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{{About|the metropolis established in the Tsardom of Moscow in 1448|other metropolises with similar names|Metropolis of Kiev (disambiguation){{!}}Metropolis of Kiev}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2024}}
The '''Metropolis of Moscow and all Rus{{'}}''' ({{langx|ru|Митрополия Московская и всея Руси|Mitropoliya Moskovskaya i vseya Rusi}}{{sfn|Gorokhov|Khristov|2013|p=124}}) was a [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolis]] that was unilaterally erected by [[hierarch]]s of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in the territory of the [[Principality of Moscow]]{{efn|The Principality (or Grand Duchy) of Moscow was a predecessor state of current state called the [[Russian Federation]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/russiapeopleempi00hosk/page/46 Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917] by [[Geoffrey Hosking]], [[Harvard University Press]], 1998, {{ISBN|0674781198}}, page 46.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HGam0Yj2vwYC&dq=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Moscow%22+Russia&pg=PA10 Russia and The Commonwealth of Independent States 2012] by M. Wesley Shoemaker, Stryker Post, 2012, {{ISBN|1610488938}}, page 10.</ref>}} in 1448.{{sfn|Gorokhov|Khristov|2013|p=124}} The first [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] was [[Jonah of Moscow]]; he was appointed without the approval of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]].<ref name="E. Golubinskii, 1900 p. 469">E. E. Golubinskii, ''Istoriia russkoi tserkvi'' (Moscow: Universitetskaia tipografiia, 1900), vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 469.</ref> The metropolis split from the [[Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus']] because the previous metropolitan — [[Isidore of Kiev]] — had accepted the [[Council of Florence|Union of Florence]]. Seventeen [[prelate]]s succeeded Jonah until Moscow's [[Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church|canonical]] status was regularised in 1589 with the recognition of [[Patriarch Job of Moscow|Job]] by the Ecumenical Patriarch. Job was also raised to the status of [[Patriarchate|patriarch]] and was the first [[Patriarch of Moscow]].
The Moscow Patriarchate was a [[Caesaropapism|Caesaropapist]] entity that was under the control of the Russian state.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Bainton
| first = Roland H.
| title = Christendom: A Short History of Christianity
| publisher = Harper & Row
| year = 1966
| location = New York
| pages = 119
| volume = I
}}</ref> The [[Cathedral|episcopal seat]] was the [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral]] in [[Moscow]].
==Background==
[[File:Vasil2b.gif|thumb|right|Grand Prince Vasily II]]
[[File:Isidore of Kiev.jpg|thumb|right|Isidore of Kiev]]
An [[Ecumenical council]] of the Church — the [[Council of Florence]] — took place from 1431 to 1449.<ref name="Valois">Valois, 1911, pg463</ref> Although he resisted at first, the [[Grand Prince of Moscow]] — [[Vasily II of Moscow]] — eventually permitted the [[Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'|Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus']] —  [[Isidore of Kiev]] — to attend the council on condition that Isidore should return with "the rights of Divine law and the constitution of the holy Church" uninjured.<ref>Joseph Gill, Personalities of the Council of Florence, pg68</ref> The council healed the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] by [[Church union#The Uniates and the Edinoverie|uniting]] the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and Eastern Orthodox churches. The union was proclaimed on 6 July 1439 in the document ''[[Bull of Union with the Greeks|Laetentur Caeli]]'' <ref name="Eugenius">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/eugenius-iv/la/documents/bulla-laetentur-caeli-6-iulii-1439.html|title=Bulla Laetentur caeli (6 Iul. 1439), de unione Graecorum|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>{{efn|Sometimes also spelled as ''Laetentur Coeli, Laetantur Caeli, Lætentur Cæli, Lætentur Cœli'', or ''Lætantur Cæli'', and occasionally referred to as the ''Act of Union'' or "Decree of Union".}} which was composed by [[Pope Eugene IV]] and signed by the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] and all but one of the bishops present.<ref name="Valois">Valois, 1911, pg463</ref> Some Greek bishops, perhaps feeling political pressure from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Emperor]], reluctantly accepted the decrees of the council. Other Eastern bishops, such as Isidore, did so with sincere conviction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/12517867|title=COUNCIL OF FLORENCE: THE UNREALIZED UNION|first=Sergey|last=Dezhnyuk|access-date=27 December 2022|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref> [[Sylvester Syropoulos]]<ref name=Lootens>Matthew R. Lootens, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2213-2139_emc_SIM_02316 "Silvestros Syropoulos"], in Graeme Dunphy and Cristian Bratu (eds.), ''Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle'' (published online 2016), accessed 21 September 2017.</ref> and other Greek writers charge Isidore with perjury because he accepted the union, despite his promise to Vasili II.<ref name="florida">{{cite web |title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of December 18, 1439 |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1439.htm#kiev |website=cardinals.fiu.edu |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>
