View source for Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia

{{Short description|Local law enforcement agency of Washington, D.C., United States}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname        = Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
| nativename        =
| nativenamea       =
| nativenamer       =
| commonname        = Metropolitan Police Department
| abbreviation      = MPD or MPDC
| fictional         =
| patch             = Patch of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.svg
| patchcaption      = Patch of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
| logo              = Seal of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.png
| logocaption       = Seal of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
| badge             = Badge of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.png
| badgecaption      = Badge of the Metropolitan Police Department {{small|}}
| flag              = Flag of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.svg{{!}}border
| flagcaption       = [[Flag of the District of Columbia|Flag]] of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
| motto             = "Excellence Is Transferable"<ref>[https://go.mpdconline.com/GO/EO_17_022.pdf Special Order 17-022: MPD Email Requirements] (effective date July 12, 2017).</ref><ref>[https://mpdc.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/mpdc/release_content/attachments/TESTIMONY_Performance%20Hearing_030217.pdf Testimony of Peter Newsham, Acting Chief of Police], Performance Oversight Hearing on the Metropolitan Police Department, Committee on the Judiciary & Public Safety, [[Council of the District of Columbia]] (March 2, 2016).</ref><ref>https://mpdc.dc.gov/release/mpd-and-dc-police-foundation-hosting-%E2%80%9Cshop-cop%E2%80%9D-event-dc-walmart-0 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
| mission           =
| formed            = {{Start date and age|1861|8|6|mf=y}}
| preceding1        = Washington City police (daytime)
Auxiliary Guard (nighttime)
| preceding2        =
| dissolved         =
| superseding       =
| employees         = 4,100 (June 2022)
| volunteers        =
| budget            = $544 million (2021)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Carl |last2=Baranauckas |first2=Carla |title=Here's how much money goes to police departments in largest cities across the U.S. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/06/26/how-much-money-goes-to-police-departments-in-americas-largest-cities/112004904/ |work=[[USA Today]] |date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714185818/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/06/26/how-much-money-goes-to-police-departments-in-americas-largest-cities/112004904/ |archive-date=July 14, 2020}}</ref>
| nongovernment     =
| country           = United States
| national          =
| federal           =
| international     =
| divtype           =
| divname           =
| divdab            =
| subdivtype        =
| subdivname        =
| subdivdab         =
| map               = Washington, D.C. locator map.svg
| mapcaption        =
| sizearea          =
| sizepopulation    = 671,803 (2022)
| legaljuris        = District of Columbia
| governingbody     =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1     =
| police            = yes
| local             = yes
| military          =
| religious         =
| restriction       =
| overviewtype      =
| overviewbody      =
| headquarters      = [[Henry Daly Building|Henry J. Daly Building]]<br /> 300 Indiana Avenue NW
| hqlocmap          =
| hqlocleft         =
| hqloctop          =
| hqlocmappoptitle  =
| sworntype         = Sworn police officers
| sworn             = 3,501 police officers
| sworn2            =
| unsworntype       = Professional staff
| unsworn           = 609 civilian personnel
| electeetype       = Command Staff
| minister1name     = [[Pamela A. Smith]]
| minister1pfo      = [[Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia|Chief of Police]]
| minister2name     = Jeffery Carroll
| minister2pfo      = Executive Assistant Chief of Police
| minister3name     = Leeann Turner
| minister3pfo      = Chief Operating Officer
| minister4name     = Marvin Haiman
| minister4pfo      = Chief of Staff
| minister5name     = Darnel Robinson
| minister5pfo      = Assistant Chief—Patrol Services North
| minister6name     = Ramey Kyle
| minister6pfo      = Assistant Chief—Patrol Services South
| chief1name        = Carlos Heraud
| chief1position    = Assistant Chief—Investigative Services Bureau
| chief2name        = Leslie Parsons
| chief2position    = Assistant Chief—Homeland Security Bureau
| chief3name        = Tasha Bryant
| chief3position    = Assistant Chief—Internal Affairs Bureau
| chief4name        = Stuart Emerman
| chief4position    = Assistant Chief—Technical and Analytical Services Bureau
| chief5name        = Michael Coligan
| chief5position    = Assistant Chief—Professional Development Bureau
| chief6name        = Andre Wright
| chief6position    = Assistant Chief—Youth and Family Engagement Bureau<ref name="MPD: Biographies">{{cite web |title=MPD: Biographies |url=https://mpdc.dc.gov/page/mpd-biographies |publisher=Metropolitan Police Department |access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref>
| parentagency      =
| child1agency      =
| unittype          = Division
| unitname          = {{collapsible list |title=9 | Special Operations | Youth and Family Services | Criminal Investigations | Narcotics and Special Investigations | Intelligence | Internal Affairs}}
| officetype        = Bureau
| officename        = {{collapsible list |title=8 | Patrol Services North | Patrol Services South | Homeland Security | Professional Development | Investigative Services | Internal Affairs | Technical and Analytical Services | Youth and Family Engagement}}
| provideragency    =
| uniformedas       =
| stationtype       = District
| stations          = {{collapsible list |title=7 | {{url|http://mpdc.dc.gov/node/158292|First District}} |{{url|http://mpdc.dc.gov/page/welcome-second-district|Second District}} | {{url|http://mpdc.dc.gov/page/welcome-third-district|Third District}} | {{url|http://mpdc.dc.gov/page/welcome-fourth-district|Fourth District}} | {{url|http://mpdc.dc.gov/page/welcome-fifth-district|Fifth District}} | {{url|http://mpdc.dc.gov/page/welcome-sixth-district|Sixth District}} | {{url|http://mpdc.dc.gov/page/welcome-seventh-district|Seventh District}} |}}
| airbases          =
| lockuptype        =
| lockups           =
| vehicle1type      =
| vehicles1         =
| boat1type         = Police boat
| boats1            = 2
| aircraft1type     = Helicopter
| aircraft1         = 2
| aircraft2type     =
| aircraft2         =
| animal1type       =
| animals1          =
| animal2type       = Dog
| animals2          = 1 [[Bloodhound]]<br />31 [[German Shepherd]]s
| person1name       =
| person1reason     =
| person1type       =
| programme1        =
| activity1name     =
| activitytype      =
| anniversary1      =
| award1            =
| website           = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes         =
}}
The '''Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia''' ('''MPDC'''), more commonly known locally as the '''Metropolitan Police Department''' ('''MPD'''), and, colloquially, '''DC Police''', is the primary [[law enforcement agency]] for the [[District of Columbia]], in the [[United States]]. With approximately 3,400 officers<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 23, 2021|title=Southeast DC shooting is the 200th homicide of the year|url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/crime/dc-hits-200-homicides-for-the-year-in-2021/65-6ab5e6df-86de-48e2-997b-cc7d214d7fe5|access-date=2021-11-30| publisher=WUSA 9|language=en-US}}</ref> and 600 civilian staff, it is the sixth-largest municipal police department in the United States. The department serves an area of {{convert|68|sqmi|km2}} and a population of over 700,000 people. Established on August 6, 1861, the MPD is one of the oldest police departments in the United States. The MPD headquarters is at the [[Henry Daly Building|Henry J. Daly Building]], located on Indiana Avenue in Judiciary Square across the street from the [[District of Columbia Court of Appeals]] and the [[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]]. The department's mission is to "safeguard the District of Columbia and protect its residents and visitors with the highest regard for the sanctity of human life".<ref name="MPDCmissionstatement">{{cite web |url=https://mpdc.dc.gov/page/mpdc-mission-and-value-statement |title=MPDC Mission Statement |publisher=MPDC |website=mpdc.dc.gov |access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref> The MPD's regulations are compiled in title 5, chapter 1 of the District of Columbia Code.
