Duke of Nemours|Duchess of Nemours]]; their daughter [[Princess Clémentine of Orléans|Princess Clementine]] and her spouse, as well as six grandchildren.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> Their eldest son's widow the [[Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Duchess of Orléans]] and her sons were left at the palace in the company of their son the Duke of Nemours to fight for the right to the crown of their grandson, the Count of Paris.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
The family left Paris for [[Saint-Cloud]] and from there to [[Dreux]], where they parted and made their way to England in different groups. Maria Amalia and Louis Philippe lived for a while in the cottage of a friend in [[Honfleur]], before they left in secret by [[Le Havre]] for [[Newhaven, East Sussex|Newhaven]] in England.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
==Exile and death==
[[File:Claudet, Antoine (1797-1867) - Maria Amelia di Borbone-Napoli (1782-1866) Regina dei francesi.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph of Maria Amalia in her old age by [[Antoine Claudet]], {{circa|1860–66}}]]
In England, Louis Philippe and Maria Amalia were well received by Queen Victoria, who let them live in [[Claremont (country house)|Claremont House]] in [[Surrey]] for life.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> As the French state had decided not to confiscate their property, they did not have money problems.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
Louis Philippe died two years later. After the death of her husband, Maria Amalia continued to live in England where she attended daily Mass and was well known to Queen Victoria.<ref>Dyson, p. 295.</ref> She spent her remaining years living a private family life, and was joined by most of her children with the exception of the Duke of Montpensier. Maria Amalia regarded the elder branch of the Bourbon to have superior right to the French throne, and she supported her son the Duke of Nemours when he reconciled with the head of the elder Bourbon line, [[Henri, Count of Chambord]], on behalf of the Orléans line.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/> At her death, she also asked to be called Duchess of Orléans on her grave stone rather than Queen of the French.<ref name="Dyson, C. C 1866"/>
Maria Amalia died on 24 March 1866, aged 83.<ref>Dyson, p. 306.</ref> She was the last surviving grandchild of [[Maria Theresa|Empress Maria Theresa of Austria]]. After her death, the dress she had kept since 1848 when her husband had left France was put on her, according to her last wishes.<ref>Dyson, p. 307.</ref>
==Issue==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Picture!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|[[Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans|Ferdinand, Duke of Orléans]]||[[File:75 - Musée du Louvre - Ferdinand-Philippe d'Orléans par Ingres - RF 2005-13.jpg|100px]]||3 September 1810||13 July 1842||Married [[Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], had issue.
|-
|[[Louise of Orléans|Princess Louise d'Orléans]]||[[File:Louise Marie d'Orléans-de Keyser.jpg|100px]]||3 April 1812||11 October 1850||Married [[Leopold I of Belgium]], had issue.
|-
|[[Princess Marie of Orléans (1813–1839)|Princess Marie d'Orléans]]||[[File:Orleans, Marie.jpg|100px]]||12 April 1813||6 January 1839||Married [[Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1804–1881)|Duke Alexander of Württemberg]], had issue.
|-
|[[Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours|Louis, Duke of Nemours]]||[[File:Louis, Duke of Nemours.jpg|100px]]||25 October 1814||26 June 1896||Married [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], had issue.
|-
|Princess Françoise d'Orléans||[[File:FrancoiseLouise.jpg|100px]]||26 March 1816||20 May 1818||Died aged two. Baptised on 20 July 1816, with [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I, Emperor of Austria]] as her godfather.
|-
|[[Princess Clémentine of Orléans|Princess Clémentine d'Orléans]]||[[File:Princess Clémentine of Orléans.jpg|100px]]||6 March 1817||16 February 1907||Married [[Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], had issue.
|-
|[[Prince François, Prince of Joinville|François, Prince of Joinville]]||[[File:François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville, young.jpg|100px]]||14 August 1818||16 June 1900||Married [[Princess Francisca of Brazil]], had issue.
|-
|[[Prince Charles, Duke of Penthièvre|Charles, Duke of Penthièvre]]||[[File:CharlesOrléans.jpg|100px]]||1 January 1820||25 July 1828||Died aged eight.
|-
|[[Henri d'Orleans, duke of Aumale|Henri, Duke of Aumale]]||[[File:Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale.jpg|100px]]||16 January 1822||7 May 1897||Married [[Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1822–1869)|Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]], had issue.
|-
|[[Antoine, Duke of Montpensier]]||[[File:Antoine d'Orléans Duque Montpesier.jpg|100px]]||31 July 1824||4 February 1890||Married [[Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier]], had issue.
|}
==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref>{{cite book |title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans |trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 |year=1768 |publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel |location=Bourdeaux |language=fr |pages=1 (mother), 9 (father)}}</ref>
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Marie Amélie of Naples and Sicily'''
|2= 2. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]
|3= 3. [[Maria Carolina of Austria]]
|4= 4. [[Charles III of Spain]]
|5= 5. [[Maria Amalia of Saxony]]
|6= 6. [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|7= 7. [[Maria Theresa|Maria Theresa of Austria]]
|8= 8. [[Philip V of Spain]]
|9= 9. [[Elisabeth Farnese]]
|10= 10. [[Augustus III of Poland]]
|11= 11. [[Maria Josepha of Austria]]
|12= 12. [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine]]
|13= 13. [[Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans]]
|14= 14. [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|15= 15. [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick]]
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Dyson, C. C. |title=The life of Marie-Amélie |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton and Company |year=1910 |oclc=526786}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite Q|Q115667504 |editor1=Henry Gardiner Adams}}<!-- [[s:A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Amelie Maria, ex-Queen of the French]] -->
* Howarth, T.E.B. ''Citizen-King, The Life of Louis-Philippe, King of the French''. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1961.
* Margadant, Jo Burr. "The Duchesse de Berry and Royalist Political Culture in Postrevolutionary France. ''History Workshop Journal'', No. 43, (Spring, 1997).
* Margadant, Jo Burr. "Gender, Vice, and the Political Imagery in Postrevolutionary France: Reinterpreting the Failure of the July Monarchy 1830–1848." ''American Historical Review'' 104.5, (1995).
* Paris, Isabelle comtesse de. ''La Reine Marie-Amelie, Grand-mere de l'Europe''. Paris: Perrin, 1998.
==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies}}
* {{Cite NIE |wstitle=Amalie, Marie |short=x}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]|26 April|1782|24 March|1866|[[House of Bourbon]]}}
{{s-roy|fr}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Marie Thérèse of France]]|as=Queen of France and of Navarre}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Queens and Empresses of France|Queen consort of the French]]|years=9 August 1830 – 24 February 1848}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Eugénie de Montijo]]|as=Empress of the French}}
{{s-end}}
{{The Bourbons of Naples and Sicily (1735–1816)}}
{{Princesses of the Two Sicilies}}
{{Princess of the Blood by Marriage (House of Bourbon)}}
{{Duchesses of Orléans}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily}}
[[Category:1782 births]]
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