Following the signing of the [[Papal bull|bull]], Isidore returned to the [[Principality of Moscow]]. In the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin's]] [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral]], Isidore read the decree of unification aloud. He also passed a message to Vasili II from the [[Holy See]], containing a request to assist the metropolitan in spreading the Union in Rus'. Three days later, Isidore was arrested by the Grand Prince and imprisoned in the [[Chudov Monastery]]. He arranged for certain Rus' clergy to denounce the metropolitan for refusing to renounce the union with Rome. As a result, the Great Prince of Moscow voided the union in his lands and imprisoned Isidore for some time.<ref name="florida"/> Having adjudged Isidore to have apostatized to [[Catholicism]], he was deposed by a local synod.<ref>[http://www.pravenc.ru/text/578250.html ИОНА] // [[Orthodox Encyclopedia]]</ref>
==Establishment==
[[File:Jonah Metropolitan.jpg|thumb|right|Jonah of Moscow]]
{{Main|15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism}}
After the metropolitan throne lay vacant for seven years, the secular authorities replaced him with the Bishop of Ryazan and Murom — [[Jonah of Moscow]]. Like his [[List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow|immediate predecessors]], he permanently resided in [[Moscow]], and was the last Moscow-based primate of the metropolis to keep the traditional title with reference to the metropolitan city of [[Kyiv|Kiev]]. He was also the first metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without the approval of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] as had been the norm.<ref name="E. Golubinskii, 1900 p. 469"/> This signified the beginning of the ''[[de facto]]'' independence ([[autocephaly]]) of the Moscow (north-eastern) part of the Church.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
The struggle for [[Ecumenism|ecumenical]] union at Ferrara and Florence, while promising, never bore fruit. While progress toward union in the East continued to be made in the following decades, all hopes for a proximate reconciliation were dashed with the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453. Following their conquest, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] encouraged hardline anti-unionist Orthodox clerics in order to divide European Christians.<ref name="veconomist">{{cite news|title=Lessons for Theresa May and the EU from 15th-century Florence|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2017/09/europe-s-religious-history|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=24 September 2017}}</ref> Afterwards, the Muscovite principality and metropolis began to promote Moscow as the "[[Moscow, third Rome|Third Rome]]" and as the sole, legitimate successor to Constantinople.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
Notwithstanding these events, the Ecumenical Patriarch continued to appoint metropolitans for the united Catholic and Eastern Orthodox ("[[Eastern Catholic Churches#Uniate|Uniate]]") dioceses in those [[Ruthenia]]n lands that were not controlled by the Tsardom of Moscow.<ref name="slocombe">Slocombe, G. ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NVlpAAAAMAAJ/page/n93 <!-- quote=Ruthenian Orthodox church Lithuania. --> Poland]''. T. C. & E. C. Jack. 1916</ref><ref name="frick">FRICK, D.A. ''[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/212377 Meletij Smotryc'kyj and the Ruthenian Question in the Early Seventeenth Century]''. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1984</ref><ref>Frost, R.I. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt7nCwAAQBAJ&dq=Ruthenian+Orthodox+church+Lithuania&pg=PA312 The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569]''. Oxford University Press, 2015</ref> In the Polish and Lithuanian lands, the next uniate hierarch<ref name=slocombe/><ref name=frick/> was [[Gregory the Bulgarian]]. He was consecrated by a [[Latin Patriarch of Constantinople]]. In 1469, his appointment was also approved by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople — [[Dionysius I of Constantinople|Dionysius I]]. The episcopal see of the new hierarch was located in [[Vilnius]], the capital of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. With the appointment of Gregory, the title was changed to [[Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1441 - 1596)|Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus']].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