The MPD has a broad array of specialized services, including the Emergency Response Team, K9, harbor patrol, air support, explosive ordnance division, homeland security, criminal intelligence, narcotics, and the gun recovery unit. The MPD also operates the Command Information Center (CIC) which monitors hundreds of cameras across the city, license plate readers, [[Gunfire locator|ShotSpotter]], and many other intelligence and surveillance devices.<ref name="2017Report" />
The MPD has a unique role in that it serves as a local police department, with county, state and federal responsibilities, and is under a municipal government but operates under federal authority. They are responsible for operating the district's [[Sex offender registries in the United States|sex offender registry]], approving all applications for motorcades, protests, demonstrations and other public events, and maintaining the district's firearm registry.<ref name="MPDCservices">{{cite web |url=http://mpdc.dc.gov/services |title=MPDC Services |publisher=MPDC |access-date=2014-02-10}}</ref>
== Duties ==
While the MPD is the primary law enforcement agency in the city, it shares its jurisdiction with the [[Metro Transit Police Department|Transit Police]], responsible for policing the [[Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority]] [[Washington Metro|Metrorail]] and [[Metrobus (Washington, D.C.)|Metrobus]] systems; the [[United States Park Police]], which provides law enforcement for the [[National Mall]] and all other [[National Park Service]] properties; the [[United States Marshals Service]], which acts as the city's sheriff; and many other federal agencies. However, the MPD ultimately remains the primary agency in the city and has the authority to investigate all crimes in the city regardless of the location it took place.
Under the [[District of Columbia Home Rule Act]], whenever the [[President of the United States]] determines that special conditions of an emergency nature exist which require the use of the Metropolitan Police for federal purposes, the president may direct the mayor to provide, and the mayor shall provide, such services of the Metropolitan Police force for up to 48 hours. During longer periods of time, the president must provide to Congress in writing his or her reasons for continuing control of the MPD. This control can be extended at any time beyond 30 days if either the emergency continues or if Congress passes a law ordering it. During this nature of emergency, the MPD is considered a federal law enforcement agency.<ref name="HomeRuleMPD">{{cite web|url=http://www.abfa.com/ogc/tit7.htm#740 |title=District of Columbia Home Rule Act: Emergency Control of Police |publisher=ABF Associates |access-date=2014-02-10}}</ref>
==History==
===19th century===
As the [[American Civil War]] raged on, U.S. president [[Abraham Lincoln]] took a personal interest in the formation of a regular police force for the U.S. capital. Washington had quickly filled with soldiers, government employees, and citizens hoping to cash in on the war. The crowds, crime, and the constant threat of enemy spies, had made the capital into a rowdy city barely under control. After the formation of the Metropolitan Police and its governing Board of Commissioners by [[Act of Congress]], signed into law by Lincoln on August 6, 1861, Lincoln dispatched a member of the board to study the [[New York City Police Department]] and its structure.<ref name="HistoryBrief">{{cite web|author=MPDC |url=http://mpdc.dc.gov/page/cooperative-agreements |title=Cooperative Agreements |publisher=mpdc.dc.gov |access-date=2014-03-16}}</ref>
The Metropolitan Police replaced previous law enforcement organizations. Before the formation of the district [[Organic Act of 1801|in 1801]], county constables had jurisdiction over the area, along with the comparatively developed police force for the [[Alexandria, Virginia|City of Alexandria]]. Within the City of Washington, the first police superintendent was named in 1803, and the city divided into four policing wards, each under a constable, in 1804.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sylvester |first1=Richard |title=District of Columbia Police: A Retrospect of the Police Organizations of the Cities of Washington and Georgetown and the District of Columbia, with Biographical Sketches ... and Historic Cases. Pub. for the Benefit of the Policemen's Fund |date=1 January 1894 |publisher=Gibson Bros. printers |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMlBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23 |access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> Yet another force, the 16-member Auxiliary Guard of the City of Washington, was established by Act of Congress in August 1842,<ref>{{cite web |title=An act to establish an auxiliary watch for the protection.... |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/rbpe.19702600/ |website=Library of Congress |publisher=US Gov't |access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> purportedly because President [[John Tyler]] had been [[burned in effigy]], and had rocks thrown at him on the White House grounds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Report of the White House Security Review |url=https://fas.org/irp/agency/ustreas/usss/t1pubrpt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011129024539/https://fas.org/irp/agency/ustreas/usss/t1pubrpt.html |archive-date=29 November 2001 |website=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=21 April 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The formation of the Metropolitan Police dissolved all these previous authorities. (The [[District of Columbia National Guard|Militia of the District of Columbia]] was created in the Assumption Act of May 3, 1802,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Acts of Congress, in Relation to the District of Columbia |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:United_States_Statutes_at_Large_Volume_2.djvu/231 |publisher=U.S. Government |access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref> active as peacekeepers within the district but tasked with defending the federal government, and commanded directly by the president as a military force, not law enforcement.)<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://dc.ng.mil/About-Us/Heritage/History/ |website=District of Columbia National Guard |access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Old MPDC badge.png|thumb|left|One of the earliest MPD badges. Today's badge has changed little from the original.]]
The Metropolitan Police Board unanimously chose one of its members, [[William Benning Webb]], who was commissioned as a major in the army, to serve as the first chief of police, the formal title being "Major and Superintendent".<ref name="WilliamWebb">{{cite web|author=MPDC |url=http://mpdc.dc.gov/node/138442 |title=William B. Webb |publisher=mpdc.dc.gov |access-date=2014-02-10}}</ref> The Police Board initially divided the district into 10 precincts. The First Precinct constituted the portion of Washington County east of the [[Anacostia River]], while the Second Precinct included the county territory north of Washington City and between the Anacostia and [[Rock Creek (Potomac River)|Rock Creek]]. The Third Precinct comprised the remainder of Washington County west of Rock Creek, including Georgetown and the island of Analostan in the [[Potomac River]]. The Fourth through Tenth precincts corresponded respectively with the First through Seventh wards of Washington City.<ref name="archivesMPDC18611930">{{cite web|author=John P. Deeben |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/spring/metro-police.html |title=To Protect and to Serve: The Records of the D.C. Metropolitan Police, 1861–1930 |publisher=National Archives |date=Spring 2008 |access-date=2014-01-30}}</ref> Beginning immediately, Superintendent Webb worked to organize the department which had an authorized strength of ten sergeants and as many patrolmen as needed, though not to exceed 150. The majority of the new department was hired by September, with the superintendent of police salaried annually at $1,500, sergeants received $600, and patrolmen were paid $480. The officers worked 12-hour shifts, seven days a week with no holidays or vacation time. At first officers were issued no uniform or badges and had to purchase their own firearms. The [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] building was chosen as the back drop of the MPD badge a month later and today's badge has changed little from the original. The first arrest by an MPD officer was for public intoxication.<ref name="HistoryBrief" />
At the urging of [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia]] [[Ward Lamon]] and [[United States Secretary of War]] [[Edwin M. Stanton]], President Lincoln agreed in November 1864 to have bodyguards, although he felt that the president of the United States should not have found it necessary to have guards at all. Superintendent Webb had four MPD officers assigned the task of guarding the [[White House]] grounds and accompanying the president on his walks through the city. However, Lincoln did not want this fact made public, and the officer's orders were not made official, and they wore plainclothes with their revolvers concealed. One of the officers, [[William H. Crook]], the most well known of Lincoln's original guards, would go on to serve under five other administrations and wrote down his recollections in a book, ''Through Five Administrations''. He became close to Lincoln and accompanied him to [[Richmond, Virginia]], at Lincoln's request after the city was captured. Two officers would begin their shift at 8 a.m. until 4 p.m. They were then relieved by an officer who stay until midnight and was then himself relieved at 8 the next morning.<ref name=Crook>{{cite book|last=Crook|first=William H.|title=Through Five Administrations|url=https://archive.org/details/throughfiveadmin06croo|year=1910|publisher=Harper and Brothers|location=New York}}</ref>
