View source for Matron

{{Short description|Senior nurse in a hospital}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Matron Ethel Gray and nurses, 1915.jpg|thumb|Matron [[Ethel Gray]], seated left, with four of her nurses, 1915]]
'''Matron''' is the job title of a very senior or the chief [[nurse]] in a hospital in several countries, including the United Kingdom, and other Commonwealth countries and former colonies.
==Etymology==
[[File:Matrons of Manchester Royal Infirmary.jpg|thumb|Plaques listing Matrons of Manchester Royal Infirmary]]
The chief nurse, in other words the person in charge of nursing in a hospital and the head of the nursing staff, is also known as the '''Chief Nursing officer''' or '''Chief Nursing Executive''', '''senior nursing officer''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/matron|title=Definition of "matron"|work=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> '''matron''',<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1259871.stm |title=Matrons back on the wards |date=4 April 2001 |publisher=[[BBC Online]] |language=en |access-date=18 April 2015 |quote=Mr Milburn said the modern-day matrons were an attempt to drive up standards in hospitals and prevent hospital infections, by ensuring hygiene standards are met on the ward. Matrons will earn up to £31,000 a year and will have powers over budgets, catering and cleaning as well as being in charge of nurses. They will also have the powers to withhold payments from catering and cleaning services if they don't think they are giving the best service to the NHS.}}</ref>  '''nursing officer''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/matron |title=Matron |work=Cambridge English Dictionary |access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> or '''clinical nurse manager''' in UK English; the '''head nurse''' or '''director of nursing''' in US English,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/head-nurse |title=Definition of "head nurse" |work=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/head%20nurse |title=Head nurse |work=Vocabulary.com |access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> and the '''nursing superintendent''' or '''matron''' in [[Indian English]], among other countries in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref name="Agarwal2007">{{cite book |last=Agarwal |first=Arun K. |title=Standard Operating Procedures For Hospitals In India |date=21 June 2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |language=en |isbn=9788126907762 |page=245 |quote=Nursing Superintendent/Matron. The Matron will be responsible to the MS for the administrative and technical aspects of nursing in the hospital. Her charter of duties will include the following: (1) Administration of nurses, their accommodations and messing, viz. equitable distribution and economic utilization of nursing staff, maintenance of duty roster, turnout and discipline; supervision ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kgmu.org/hospital_nursing.php |title=Nursing |year=2015 |language=en |access-date=18 April 2015 |quote=There is a Nurses Hostel having mess facility, where about 300 students and staff nurses are accommodated. Adjacent to this, there is a new hostel with single room accommodation, constructed in 1970, where 50 staff nurses are residing. There is also a double storied building where Assistant Matrons, Tutors and Sisters are accommodated. The Senior Matron is provided family accommodation. |publisher=[[King George's Medical University]]}}</ref>
In England, matrons today "have powers over budgets, catering and cleaning as well as being in charge of nurses and doctors" and "have the powers to withhold payments from catering and cleaning services if they don't think they are giving the best service to the [[National Health Service|NHS]]."<ref name="BBC" /> Historically, matrons supervised the hospital as a whole but today, they are in charge of supervising two or three [[hospital ward|wards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487348/Recall-for-hospital-matrons-who-really-did-know-best.html |title=Recall for hospital matrons – who really did know best |last=Johnston |first=Philip |date=8 April 2005 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |language=en |access-date=18 April 2015 |quote=But the modern matron does not have the seniority of her predecessor and instead of running the whole hospital might have three or four wards.}}</ref>
The chief nurse is a [[registered nurse]] who supervises the care of all the patients at a health care facility. The chief nurse is the senior nursing management position in an organization and often holds executive titles like '''chief nursing officer''' ('''CNO'''), '''chief nurse executive''', or '''vice-president of nursing'''.  They typically report to the [[CEO]] or [[Chief operating officer|COO]].
In the United States a matron is not a nurse, but a female assistant to males running a residential facility, like a camp, boarding school, or prison (see [[#Other uses|Other uses]], below).
The word "matron" is derived from the Latin for "mother", via French.