==Ecclesiastical structure==
[[File:Lithuanian state in 13-15th centuries.png|thumb|right|Lithuanian state in 13-15th centuries]]
Jonah was unable to exercise any pastoral control beyond the borders of Muscovy. In the lands of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and the [[History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty|Kingdom of Poland]], the rulers rejected Jonah and continued to recognise Isidore as metropolitan. The metropolis was effectively split in two; Jonah ruled from Moscow in the east while Isidore and his successors ruled the western part from [[Novogrudok]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
Dioceses:{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* [[Urban Diocese of Moscow]]
* [[Diocese of Novgorod]]
* [[Diocese of Rostov]]
* [[Diocese of Yaroslavl]]
* [[Russian Orthodox Diocese of Smolensk|Diocese of Smolensk]]
* [[Diocese of Kazan]]
* [[Diocese of Saratov]]
* [[Diocese of Tver]]
* [[Russian Orthodox Eparchy of Vladimir|Diocese of Vladimir]]
==Changes and reforms==
[[File:PhilipandNikon.jpg|thumb|''[[Tsar Alexis]] praying before the relics of [[Metropolitan Philip]]'']]
The reign of [[Ivan III]] and his successor was plagued by numerous heresies and controversies. One party, led by [[Nil Sorsky]] and [[Vassian Kosoy]], called for secularisation of monastic properties. They were opposed by [[Joseph of Volotsk]], who defended ecclesiastical ownership of land and property. The sovereign's position fluctuated, but eventually he gave his support to Joseph. New sects sprang up, some of which showed a tendency to revert to the [[613 Commandments|Mosaic law]]: for instance, the [[archpriest]] [[Aleksei (Russian convert to Judaism)|Aleksei]] was influenced by [[Sect of Skhariya the Jew|Zechariah the Jew]] and converted to [[Judaism]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
Monastic life flourished, with two major strands co-existing until the definitive defeat of the [[non-possessors]] in 1551. The disciples of [[Sergey of Radonezh|St. Sergius]] left the [[Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra|Trinity monastery]] near Moscow to found dozens of monasteries across northeastern Rus'. Some of the most famous monasteries were located in the Russian North, in order to demonstrate how faith could flourish in the most inhospitable lands. The richest landowners in 15th-century Muscovy and 16th-century Russia included [[Joseph Volokolamsk Monastery]], [[Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery]] and the [[Solovetsky Monastery]]. In the 18th century, the three greatest monasteries were recognized as [[lavra]]s, while those subordinated directly to the Synod were labelled [[stauropegic]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
In the 1540s, [[Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow|Metropolitan Macarius]] convened a number of church councils, which culminated in the [[Stoglavi Sobor|Hundred Chapter Council]] of 1551. This assembly unified Church ceremonies and duties in the whole territory of the Russian tsardom. At the demand of the Church hierarchy the government cancelled the tsar's jurisdiction over ecclesiastics.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
==Disestablishment==
[[File:Patriarch Job of Moscow.jpg|thumb|right|Job of Moscow]]
When traveling across eastern Europe from 1588 to 1589, Patriarch [[Jeremias II of Constantinople]] visited Moscow. He confirmed the ''[[de facto]]'' [[autocephaly]] of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Tsardom of Russia. For the first time since 1448, an Ecumenical Patriarch consecrated a metropolitan in Rus' lands — [[Patriarch Job of Moscow|Job of Moscow]]. At the same time, in raising the metropolis to a [[patriarchate]] — as the '[[Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'|Patriarchate of Moscow and all Rus']] — he effectively disestablished the metropolis. The Patriarchate was abolished by the [[Church reform of Peter the Great]] in 1721 and replaced by the [[Most Holy Synod]], and the Bishop of Moscow came to be called a Metropolitan again.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=B}}
{{notelist}}
{{Clear}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=Gorokhov |first1=S. A. |last2=Khristov |first2=T. T. |title=Религии народов мира. Учебное пособие |trans-title=Religions of the World's Peoples: Study Guide |publisher=Издательство "Проспект" |year=2013 |pages=584 |isbn=978-5-392-13917-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_pSAgAAQBAJ |language=ru |access-date=24 October 2024}}
{{Development of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' in the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople}}
[[Category:Metropolis of Moscow and all Russia]]
[[Category:Metropolises|Moscow]]
[[Category:History of Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia]]
[[Category:1448 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:1589 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Disestablishments in Russia]]