In December 1864, A. C. Richards became Major and Superintendent, a post he would hold through the next 14 years.<ref name="ACRichards">{{cite web |author=MPDC |url=http://mpdc.dc.gov/node/138422 |title=A. C. Richards |publisher=mpdc.dc.gov |access-date=2014-02-10 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018061254/https://mpdc.dc.gov/node/138422 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Richards was present at [[Ford's Theatre|Ford's Theater]] the night the Lincoln was [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|assassinated]] by [[John Wilkes Booth]]. In one of the lowest points of the MPD's history, the police officer who was to guard Lincoln that night, [[John Frederick Parker]], had left his post at the door to Lincoln's box, presumably to get a drink at the bar across the street. Officer Crook, who had been on duty that day and had been relieved by Parker who was several hours late for his shift, would place blame in his book on Parker for Lincoln's death.<ref name=Crook />
After Booth had fled the theater, Major Richards began organizing the activities for investigation until it was taken over by Secretary Stanton. In the hours immediately after the assassination, MPD officers enforced closures of all places of entertainment and helped seal off the city. They patrolled the streets on horses alongside members of the Military Provost. That night on April 14, 1865, an MPD detective entered into the daily blotter: ''At this hour the melancholy intelligence of the assassination of Mr. Lincoln President of the U.S. at Fords Theatre was brought to this office and the information obtained ... goes to show that the assassin is a man named J. Wilks Boothe.'' It remains the most famous entry in the MPD's records. A tip provided to MPD detectives indicated that the [[Mary E. Surratt Boarding House]] at 614 H Street was linked to the assassination. The tip would lead to the eventual trial and execution of Booth's conspirators.<ref name="archivesMPDC18611930" />
In 1871, the first MPD officer was killed in the line of duty. On Friday, December 29, 1871, Officer Francis M. Doyle and several other officers attempted to gain entry to the house of a thief to recover stolen property. When they forced the door, the wife of the suspected thief fired at them, striking Doyle in the chest and killing him instantly. Although the wife was arrested and tried for the murder, she was acquitted. Officer Doyle was a veteran of the Civil War, having served in the US Navy, and had been with the MPD for five years. He was 38 years old at the time of his death and was survived by his wife and three children. He was buried in the [[Congressional Cemetery]].<ref name="FrancisMDoyle">{{cite web|author=ODMP |url=http://www.odmp.org/officer/4277-officer-francis-m-doyle |title=Officer Francis M. Doyle |publisher=Officer Down Memorial Page |access-date=2014-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Peck | first=Garrett | title=Walt Whitman in Washington, D.C.: The Civil War and America's Great Poet | year=2015 | publisher=The History Press | location=Charleston, SC | isbn=978-1626199736 | pages=153–154}}</ref>
The MPD is only police department that has arrested a sitting U.S. president. During his presidency, [[Ulysses S. Grant]] was known to speed in his horse and buggy on Washington's streets. The MPD had issued him three different citations for this offense. On the fourth occasion, Grant was arrested on M Street for racing, and his horse and buggy were confiscated. When brought to the station however, the officers became unsure if a sitting president could be formally charged if he had not been impeached. Grant was allowed to pay a fine but had to walk back to the White House.<ref name="ArrestingGrant">{{cite web|author=Mark Segraves |url=http://www.wtop.com/41/3067836/DC-police-once-arrested-a-US-president-for-speeding |title=D.C. police once arrested a U.S. president for speeding |publisher=National Archives |date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=2014-02-09}}</ref> In 1878, Congress abolished the Metropolitan Police Board, and its duties were taken over by the newly formed DC Board of Commissioners, established by Congress to govern the entire district. That year as well, Thomas P. Morgan was named to replace Richards, who had resigned, as Major and Superintendent.<ref name="ThomasPMorgan">{{cite web|author=MPDC |url=http://mpdc.dc.gov/node/138432 |title=Thomas P. Morgan |publisher=mpdc.dc.gov |access-date=2014-02-10}}</ref> Although a police fund had been established during the MPD's first year to assist those officers injured in the line of duty,<ref name=DCPoliceRetrospect1894>{{cite book|author=Richard Sylvester|title=District of Columbia Police: A Retrospect of the Police Organizations of the Cities of Washington and Georgetown and the District of Columbia, with Biographical Sketches ... and Historic Cases. Pub. for the Benefit of the Policemen's Fund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMlBAAAAYAAJ|year=1894|publisher=Gibson Bros., printers}}</ref> Morgan would add to this by establishing a retirement fund for older officers who could no longer perform their duties.<ref name="ThomasPMorgan" />
On July 2, 1881, the MPD took part in investigating the [[Assassination of James A. Garfield|assassination]] of President [[James A. Garfield]]. The assassin, [[Charles J. Guiteau]], approached Garfield at the [[Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station]] and fired his weapon twice, hitting Garfield. Although Garfield had no bodyguards, MPD Officer Patrick Kearney had been nearby and arrested Guiteau before he could leave the station. Kearney took Guiteau a few blocks away to the station to be booked where the small pistol that Guiteau had used was discovered inside his jacket pocket. The officials at the station at first refused to believe Kearney's claims that Guiteau had shot the president.<ref name=DCPoliceRetrospect1894 /> The detective blotter would note the shooting, investigation, and arrest as well as Garfield's death several weeks later.<ref name="archivesMPDC18611930" />
===20th century===
[[File:Woman's Bureau of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (1919).png|thumb|left|Woman's Bureau (1919)]]
In the summer of 1918, Major and Superintendent Raymond W. Pulliam established the Women's Bureau, originally directed by Marion O. Spingarn. The Women's Bureau was created to deal with issues involving juveniles, specifically girls, such as delinquency, investigating casework on juveniles, preventive welfare work to curb criminality in juveniles, and the supervision of movie theatres, dance halls, and similar places. Most of the officers in the Bureau in 1920 were trained as school teachers, nurses, or social workers, and included one lawyer. On October 7, 1918, [[Mina Van Winkle]] was appointed a police officer in the Women's Bureau. She was known to be extremely outspoken and was an ardent supporter of protection for girls and other women during the law enforcement and judicial process. In January 1919 Van Winkle became director of the Women's Bureau, a post she held until her death in 1932.<ref name=report>{{cite book|first=Raymond W.|last=Pullman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2S4rAAAAYAAJ&q=hoover+food+administration+van+winkle&pg=PA11|title=Annual Report of the Major & Superintendent of the Metropolitan Police|pages=10–11, 76–81|year=1919}}</ref>
Also in 1919, the MPD established a "School of Instruction" on the third floor of the 7th Precinct. This was the early forerunner to the Training Bureau and today's Metropolitan Police Academy. A group of 22 officers took a 30-day course in the fundamental duties of police officers, the law of arrest, and court procedures. By 1930, an official training school was established. The school expanded the original course work to a three-month period, and brought in outside experts from various fields to instruct.<ref name="HistoryBrief" />
During [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], the MPD remained active dealing with the organized crime that resulted in DC. During that thirteen-year period, almost 25 officers were killed in the line of duty, mostly due to gunfire and accidents while pursuing [[Rum-running|rum-runners]].<ref name=ODMP-MPDlist>{{cite web|url=https://www.odmp.org/agency/2463-metropolitan-police-department-district-of-columbia |title=Metropolitan Police Department, District of Columbia|access-date=2014-08-03 |publisher=[[The Officer Down Memorial Page]]}}</ref>
[[File:Bonus marchers 05510 2004 001 a.gif|thumb|MPD officers confront the Bonus Army]]
During the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], over 17,000 veterans of the [[First World War]] marched on Washington to demand payment for their service. Known as the [[Bonus Army]], they set up camp in a [[Hooverville]] in [[Anacostia Park]]. The marchers remained at their campsite waiting for President [[Herbert Hoover]] to take action after Congress rejected a bill to pay the veterans. On July 28, 1932, Attorney General [[William D. Mitchell]] ordered the Metropolitan Police to remove the Bonus Army veterans from their camp. When the veterans moved back into it, they rushed two officers trapped on the second floor of a structure. The cornered officers drew their revolvers and shot two veterans, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, who died later.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/08/02/archives/veteran-dies-of-wounds-eric-carison-is-second-victim-of-thursdays.html|title=Veteran dies of wounds|date=August 2, 1932|access-date=August 30, 2011}}</ref> In the aftermath of the shooting, President Hoover ordered the military, under General [[Douglas MacArthur]], to disperse the Bonus Army. Fifty-five veterans were injured and 135 arrested.<ref name=timebattle>{{cite magazine|magazine=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744107,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025065911/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744107,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 25, 2008|title=Heroes: Battle of Washington|date=August 8, 1932|access-date=August 30, 2011|quote=Last week William Hushka's Bonus for $528 suddenly became payable in full when a police bullet drilled him dead in the worst public disorder the capital has known in years.}}</ref>