==History==
The title of matron was first used in the 16th century in the United Kingdom (UK) for the housekeeper role in [[History of hospitals|voluntary hospitals]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Abel-Smith |first=Brian |title=A History of the Nursing Profession |publisher=William Heinemann Ltd |year=1960 |pages=8–16, 25–35, 36}}</ref>  The radical reforms of nursing promoted by [[Florence Nightingale]] argued not just that nurses should be trained but that the hospital nursing staff and their training should come under the control of one senior nurse – the matron.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="salmon" />  The term Lady Superintendent was used in some hospitals in the late nineteenth century and the position was noted as one with great authority and responsibility.  <ref>{{Cite book |last=Great Britain: Parliament |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdreportfroms0000grea_m9k6/page/92/mode/2up |title=Third report from the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Metropolitan Hospitals, &c. : together with the proceedings of the Committee, minutes of evidence, and appendix : Session 1892 |date=1892 |publisher=London : Printed for H.M.S.O. by Eyre & Spottiswoode |year=1892 |pages=18-22}}</ref>Across the UK the pattern emerged in the late nineteenth and early 20th century in many  hospitals,  that the matron was the head of: the nursing service; the nurse training; and the hospital housekeeping and lived in the hospital.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="salmon" />  In some hospitals the matron was responsible directly to the institution's [[Board of directors|Board of Governors]]<ref name="salmon" /> but in others the matron might report to a senior physician or surgeon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dingwall |first=Robert |title=An introduction to the social history of nursing |last2=Rafferty |first2=Anne Marie |last3=Webster |first3=Charles |date=1991 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-01785-5 |edition=repr |location=London |pages=55–61}}</ref>  Matrons during this period were female.  The position of matron They were often seen as fearsome administrators, but were respected by nurses and [[physician|doctors]] alike.<ref name="nhshistory">{{cite web |last=Rivett |first=Geoffery |title=NHS History 1948-1967 |url=http://www.nhshistory.net/1958-1967.htm |access-date=29 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821202909/http://www.nhshistory.net/1958-1967.htm |archive-date=21 August 2006}}</ref><ref name="salmon">{{cite conference |last=Ministry of Health and Scottish Home and Health Departments |title=Report of the Committee on Senior Nursing Staff Structure (the Salmon Report) |location=London |publisher=HMSO |year=1966}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ardern |first=Peter |title=When Matron Ruled |publisher=[[Robert Hale (publishers)|Robert Hale]] |year=2002 |location=London}}</ref>  The Nightingale model of matron was taken to other countries in the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cushing |first=Angela |title=Nursing history and the politics of welfare |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-13835-2 |editor-last=Rafferty |editor-first=Anne Marie |edition=transferred to digital print |location=London |pages=108–132 |chapter=Convicts and Caregiving in Colonial Australia}}</ref> Many matrons  were active leaders in organizations advocating for the training and registration of nurses in Great Britain and Ireland :the [[Royal British Nurses' Association|British Nurses' Association]] (established 1887); The Hospitals Association registration committee (established 1887); The Matrons Council of Great Britain and Ireland (established 1894); and the [[Royal College of Nursing|College of Nurses Ltd]] (established 1916).<ref name=":0" />
=== Hospital matrons in the National Health Service (1948–1970) ===
[[File:Anenurin Bevan, Minister of Health, on the first day of the National Health Service, 5 July 1948 at Park Hospital, Davyhulme, near Manchester (14465908720).jpg|thumb|Matron Ann Dolan introducing Aneurin Bevan, Minister of Health, on the first day of the National Health Service, 5th July 1948 at Park Hospital, nr Manchester .]]
