View source for Mephisto (automaton)

{{Short description|Chess-playing "pseudo-automaton" built in 1876}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2008}}
'''Mephisto''' was the name given to a [[chess]]-playing "pseudo-automaton" built in 1876. Unlike [[Mechanical Turk|The Turk]] and [[Ajeeb]] it had no hidden operator, instead being remotely controlled by electromechanical means.<ref name="Harding" />
Constructed by Charles Godfrey Gumpel (c.1835 - 1921), an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] manufacturer of artificial limbs, it took some 6 or 7 years to build and was first shown in 1878 at Gumpel's home in [[Leicester Square]], London. Mephisto was mainly operated by chess master [[Isidor Gunsberg]].<ref name="Harding">{{cite book| title = Eminent Victorian Chess Players: Ten Biographies| isbn = 978-0-7864-6568-2| pages = 283–286| author = Tim Harding| author-link = Tim Harding (chess player) | publisher= McFarland & Company, Inc.| location = London| chapter  = Isidor Arthur Gunsberg | date = 12 April 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CygTBQAAQBAJ}}</ref>
==Description==
''Mephisto'' consisted of a life-size figure of an elegant devil, with one foot rendered as a cloven hoof, dressed in red velvet and seated in an armchair in front of an unenclosed, open-sided table.  This table set-up was provided to reassure the player that there were no compartments beneath the board where a man could be hidden (as in "The Turk").  In addition, the public was invited to inspect the contraption before each exhibition, with the intention of demonstrating that there was no player inside. The chessboard was noted as having had indentations on each square that held the bases of the chessmen to prevent them from moving unintentionally. The figure of Mephisto itself was bolted to the table at the chest to enable its arm full reach across the board.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Gumpel| first = Charles Godfrey | title = "Mephisto", the marvellous automaton, exhibited at the International Theatre, Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1889 | publisher = T. Pettitt & Co. | year = 1889 | page = 46 }}</ref>
==History==
It was the first automaton to win a Chess tournament when it was entered in the [[Counties Chess Association]] in [[London]] in 1878 and at one time had its own chess club. In 1879 Mephisto, with Gunsberg, went on tour, defeating every male player. When playing ladies, however, Mephisto would first obtain a winning position before losing the game then courteously offer to shake their hand afterwards.
When Mephisto was shown at the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|Paris Exposition of 1889]] it was operated by [[Jean Taubenhaus]]. After 1889 it was dismantled and its subsequent whereabouts are unknown.
''[[Mephisto (chess computer)|Mephisto]]'' was later used as the name of a top-line dedicated [[chess computer]] which won the [[World Microcomputer Chess Championship]] in the years 1985-1990. The name is now used by the consumer electronics company [[Saitek]] on its line of standalone [[chess computer]]s.
==See also==
* [[Mechanical Turk|The Turk]] hoax of 1769 to 1854, destroyed in fire
* [[Ajeeb]] hoax of 1868 to 1929, destroyed in fire
* [[El Ajedrecista]] of 1912, a electromechanical machine with true integrated automation, that is extant
==Notes==
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==References==
*{{cite book | last = Sunnucks | first = Anne | title = The Encyclopaedia of Chess | publisher = Hale | year = 1976 | location = London | isbn = 0-7091-4697-3 | page = 314}}
[[Category:Chess automatons]]
[[Category:1876 in chess]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in science]]
[[Category:19th-century hoaxes]]
[[Category:19th-century robots]]