[[File:Patch of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (1940).png|thumb|left|upright|MPD patch from the 1940s]]
In December 1951, Robert V. Murray became Major and Superintendent. He took the command of a demoralized department marred by embarrassments, corruption, and waning public support. During his 13 years as chief, Murray would be credited with making the most sweeping, and longest lasting changes in the MPD's history and is seen as bringing the department into the modern era of policing. One of his first acts was that he would make rounds of the various precincts, inspecting them and the officers where he promised his support. He developed a code of ethics for officers and created a new branch to investigate police corruption, named the Internal Investigations Division—this was a precursor to the Internal Affairs Division. Murray also made good on his promise to improve conditions for his department. By 1952 Murray had petitioned Congress to give his officers a ten percent raise, had turned the six-day work week into a five-day work week, and worked to have two officers per patrol car. He went on to improve the MPD's vehicle fleet, initiated the use of canines, radar, helicopters and experimented with hand held radios.<ref name="RobertVMurray">{{cite web|author=MPDC |url=http://mpdc.dc.gov/node/226662 |title=Robert V. Murray |publisher=mpdc.dc.gov |access-date=2014-02-10}}</ref>
In 1953 Congress passed the District Government Reorganization Act. It formally abolished the rank and title of Major and Superintendent and replaced it with the position of Chief of Police. Murray would be the last Major and Superintendent and the first Chief of Police of the MPD. Murray's reforms and efforts improved the image of the department which expanded to 3,000 officers. He and the MPD earned public accolades for their handling of the [[Montgomery bus boycott|Transit strikes]] in the hot summers of 1955 and 1956, the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]], and the [[State funeral of John F. Kennedy|funeral of JFK]]. One of his final major acts would be to fully integrate assignments. Specific assignments and beats would no longer be given by only white officers or only black officers. Although it did not eliminate racist tensions and discrimination, it moved the department forward towards racial equality.<ref name="RobertVMurray" />
[[Image:Leffler - 1968 Washington, D.C. Martin Luther King, Jr. riots.jpg|thumb|right|Aftermath from the 1968 riots]]
The April [[1968 Washington, D.C., riots]], in the aftermath of the [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]], were the most devastating to the city. The roughly 20,000 rioters quickly overwhelmed the 3,100 member police department. During the four days of violence, the inner part of Washington was devastated in widespread looting and fires, at one point coming within two blocks of the White House. The rioting ended when 11,850 federal troops and 1,750 [[District of Columbia Army National Guard|D.C. Army National Guard]]smen were called out to assist the overwhelmed MPD. 13 people were killed, 1,098 were injured, and over 6,100 were arrested. The resulting economic fallout and crime spike would take many areas decades to recover from. The mobilization of 13,600 troops to assist the MPD in putting down the riot was the largest military occupation of an American city since the Civil War.<ref name=Risen2009ch8>{{cite book|last=Risen|first=Clay|title=A Nation on Fire : America in the Wake of the King Assassination|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0-470-17710-5|chapter=April 5: 'Official Disorder on Top of Civil Disorder'|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nationonfireamer00rise}}</ref>
On September 20, 1974, Officer [[Gail Cobb|Gail A. Cobb]] was shot and killed, becoming the first female U.S. police officer to be shot and killed while patrolling in the line of duty. While on foot patrol, Cobb was tipped off that a suspected bank robber had just fled into a nearby garage. She located the man and instructed him to place his hands on the wall. As she radioed for assistance, the suspect spun around and fired a single shot at point-blank range. The bullet went through her wrist and her police radio and then struck in the chest, killing her.<ref name=ODMP-G.A.Cobb>{{cite web|url=http://www.odmp.org/officer/3199-police-officer-gail-a.-cobb |title=Police Officer Gail A. Cobb|access-date=2009-08-04 |quote=While walking her beat, she was tipped off that a suspected bank robber had just fled into a nearby garage. Officer Cobb located the man and instructed him to place his hands on the wall. As she radioed for assistance, the suspect spun around and fired a single shot at point-blank range. The bullet went through her wrist and her police radio and then penetrated her heart. She died at the scene. |publisher=[[The Officer Down Memorial Page]]}}</ref>
[[Image:Police crowd around John Hinckley Jr. - C1426-27.jpg|thumb|left|MPD Officers and Secret Service Agents crowd around John Hinckley Jr. next to an MPD patrol car after he shot President Reagan]]Officers of the MPD were also present at the [[Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|assassination attempt]] of President [[Ronald Reagan]] during which one officer, [[Thomas Delahanty]], was shot.<ref name=three>Feaver, Douglas. "Three men shot at the side of their President", ''The Washington Post'', March 31, 1981.</ref> In the late 1980s and early 1990s Washington was hit by the [[crack epidemic]] and the homicide rates soared. The district soon became known as the "murder capital" of the nation.<ref name=mcapital>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/13/us/13deecee.html|title=Washington Officials Try to Ease Crime Fear |last=Urbina|first=Ian|date=2006-07-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref>
During the [[1991 Washington, D.C. riot]], the MPD contended with three days of violence by rioters, mostly in the [[Mount Pleasant, Washington, D.C.|Mt. Pleasant]] neighborhood, who were upset in the aftermath of a controversial police shooting which exacerbated strained relationships between the city's Hispanic population and the MPD.<ref name='wp3'>{{cite news |author-link=Ruben Castaneda|last=Castaneda|first=Ruben|title=Simmering Tension Between Police, Hispanics Fed Clash|newspaper=The Washington Post|pages=A1|date=1991-05-06}}</ref> The riot was dispersed after a curfew was initiated and over 1,000 riot police descended on the area to enforce the peace.<ref name='wp6'>{{cite news |last=Sanchez|first=Rene|title=Curfew Leaves Mt. Pleasant Area Quieter|newspaper=The Washington Post|pages=A1|date=1991-05-08}}</ref>
In 2000, MPD detective [[Johnny St. Valentine Brown]], assigned to the narcotics division, was convicted of perjury after lying about having a degree from [[Howard University]]'s School of Pharmacy.<ref name="delicti">{{cite news |url=http://www.corpus-delicti.com/brown_012701.html |author=Bill Miller |date=January 27, 2001 |title=Ex-Officer Faces Contempt Charge; Former D.C. Detective Falsified Letters, Prosecutors Allege |newspaper=The Washington Post |via=www.corpus-delicti.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234128/http://www.corpus-delicti.com/brown_012701.html |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref> In the wake of his conviction, many drug offenders with cases involving Brown were retried.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/dc-court-of-appeals/1254604.html |title=Whitley v. United States |work=Findlaw}}</ref> In 2001, Brown was charged with contempt after sending the sentencing judge forged letters of support in a bid to gain leniency in his sentencing.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}}
===21st century===
The MPD also responded to the [[September 11 attacks]] of 2001. [[Charles H. Ramsey]], who was the Chief of Police at the time, later stated in an interview:
<blockquote>We had just finished up a meeting when my chief of staff came in and told me I needed to go into his office and take a look at what was going on in New York. He had the ''Today Show'' on and he was looking at images of the first tower burning, the second tower had not yet been hit. I asked what happened and he said nobody seems to know. A small plane based on the way it was described must have flown into the building. Everybody was still kind of not sure if it was an accident, on purpose or whatever and as we were standing there looking we actually saw the second plane strike the second tower. Once the second plane struck they realize that it was an coordinated attack.<ref name=Ramseyinterview>{{cite news|url=http://whyy.org/cms/after911/2011/09/10/charles-h-ramsey/#sthash.qKCCIXn3.dpuf|title=After 9/11 Charles H. Ramsey|access-date=2014-02-13|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141539/http://whyy.org/cms/after911/2011/09/10/charles-h-ramsey/#sthash.qKCCIXn3.dpuf|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>
The MPD activated its newly built Joint Operations Command Center (JOCC). Although it had not officially opened yet, September 11, 2001, became its first day of operations. While some equipment had been installed, other devices, such as phones, had not and had to be installed on the fly as emergency personnel arrived to respond. Officials from various agencies and departments including the [[United States Park Police]], United States Capitol Police, the FBI, Secret Service, and the FAA's military district arrived to respond. Around that time, they were notified that [[the Pentagon]] had been hit as well. Though the Pentagon was located across the river in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], MPD officers still responded to assist with the emergency response. Additionally, MPD officers working in conjunction with U.S. Park Police officers locked down all federal buildings along the [[National Mall]], including establishing a perimeter around the White House.<ref name="Ramseyinterview" />