With the advent of the [[National Health Service]] (NHS) in 1948, the new administrative arrangements resulted in every hospital having a matron, working in partnership with principal administrative officer and senior doctors in the day to day administration of the hospital, and responsible for the nursing service, the training of nurses and some domestic services (although increasingly in the larger hospitals domestic services were largely the responsibility of the principal administrative officer)l.<ref name="salmon" /> However, hospitals and the services they delivered were becoming more complex . The new NHS administratively grouped hospitals together (sometimes just two but many in to larger groups of up to 20<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Royal College of Nursing |title=Administering the Nursing Service : A Review |publisher=Royal College of Nursing |year=1964 |location=London, UK |pages=2–9, 12–15}}</ref>) resulting in the majority of matrons having less contact and influence with the governing body.<ref name="salmon" /> By the early sixties there were increasing disparities between hospitals in the types, titles, job descriptions and work undertaken by senior nurses, particularly between those with the title' matron'. The [[Royal College of Nursing]] (RCN) published a review of the administrative arrangements for nursing in the NHS, arguing that the traditional role of matron was outdated, untenable in the range of duties, inadequately remunerated and increasingly difficult to recruit to.<ref name=":2" />  The review also proposed new senior nursing administration structures for the NHS in which the title matron was changed to 'Hospital Nursing Officer' for an individual hospital and the title Chief Nursing Officer to the Board or Group Nursing Officer for the matron on the executive body of the group of hospitals<ref name=":2" />
==== The Salmon Report ====
[[File:Dame-Muriel-Powell.jpg|thumb|Miss M B Powell (later Dame Muriel Powell) matron and member of the Committee on the Senior Nurse Structure]]{{Main|Salmon Report}}
Following extensive lobbying by the RCN and the [[Association of Hospital Matrons]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baly |first=Monica E. |title=Nursing and social change |date=1995 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-10197-4 |edition=3rd |location=London |pages=278–280 |chapter=24 Nurses as Managers J. Clark}}</ref> [[Enoch Powell]] MP, the Minister of Health (England and Wales) and [[Michael Noble, Baron Glenkinglas|Michael Noble]], Secretary of State for Scotland, appointed a Committee 'to advise on the senior nursing structure in the hospital (ward sister and above) "p1.<ref name="salmon" /> The Committee was chaired by Brian Salmon, member of the governing body of [[Westminster Hospital]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |title=Public Health Notes |journal=The Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=213–15 |jstor=45170031}}</ref> The appointed members included notable matrons and chief male nurses: [[Muriel Powell (nurse)|Miss M B Powell]] [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (matron [[St George's Hospital|St. George's Hospital]], London); Miss J T Locke [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (matron the Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow); Miss E. M. Rees,(matron [[Cardiff Royal Infirmary]], Cardiff); Miss G. M. Westbrook,(matron [[Southmead Hospital]], Bristol); J. Greene, Esq., (Chief Male Nurse, [[Moorhaven Hospital]], Ivybridge, South Devon).<ref name=":1" />
The Report of the Committee on Senior Nursing Structure (known as the Salmon Report) was published in 1966 and proposed a new structure for NHS nurse managers which replaced the title matron and chief male nurse with 'chief nursing officer' and created a template job description and pay grade to be used by every NHS organization.<ref name="salmon" />
The report's main recommendations on the structure of nursing administration, the change of name from matron to chief nursing officer, the simplified grading structure, and systematic preparation for management responsibility were accepted by the Minister of Health [[Kenneth Robinson (British politician)|Kenneth Robinson]] and [[Willie Ross, Baron Ross of Marnock|William Ross]], Secretary of State for Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansard (Written answers: Commons) |date=6 March 1967 |title=Nursing Profession (Salmon Committee's Report) (written answers) HC Deb 06 March 1967 vol 742 cc186-7W |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1967/mar/06/nursing-profession-salmon-committees}}</ref> Pilots of the new structures commenced in 1968 and in the same year the [[Department of Health and Social Security|Department of Health & Social Security]] decided to implement the new structure nationally, removing the title 'matron' from the NHS job title lexicon.<ref name="nhshistory" />
==== Hospital matrons in the media ====
Hospital matrons promoted nurses and nursing through the media of radio, newspapers and books e.g. [[Gwendoline Kirby]], matron of Great Ormond Street Hospital, London was a guest on [[Desert Island Discs|Desert island Discs]],<ref>"Desert Island Discs – Castaway : Gwendoline Kirby". ''[[BBC Online]]''. BBC. Retrieved 25/11/2023.</ref> Muriel Powell, matron of St George's Hospital London featured in the Star London newspaper in 1958 and spoke regularly on [[BBC]] radio and television programmes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Elizabeth |title=Muriel Powell Remembered: A Profile of Her Life |publisher=St Georges Nurses League |year=2000 |location=London |pages=84–94}}</ref>
The hospital matron was caricatured in the [[Ealing comedies|Ealing Comedy]] [[Carry On (franchise)|Carry on]] series in ''[[Carry On Nurse]]'' in 1959 and  ''[[Carry On Doctor]]'' in 1963 (and gentler portrayals in ''[[Carry On Again Doctor]]'' and ''[[Carry On Matron]]'') and played by [[Hattie Jacques]]. The matron usually had a very distinctive uniform, with a dark blue dress (although often of a slightly different colour from those worn by her direct subordinates, the [[nursing sister|sisters]]) and an elaborate headdress.