[[File:Inauguration MPDC Riot Line.jpg|thumb|right|MPD Officers form a riot line during the 2017 presidential Inauguration]]
The U.S. Park Police had sent its two helicopters to assist with operations at the Pentagon. Shortly thereafter, the flight control tower at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] was evacuated. Flight control of all airspace over the Washington metro area was turned over to the U.S. Park Police helicopters who coordinated with [[NORAD]]. However, needing to assist with evacuating victims, the Park Police requested assistance from MPD. Shortly thereafter, an MPD helicopter arrived and took over command and control of Washington's air space.<ref name="helicopter">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/mcdonnell/911.pdf|title=National Park Service Responding to the September 11 Terrorist Attacks|access-date=2024-04-21|archive-date=2014-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801130644/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/mcdonnell/911.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
That evening, after the majority of the population had returned home and Washington's streets lay empty, Chief Ramsey, his Executive Assistant Chief Terry Gainer, FBI director [[Robert Mueller]], and Secret Service director [[Brian L. Stafford]] drove around D.C. to check security measures of the locked-down city. While several officers also wanted to assist with efforts in New York, many had to remain in D.C. and the majority of the department worked 12-hour shifts several weeks after the attacks. Ramsey noted that at the time many, himself included, thought that there were more attacks to come.<ref name="Ramseyinterview" />
[[File:DC Police (32381149601).jpg|left|thumb|Metropolitan Police Officers at a protest downtown]]
On January 2, 2007, [[Cathy L. Lanier]] took the post of Chief of Police. Lanier, who began her career as a Metropolitan Police patrol officer, became the first female chief of the department. She has been singled out in publications for her community-oriented and technology-driven approach to policing that has helped modernize the MPD and lower crime rates. In 2012 the city attained a lowered homicide rate not seen since 1961.<ref name="annualreport2012">{{Cite web|url=http://mpdc.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/mpdc/publication/attachments/2012_AR_1.pdf|title=MPD Annual Report 2012}}</ref> Lanier departed in 2016 to lead security for the [[National Football League]] and was succeeded by [[Peter Newsham]], the chief from 2017 to 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hermann|first1=Peter|last2=Williams|first2=Clarence|last3=Marimow|first3=Ann E.|title=D.C. Police Chief Cathy L. Lanier steps down to work for the NFL|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/dc-police-chief-cathy-l-lanier-leaves-to-work-for-the-nfl/2016/08/16/9d81ae2c-63ba-11e6-be4e-23fc4d4d12b4_story.html|access-date=October 28, 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 16, 2016}}</ref>
On September 16, 2013, MPD officers responded to the [[Washington Navy Yard]] for an [[Washington Navy Yard shooting|active shooter]] in Building 197. Two officers were shot during the over-hour-long search and gunfight. The first, Officer Scott Williams, was hit in both legs during an exchange of gunfire with the shooter, Aaron Alexis. The second, Officer Dorian DeSantis, was a member of MPD's Emergency Response Team. Officer DeSantis was with U.S. Park Police officers Andrew Wong and Carl Hiott and had entered an area of cubicles when Alexis engaged them, striking DeSantis in his tactical vest. Uninjured by the gunshot, DeSantis immediately returned fire and killed Alexis. In all, thirteen people were killed and eight others were injured, three from gunfire. Williams and DeSantis were given the Medal of Valor, Medal of Honor and the Blue Badge Medal on February 20, 2014, during a ceremony to honor them and the 170 law enforcement officers, including 57 MPD officers, who responded and entered the building to search for Alexis.<ref name="HonorsCeremony">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/dc-police-honor-courage-dedication-of-navy-yard-massacre-responders/2014/02/21/7894b772-9aee-11e3-ad71-e03637a299c0_story.html |title=D.C. police honor courage, dedication of Navy Yard massacre responders |newspaper= Washington Post|date=February 21, 2014}}</ref>
During the [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol]], the Metropolitan police were among the agencies called to restore order. The department reported that 58 officers were injured during the assault, and that several were hospitalized.<ref name=HermannZauzmer>{{Cite web|author=Peter Hermann & Julie Zauzmer|date=January 12, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/police-capitol-injuires-trump/2021/01/11/ca68e3e2-5438-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128071336/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/police-capitol-injuires-trump/2021/01/11/ca68e3e2-5438-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html?outputType=amp |archive-date=28 January 2021 |title=Beaten, sprayed with mace and hit with stun guns: police describe injuries to dozens of officers during assault on U.S. Capitol |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2020-07-14}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
In May 2021, [[Distributed Denial of Secrets]] republished the leak of Washington D.C.'s Metropolitan Police Department, including over 90,000 emails. Among other things, the files revealed details of surveillance of right-wing extremists and the response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jason |date=May 22, 2021 |title=Trump Hotel raised prices to deter QAnon conspiracists, police files show |url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/22/trump-hotel-washington-qanon-conspiracy-theorists |access-date=May 23, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jason |date=May 23, 2021 |title=Police records show threats to kill lawmakers in wake of Capitol attack |url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/23/police-records-capitol-attack-lawmakers |access-date=May 23, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref>
== Notable responses ==
[[File:DC Emergency Response Team.jpg|alt=MPD ERT|thumb|MPD Emergency Response Team vehicles; two [[Freightliner Business Class M2|Freightliner M2]] [[emergency operations center]]s and a [[Lenco BearCat]] [[SWAT vehicle]]]]
=== September 11 attacks ===
{{Main|September 11 attacks}}
On September 11, 2001, four commercial aircraft were hijacked by [[Al-Qaeda]]. Two of the planes were crashed into each of [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|The World Trade Center]] towers in New York City, one was retaken by passengers and crashed near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], and one was crashed into [[The Pentagon]]. All MPD officers were called in to support law enforcement efforts, including those to evacuate the city and protect buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2011 |title=StackPath |url=https://www.officer.com/on-the-street/apparel/article/10347127/911-a-dc-street-cop-perspective |access-date=2021-01-22 |website=officer.com}}</ref>
=== Washington Navy Yard shooting ===
{{Main|Washington Navy Yard shooting}}
On September 16, 2013, Aaron Alexis entered the [[Washington Navy Yard]] where he was working as a contractor and carried out the deadliest workplace mass shooting in Washington D.C. history, killing 12. He used a shotgun he had legally purchased days before, and a handgun he had taken from a security guard after fatally shooting him during the attack. His attack lasted 1 hour and 9 minutes before he was fatally shot by a member of the MPD Emergency Response Team (ERT).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-17|title=Police at Navy Yard Scene Share Details About the Shooting {{!}} Washingtonian (DC)|url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2013/09/17/police-at-navy-yard-scene-share-details-about-the-shooting/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Washingtonian|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MPD Navy Yard After Action Report {{!}} mpdc|url=https://mpdc.dc.gov/publication/mpd-navy-yard-after-action-report|access-date=2021-12-13|website=mpdc.dc.gov}}</ref>
=== January 6 United States Capitol attack ===
{{Main|January 6 United States Capitol attack}}
On January 6, 2021, supporters of [[Donald Trump]], the 45th [[president of the United States|U.S. president]], broke past police barricades and entered the [[United States Capitol]] in a failed attempt to overturn his defeat in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]]. MPD was called in to assist the [[United States Capitol Police]]. Over 60 MPD officers were injured during their response.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wamsley|first=Laurel|date=2021-01-15|title=What We Know So Far: A Timeline Of Security Response At The Capitol On Jan. 6|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/15/956842958/what-we-know-so-far-a-timeline-of-security-at-the-capitol-on-january-6|access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref> The attack resulted in five deaths, including [[Death of Brian Sicknick|Brian Sicknick]], a [[United States Capitol Police]] officer.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Healy|first=Jack|date=2021-01-11|title=These Are the 5 People Who Died in the Capitol Riot|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/who-died-in-capitol-building-attack.html|access-date=2021-12-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-19|title=Medical Examiner Finds USCP Officer Brian Sicknick Died of Natural Causes|url=https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/press-releases/medical-examiner-finds-uscp-officer-brian-sicknick-died-natural-causes|access-date=2021-12-13|website=United States Capitol Police|language=en}}</ref>
==Organization and personnel==
===Structure===
MPD is headed by a [[chief of police]]. Other senior leadership members includes an executive assistant chief of police, two patrol chiefs (one North and one South), three assistant chiefs (one each for the Investigative Services, Homeland Security, and Internal Affairs bureaus) and two directors (one for the Corporate Support Bureau and one for the Professional Development Bureau). Each of the district's seven districts is led by a district commander.<ref name="2017Report">{{cite report |url=https://mpdc.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/mpdc/publication/attachments/MPD%20Annual%20Report%202017_lowres.pdf |title=2017 Annual Report |publisher=[[Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia]] |date=2017}}</ref> The First, Sixth and Seventh Districts report to Patrol Services South while the Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Districts report to Patrol Services North.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wtop.com/dc/2017/04/dc-assistant-police-chief-retires-changes-coming-patrol-organization/|title=DC assistant police chief retires; changes coming to patrol organization|date=April 19, 2017|publisher=WTOP}}</ref>
===Demographics===
The MPD has had an average of just under 3,800 sworn members.<ref name="2017Report"/> As of the end of 2017, the department had 3,837 sworn personnel and 658 civilian personnel. Of the sworn personnel, there are 3,075 officers and detectives, 146 recruits, 437 sergeants, 116 lieutenants, 35 captains, and 28 command personnel.<ref name="2017Report"/> Among sworn personnel, about 78% were men and 22% were women and, about 52% of sworn personnel were black, 36% were white, 9% were Hispanic, and 4% were Asian.<ref name="2017Report"/> The proportion of [[African American]] officers has increased over time; in 1968, [[African Americans]] constituted 25% of the department's force and in 1970 constituted 35% of the department's force.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 13, 1970 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909452-4,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102220043/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909452-4,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |title=What the Police Can-And Cannot-Do About Crime |magazine=Time |url-access=subscription |access-date=2011-12-17}}</ref>
=== Districts ===
The District of Columbia is divided into seven geographical areas designated as "districts" which are numbered 1–7. The districts are then broken up into Patrol Service Areas (PSA). These PSAs are the beats that are served by the patrol units.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Police Districts and Police Service Areas|url=https://mpdc.dc.gov/page/police-districts-and-police-service-areas|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!District
!Commander
!Boundaries
|-
|[https://mpdc.dc.gov/node/209112 First District]
|Commander Colin Hall
|[[File:Mpdc first district map.jpg|alt=Mpdc first district map|thumb|MPD First District boundaries]]
|-
|[https://mpdc.dc.gov/node/205122 Second District]
|Commander Tatjana Savoy
|[[File:Mpdc second district map.jpg|alt=Mpdc second district map|thumb|MPD Second District boundaries]]
|-
|[https://mpdc.dc.gov/page/welcome-third-district Third District]
|Commander James Boteler
|[[File:Mpdc third district map.jpg|alt=Mpdc third district map|thumb|MPD Third District Boundaries]]
|-
|[https://mpdc.dc.gov/node/207082 Fourth District]
|Commander Nikki Lavenhouse
|[[File:Mpdc fourth district map.jpg|alt=Mpdc fourth district map|thumb|MPD Fourth District boundaries]]
|-
|[https://mpdc.dc.gov/node/208082 Fifth District]
|Commander Sylvan Altieri
|[[File:Mpdc fifth district map.jpg|alt=Mpdc fifth district map|thumb|MPD Fifth District boundaries]]
|-
|[https://mpdc.dc.gov/node/209012 Sixth District]
|Commander Jaron Hickman
|[[File:Mpdc sixth district map.jpg|alt=Mpdc sixth district map|thumb|MPD Sixth District boundaries]]
|-
|[https://mpdc.dc.gov/node/210452 Seventh District]
|Commander LaShay Makal
|[[File:Mpdc seventh district map.jpg|alt=Mpdc seventh district map|thumb|MPD Seventh District boundaries]]
|}
=== Detectives ===
Detectives do not hold supervisory authority over a sergeant and above and do not have supervisory authority over uniformed officers except when taking charge of a crime scene. Members who hold the rank of sergeant or above but are assigned to the Criminal Investigation Division or have investigatory duties, are referred to with the "Detective" title in front, e. g. "Detective-Sergeant".<ref name="2017Report" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Notes
|-
|{{center|Detective I}}
|Requires the passing of a multiple-choice test and completing an evaluation phase. This position holds minimal supervisory authority in a detective unit. Requires a minimum of seven years of service, five of which must be spent as a Detective II.
|-
|{{center|Detective II}}
|Requires completing 1 year as an Detective III.
|-
|{{center|Detective III}}
|Requires the passing of a multiple-choice test and completing an evaluation phase. This position is a training and evaluation phase for those wanting to become full detectives and lasts approximately one-year before the detective is recommended by a supervisor to be elevated to the rank of Detective II.
|}
===Training===
Persons who are hired by the MPD spend at least 28 weeks at the Maurice T. Turner Jr., Metropolitan Police Academy receiving basic instruction in police work to include laws of arrest, search and seizure, criminal law, traffic regulations, human relations, community policing, and ethics. In addition to these they receive specialized skill training in emergency vehicle operations, firearms, first aid, and defensive tactics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Metropolitan Police Academy {{!}} mpdc|url=https://mpdc.dc.gov/page/metropolitan-police-academy|website=mpdc.dc.gov|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101035921/https://mpdc.dc.gov/page/metropolitan-police-academy|url-status=dead}}</ref>
They are then assigned to one of the seven police districts and are assigned to a field training officer (FTO) who continues to monitor their progress and help them to practically apply their training. The entire process lasts through an 18-month probationary period. At the end of the probationary period, officers are certified to patrol on their own, apply to specialized units, and progress through the department's hierarchy.<ref name="AcademyTraining">{{Cite web|url=https://go.mpdconline.com/GO/3820000.pdf|title=MPD General Orders Police Officer Initial Training Program}}</ref><ref name="FieldTraining">{{Cite web|url=https://go.mpdconline.com/GO/GO_201_33.pdf|title=MPD General Orders Field Training Program}}</ref>
== Rank structure and uniforms ==
These are the current ranks of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.<ref name="2017Report"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashan Benedict {{!}} mpdc |url=https://mpdc.dc.gov/biography/ashan-benedict |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=mpdc.dc.gov}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Insignia
!Uniform
!Badge design
!Badge color
!Duties/responsibilities
|-
|{{center|[[Chief of Police]]}}
| align="center" |[[File:4 Gold Stars.svg|center|100px]]
| align="center" |White shirt, blue pants
| [[File:MPDC COP Badge 2.png|center|120px]]
|Gold
|The Chief of Police is Head of the MPD, appointed by the mayor and confirmed by the DC Council.
|-
|{{center|Executive Assistant Chief of Police}}
|[[File:3 Gold Stars.svg|center|82px]]
| align="center" |White Shirt, blue pants
| [[File:MPDC AC Badge.png|center|120px]]
|Gold
|The Executive Assistant Chief of Police is Second-in-command of the MPD.
|-
|{{center|Assistant Chief of Police}}
| [[File:2 Gold Stars.svg|center|55px]]
| align="center" |White shirt, blue pants
| [[File:MPDC AC Badge.png|center|120px]]
|Gold
|The Assistant Chief of Police is in charge of a Bureau within the MPD.
|-
|{{center|[[Commander]]}}
| [[File:Colonel Gold-vector.svg|center|60px]]
| align="center" |White shirt, blue pants
| [[File:MPDC CMDR Badge.png|center|120px]]
|Gold
|Commanders are in charge of an MPD district or division.
|-
|{{center|[[Inspector]]}}
| [[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|center|35px]]
| align="center" |White shirt, blue pants
| [[File:MPDC INSP Badge.png|center|120px]]
|Gold
|Inspectors are Second-in-command of a district or division. Some officers are promoted past this rank from Captain directly to Commander.
|-
|{{center|[[Police captain|Captain]]}}
| [[File:Captain insignia gold.svg|center|35px]]
| align="center" |White shirt, blue pants
| [[File:MPDC CPT Badge.png|center|120px]]
|Gold
|Captains are in charge of a Branch or a Police Sector within a district.
|-
|{{center|Lieutenant}}
| [[File:US-O1 insignia.svg|center|15px]]
| align="center" |White shirt, blue pants
| [[File:MPDC LT badge.png|center|120px]]
|Gold
|Lieutenants are in charge of shift within a district, of a unit, or of a Police Service Area within a Sector.
|-
|{{center|[[Sergeant#Police departments and prisons|Sergeant]]}}
| [[File:CO - SP Sergeant Stripes.png|center|50px]]
| align="center" |Blue shirt, blue pants
| [[File:MPD-Rank-Sergeant-S0122B edited.png|center|120px]]
|Gold
|Sergeants are front-line supervisors.
|-
|{{center|Detective I}}
| align="center" |No Insignia
| align="center" |Blue shirt, blue pants (Plain clothes as day-to-day uniform)
| [[File:MPD-Rank-Detective-1-1325-I edited.png|center|120px]]
|Gold
|Requires the passing of a multiple-choice test and completing an evaluation phase. This position holds minimal supervisory authority in a detective unit. Requires a minimum of seven years of service, five of which must be spent as a Detective II.
|-
|{{center|Detective II}}
| align="center" |No Insignia
| align="center" |Blue shirt, blue pants (Plain clothes as day-to-day uniform)
| [[File:MPD-Rank-Detective-2-1525.png|center|120px]]
|Silver
|Requires completing 1 year as a Detective III.