=== Matrons in schools late-nineteenth century until 1990s ===
Matrons also worked in boarding schools in the UK from the late-nineteenth century <ref>Rogers, Sarah (2022). 'A Maker of Matrons'? A study of Eva Lückes's influence on a generation of nurse leaders: 1880–1919' (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Huddersfield, April 2022)</ref> until the 1990s. They acted to same way with the students as they did with nurses with one exception, they had to assign chores to students by the Headteacher when they misbehaved as a punishment such as doing the laundry, cleaning brass work or cleaning the floor. The matron also checked that all students were dressed in the way the uniform policy stated as well as having them make their beds in the same way as hospital beds.
==Contemporary matrons==
In 2001 the [[British Government|UK Government]] announced the return of the matron to NHS hospitals in England, electing to call this new breed of nurses "modern matrons," in response to various [[Mass media|press]] complaints of dirty, ineffective hospitals with poorly disciplined staff.<ref name=BBC/>
They are not intended to have the same level of responsibility as the old matrons, as they often oversee just one department (therefore a hospital may have many matrons—one for [[surgery]], one for [[medicine]], one for [[geriatrics]], one for the emergency  department, etc.) but do have budgetary control regarding catering and cleaning contracts. In larger hospitals some will have a group of wards to manage.
Their managerial powers are more limited, and they spend most of their time on administrative work rather than having direct responsibility for patient care.<ref name="Doh">{{cite conference |last=Department of Health |title=Implementing the NHS plan: modern matrons: strengthening the role of ward sisters and introducing senior sisters |location=London |publisher=HMSO |year=2001 }}</ref>
Many areas of the UK now employ Community Matrons. The role of this staff group is predominantly clinical and these matrons have a caseload of patients for whom they are clinically responsible. Many of these patients have chronic health conditions such as COPD, Emphysema, and/or palliative conditions which result in multiple hospital admissions. It is the aim of this staff group to treat the patient within the community thereby limiting hospital admissions. This staff group are predominantly nurses, but there are other allied health professionals also in the role such as paramedics and occupational therapists.<!-- Cambridgeshire U.K. -->
The nursing branches of the [[British Armed Forces]] have never abandoned the term "Matron", and it is used for male as well as female officers, usually holding the rank of [[Major (rank)|major]] (or equivalent) or above. It was formerly used as an actual rank in the nursing services.
In [[South Africa]] and its former mandated territory [[South-West Africa]] (today's [[Namibia]]), Matron is the rank of the most senior nurse of a hospital.<ref name="Sasman">{{cite news |title=Kamboi Hulda Shipanga: Namibia's first black matron (1926 to 2010) |first=Catherine |last=Sasmann |newspaper=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]] |date=7 May 2010 |url=http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=10846 |access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>
==Other uses==
Long before women were commonly employed as fully sworn [[police]] officers, many police forces employed uniformed women with limited powers to search and attend to female prisoners and deal with matters specifically affecting women and children. These female officers were often known as "police matrons". [[Corrections officer|Officers]] in women's [[prison]]s sometimes also used the title of "matron"; sometimes the matron was a senior officer who supervised the other [[corrections officer|wardresses]].
Institutions such as [[children's home]]s and [[workhouse]]s were also run by matrons. The matron of a workhouse was very often the wife of the master and looked after the domestic affairs of the establishment. This was, in fact, the original meaning of the term. Its use in hospitals was borrowed from workhouses.
The term was also used in [[boarding school]]s (and is still used in some [[United Kingdom|British]] [[independent school (UK)|independent schools]]) for the woman in charge of domestic affairs in a [[boarding house]] or the school nurse. In the past, the matron was sometimes the wife of the [[housemaster]].
In [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], the female spouse of a [[temple president]] or his counselors is referred to as a ''temple matron''.
In New York City, movie theater matrons were employed beginning in 1936 to ensure that children would behave in theaters. They were licensed by the Department of Health until 1943, and the ordinance that required their hiring and selection was formally repealed by the city in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Buiso |first1=Gary |title=Curtains for movie-theater matrons |url=https://nypost.com/2013/11/10/curtains-for-movie-theater-matrons/ |website=New York Post |access-date=20 June 2021 |date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
{{Nursing|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Nursing in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Women in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Gendered occupations]]