|-
|{{center|Detective III}}
| align="center" |No Insignia
| align="center" |Blue shirt, blue pants (Plain clothes as day-to-day uniform)
| [[File:Detective 3 badge image(3).png|center|120px]]
|Silver
|Requires the passing of a multiple-choice test and completing an evaluation phase. This position is a training and evaluation phase for those wanting to become full detectives and lasts approximately one-year before the detective is recommended by a supervisor to be elevated to the rank of Detective II.
|-
|{{center|Investigator}}
| align="center" |No Insignia
| align="center" |Blue shirt, blue pants (Plain clothes as day-to-day uniform)
| [[File:MPD-Rank-Investigator-2261b edited police insignia.png|center|120px]]
|Silver
|Is given to officers assigned to a specialized unit in the Violent Crime Suppression Division (VCSD) who are not detectives but work in an investigative capacity. It is a temporary designation while assigned to the unit.
|-
|{{center|Master Patrol Officer}}
| [[File:CO - SP Corporal Stripes.png|center|50px]]
| align="center" |Blue shirt, blue pants
| [[File:Badge of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.png|center|120px]]
|Silver
|Competitive rank based on exams and seniority. This rank is no longer awarded.
|-
|Patrol Officer First Class
| align="center" |[[File:Washiington D.C. - Officer 1st Class.png|50px]]
| align="center" |Blue shirt, blue pants
| [[File:Badge of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.png|center|120px]]
|
|Officers who have a total of three years of continuous MPD service with two years of continuous service as a full duty uniformed officer with one of the patrol districts or the Special Operations Division (SOD) are eligible apply for the rank of Patrol Officer First Class.
|-
|{{center|Police Officer / Senior Police Officer}}
| align="center" |No insignia
| align="center" |Blue shirt, blue pants
| [[File:Badge of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.png|center|120px]]
|Silver
|Base officer rank / Rank held by an officer who has come out of retirement. Holds no supervisor authority.
|-
|{{center|Recruit officer}}
| align="center" |No insignia
| align="center" |Tan shirt, tan pants
| align="center" |None
|None
|
|}
Recruit Officer is the initial rank of oncoming Metropolitan Police officers, held while undergoing training at the Metropolitan Police Academy.
Officers are eligible for the rank of Patrol Officer First Class after three years time in service. Patrol officers first class are given preference, after master patrol officers, in the field testing of new technologies and in the selection of patrol related training.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2023 |title=GO-PER-201.25 |url=https://go.mpdconline.com/GO/GO_201_25.pdf}}</ref>
Master Patrol Officers (MPO) are assigned some of the field training duties, and hold supervisory authority in the absence of a sergeant. The rank of Master Patrol Officer is currently being phased out as the MPD has not held a promotion for the MPO rank in nearly a decade.
The MPD adopts a rank differentiation method via the uniforms worn. Officers up through the rank of Master Patrol Officer wear dark blue shirts and silver badges with 'M.P.D.' insignia pinned on each side of the collar and silver cap plates. Sergeants also wear the same dark blue shirt but they wear gold badges, gold collar insignia, and gold cap plates instead of silver. Uniformed headgear of all ranks consists of an eight-point hat, similar to those worn by the NYPD and San Francisco Police Departments. Baseball hats are permitted and in the winter a [[watch cap]] is authorized for wear. For decades prior to 2018, the MPD wore light blue shirts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/a-fashion-change-is-coming-for-dcs-men-and-women-in-blue/2018/09/05/f7e7bbbc-a7a2-11e8-a656-943eefab5daf_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127123652/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/a-fashion-change-is-coming-for-dcs-men-and-women-in-blue/2018/09/05/f7e7bbbc-a7a2-11e8-a656-943eefab5daf_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 27, 2019|title=A fashion change is coming for D.C.'s men and women in blue - The Washington Post|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=January 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2018/09/13/dc-police-department-new-uniforms-style-fashion-read-wall/|title=Are the DC Police Department's New Uniforms Actually Stylish?|first=Elliot|last=Williams|date=September 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wtop.com/dc/2018/11/dc-police-to-roll-out-new-more-durable-uniform/|title=DC police to roll out new, more durable uniform|date=November 12, 2018|website=WTOP}}</ref>
In October 2018 the MPD switched to a new uniform for Officers through Sergeants consisting of an outer load bearing vest with a patch on the back saying "METROPOLITAN POLICE" in white lettering. The color of the uniform also changed from the previous light powder blue to a dark navy blue, similar to the [[NYPD]]. The new uniform also consists of wool pants with hidden cargo pockets.
Lieutenants and above wear white shirts with gold badges and gold 'M.P.D.' insignia pinned on each side of the collar. Their insignia of rank is displayed on the shoulder epaulets of the uniform (as in the military). The badges and cap plates for higher-ranking officers are gold and engraved with the wearer's rank-title. With the exception of their badges and rank insignia the outer uniform dress is the same for all ranks, but may include a blazer with any awarded service ribbons displayed above the badge.
== Equipment and vehicles ==
The standard-issue [[Service pistol|service weapon]] for MPD officers is the [[Glock-17|Glock 17]] or [[Glock-19|Glock 19]]. Officers at the rank of lieutenant or above are authorized to carry the [[Glock 26]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpdc.dc.gov/page/frequently-asked-questions-about-becoming-police-officer|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Becoming a Police Officer|publisher=Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia}}</ref> Investigators and Detectives are authorized to carry the Glock 19.
The Emergency Response Team uses the [[SIG Sauer P226]] 9x19mm as the sidearm instead of the standard issue Glock pistols carried by other units and officers in the agency.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-18|title=Police Sidearms: The Handguns of America's 10 Largest Departments|url=https://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/handguns/largest-departments-police-sidearms/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=Tactical Life Gun Magazine: Gun News and Gun Reviews|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia Chevrolet Impala.jpg|alt=MPD Police Car|thumb|An MPD Chevrolet Impala blocking off a road]]
The current colors of MPD vehicles is an all-white body with red stripes and a single blue stripe that waves through the red stripes. The word "POLICE" is printed in large text on the side of the car, and "MPDC", with the MPD shield splitting MP and DC, on the rear quarter panels of the vehicle. The cruiser number is printed on the front fenders of the vehicle. The cruiser number is also printed on the roof of the vehicle as well as on the back right of the vehicle with the district or unit on the back left. The motto "We are here to help" is printed on the rear windows. "METROPOLITAN POLICE" is emblazoned on the back of the vehicle as well. The vehicles are designed and outfitted by Major Police Supply in [[Laurel, Maryland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=installations|url=https://www.majorpolicesupply.com/installations.html|access-date=2021-05-02|website=MAJOR POLICE SUPPLY|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:MPDC.MFL.WDC.19January2018 (39879686101).jpg|thumb|left|MPD Harley Davidson motorcycles and their unique sidecars]]
The MPD utilizes a variety of vehicles to support their mission. For patrol operations the department utilizes the [[Ford Police Interceptor Sedan]], [[Ford Police Interceptor Utility]], [[Chevrolet Impala]], [[Dodge Durango]], [[Ford Fusion Hybrid|Ford Fusion]], and the [[Dodge Charger]]. The [[Ford Transit|Ford Transit Prisoner Transport Van]] is also utilized by patrol for prisoner transports as well as patrol operations if the district is short on vehicles. The department also utilizes the [[Chevrolet Malibu]], [[Ford Fusion Hybrid|Ford Fusion]], and [[Chrysler 200]]. These are typically unmarked and are used by detectives and specialty units such as Crime Suppression Teams. The Special Operations Division (SOD) has a large variety of vehicles including the [[Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil|Eurocopter AS350B3]], [[Lenco BearCat|Lenco Bearcat]], and a [[Freightliner M2]] tandem rear axle chassis with a mobile command center van. In addition to the vehicles used by patrol, the SOD also uses the [[Ford F-150]] Police Responder, [[Chevrolet Tahoe]], [[Harley-Davidson]] FLHPTI motorcycles, and many others. In 2020, MPD introduced a new fleet of 2020 [[BMW R1200RT|BMW R1250RT-P]] motorcycles which were seen during the [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|2021 presidential inauguration]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=BMW Motorrad R 1250 RT-P featured in Presidential Inauguration Parade|url=https://www.bobsbmw.com/20210125-bmw-motorrad-r-1250-rt-p-featured-in-presidential-inauguration-parade/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Bob's BMW Motorcycles|language=en-US}}</ref>
As of 2018, the MPD maintained a fleet of nearly 1,700 vehicles. This consists of 830 marked [[police cruiser]]s, 405 unmarked police cruisers, 170 marked other vehicles (such as vans, SUVs, trucks, and command buses), 29 unmarked other vehicles, 134 Honda-Harley scooters, 60 [[Harley-Davidson]] FLHTPI motorcycles, 17 [[Police boat|boats]], and 34 miscellaneous vehicles, including [[forklift]]s, traffic machines, and trailers.<ref name="2017Report"/> The MPD also maintains a fleet of police [[Segway]]s.<ref name="Segway">{{cite web |title=Operation and Use of the Police Segway |url=https://go.mpdconline.com/GO/3967000.pdf |website=MPDC Online |publisher=MPD |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>
== Line-of-duty deaths ==
Since its establishment, 123 MPD officers have died in the line of duty.<ref name="DutyDeaths">{{cite web|url=http://mpdc.dc.gov/node/145362|title=Memorial to MPDC Officers Killed in the Line of Duty|publisher=Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia|access-date=2014-02-15|archive-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203202307/https://mpdc.dc.gov/node/145362|url-status=dead}}</ref> The most common causes of line-of-duty deaths among MPD officers have been gunfire (61), motorcycle crash (11), automobile crash (9), vehicular assault (7), and accidental gunfire (8).<ref name="ODMP">[https://www.odmp.org/agency/2463-metropolitan-police-department-district-of-columbia Metropolitan Police Department], [[Officer Down Memorial Page]].</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Cause of Death
!Number of Deaths
|-
|Accidental
|2
|-
|Aircraft Accident
|2
|-
|Animal Related
|1
|-
|Automobile Crash
|9
|-
|Bicycle Accident
|1
|-
|Drowned
|3
|-
|Duty related illness
|2
|-
|Fall
|3
|-
|Gunfire
|61
|-
|Gunfire (Inadvertent)
|8
|-
|Heart Attack
|5
|-
|Motorcycle Crash
|11
|-
|Stabbed
|1
|-
|Struck by a Streetcar
|1
|-
|Struck by a Vehicle
|3
|-
|Vehicle Pursuit
|3
|-
|Vehicular Assault
|7
|}
==In popular culture==
The MPD has been featured in several novels, films, and television series. In these depictions it is often, but incorrectly, referred to as the "Metro" Police instead of the "Metropolitan" Police. There is a distinction, as the "Metro Police" is the commonly used name to refer to the police department of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, a multi-jurisdictional transportation agency (DC/Maryland/Virginia).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmata.com/about/transit-police/|title=Metro Transit Police Department {{!}} WMATA|website=www.wmata.com|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref> The primary jurisdiction of the "Metro Police" is the metropolitan area subway (known as "the Metro") and the bus transit system<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmata.com/about/transit-police/about.cfm|title=About Metro Transit Police Department {{!}} WMATA|website=www.wmata.com|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref> whereas MPD has jurisdiction throughout Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpdc.dc.gov/page/police-districts-and-police-service-areas|title=Police Districts and Police Service Areas {{!}} mpdc|website=mpdc.dc.gov|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref>
===Novels===
* Author [[James Patterson]] features MPD police detective [[Alex Cross]] in the [[Alex Cross series|''Alex Cross'' series]] of books.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alex Cross Books |date=13 February 2019|url=https://www.jamespatterson.com/landing-page/james-patterson-books-alex-cross/}}</ref>
* The novels of [[George Pelecanos]], which are largely set in the Washington, D.C. area, have included several major and minor characters who are active or former MPD officers.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Pelecanos Books In Order |url=https://www.bookseriesinorder.com/george-p-pelecanos/ |website=Book Series In Order|date=2 May 2017 }}</ref>
* The novels of [[Margaret Truman]] feature MPD detectives. The 1997 film ''[[Murder at 1600]]'' was based on her first novel.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Harry Truman's Daughter Inspired a Wesley Snipes Movie |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/87623/how-harry-trumans-daughter-inspired-wesley-snipes-movie |website=Mental Floss|date=24 October 2016 }}</ref> The premise of the novel and film, that an MPD Homicide detective would be the lead investigator for a death that occurs in the White House is factually correct as the MPD has primary jurisdiction over death investigations anywhere in the District of Columbia.
* The 2009 novel ''[[True Blue (novel)|True Blue]]'' by [[David Baldacci]] features a former MPD officer as the protagonist and her older sister who is the Chief of Police. The chief in the novel was loosely based on Chief [[Cathy Lanier]]. Baldacci spent time shadowing MPD officers and interviewed Chief Lanier for the novel.<ref name="Bladacci">{{cite web |author=David Baldacci |author-link=David Baldacci |url=http://www.parade.com/news/2009/08/02-new-ways-to-stop-crime.html |title=New Ways To Stop Crime |publisher=Parade |date=2009-08-02 |access-date=2013-07-27}}</ref>
* Author [[Philip Scholz]]'s novel ''Slovo Ne Vorobey'' is set in Washington, D.C., and features several MPD officers and detectives who are hunting a serial killer.
===Television===
* The syndicated [[CBS]] television series ''[[The District]]'' (2000–2004) dramatized the daily goings-on of the police department.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Lesley |last=Goldberg |title='Save the Last Dance' Star Joins CW's 'Hunger Games'-ish Drama Pilot (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/cw-the-selection-hunger-games-pilot-save-the-last-dance-295896/ |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2012-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Bridget |last=Byrne |title=Craig T. Nelson moves to a different beat on 'The District' |url=https://journaltimes.com/tv/craig-t-nelson-moves-to-a-different-beat-on-the/article_1556f0e4-384f-55c3-86f8-7fdf1f1ac08a.html |magazine=The Journal Times |date=2000-09-30}}</ref>
* The TV series ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'' (2005–2017) has MPD officers as characters at crime scenes that are set in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite magazine |title='Bones' recap: Skeleton Dancer |url=https://ew.com/recap/bones-season-6-episode-5-boneless-twitch/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>
* The online U.S. TV series ''[[House of Cards (U.S. TV series)|House of Cards]]'' (2013–2018) features the MPD in several episodes, specifically in the first season when they play a prominent role in the development of a cover-up. The police chief is incorrectly portrayed as the police "Commissioner".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=House of Cards season finale recap: 'House of Cards' season 1 finale recap |url=https://ew.com/recap/house-of-cards-season-1-episodes-11-12-finale/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>
* The TV series ''[[Minority Report (TV series)|Minority Report]]'' features the 2065 iteration of the department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fox.com/minority-report/|title=Watch Full Episodes |publisher=Minority Report on FOX|language=en|access-date=2019-06-02|archive-date=2019-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529235958/https://www.fox.com/minority-report/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Film===
* In the 1943 film ''[[Sherlock Holmes in Washington]]'', Sherlock Holmes played by [[Basil Rathbone]], investigates a disappearance with the help of Washington Police
* [[Harrison Ford]] portrays MPD Internal Affairs Sergeant William "Dutch" Van Den Broeck in the 1999 film ''[[Random Hearts]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Random Hearts movie trailer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zGdCzEzzPg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/9zGdCzEzzPg |archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live |website=[[YouTube]]| date=28 December 2008 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* In the 2009 film ''[[State of Play (film)|State of Play]]'', two reporters investigate a series of murders in conjunction with MPD. MPD detectives and MPD cruisers are featured prominently in several scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MoviemanTrailers |title=State of Play Trailer [HD]|website=[[YouTube]] |date=2010-10-15 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KU0Vu991XE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/6KU0Vu991XE| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|access-date=2019-06-02}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|United States}}
* [[List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia]]
* [[Johnny St. Valentine Brown]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://mpdc.dc.gov/ Official website]
* [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/spring/metro-police.html National Archives: To Protect and to Serve: The Records of the D.C. Metropolitan Police, 1861–1930]
* [http://civilwarwashingtondc1861-1865.blogspot.com/2011/09/establishment-of-washington.html Blog: Establishment of the Washington Metropolitan Police Force 150 Years Ago]
{{SPHPbystate}}
{{District of Columbia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Metropolitan Police Department Of The District Of Columbia}}
[[Category:Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia| ]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1861]]
[[Category:Law enforcement agencies of the District of Columbia]]
[[Category:Municipal police departments of the United States]]