View source for Meuse-Rhine-Issel

{{Short description|Dutch breed of cattle}}
{{use British English|date=May 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{use list-defined references|date=May 2022}}
{{infobox cattle breed
| name          = Meuse-Rhine-Issel
| image         = De M.R.IJ. stier Hendo.jpg
| image_size    =
| image_alt     =
| image_caption = Bull, photograph from ''circa'' 1938
| status        = {{ubl|[[FAO]] (2007): not at risk{{r|barb|p=82}}|[[Wageningen University & Research|CGN]] (2020): declining{{r|cgn}}|[[DAD-IS]] (2022): not at risk{{r|dad}}}}
| altname       = {{ubl|Meuse-Rhine-Yssel|Maas-Rijn-IJssel|Maas-Rijn-IJsselvee}}
| country       = Netherlands
| distribution  =
| standard      =
| use           = [[dairy cattle|dairy]]
| weight        =
| maleweight    =
| femaleweight  = 700 kg{{r|cabi|p=243}}
| height        =
| maleheight    = 145 cm{{r|cabi|p=243}}
| femaleheight  = 137 cm{{r|cabi|p=243}}
| skincolour    =
| coat          = red pied, often with little red{{r|szh}}
| horn          =
| subspecies    = taurus
| note          =
}}
[[File:De Vinkenhof Salvo, mrij-fokstier, eig. CR Delta.jpg|thumb|alt=a lightly-built bull, almost entirely white with a few small red patches|Breeding bull, 2007]]
The '''Meuse-Rhine-Issel''' or '''Meuse-Rhine-Yssel''' ({{langx|nl|'''Maas-Rijn-IJssel'''|italic=no}}) is a Dutch [[list of cattle breeds|breed]] of dual-purpose cattle, reared both for [[beef|meat]] and for milk.{{r|cgn2|cgn3}} It falls within the Lowland-Pied group of North European cattle; it is red-pied, and of medium-large size.{{r|dorian|p=45}}
== History ==
The Meuse-Rhine-Issel developed principally in two areas of Holland: the eastern part of the [[provinces of the Netherlands|province]] of [[Noord-Brabant]] in the southern part of the country, where the rivers [[Meuse (river)|Meuse]] and [[Rhine]] flow; and the area of the river [[IJssel]] in the east, mainly in [[Salland]] and [[Twente]] in the province of [[Overijssel]], but extending southwards into the [[Achterhoek]] of [[Gelderland]] and northwards into the province of [[Drenthe]].{{r|cgn2}} It is named for the three rivers.
It was registered in the [[herd-book]] of the {{ill|Nederlands Rundvee Syndicaat|nl}} from 1874; it was recognised as a breed in 1905, and a separate herd-book was started.{{r|cgn2}}
Numbers are in steep decline: in the 1970s there were more than half a million of the cattle, representing approximately a quarter of the total number of dairy cattle in the Netherlands; numbers fell to {{val|31000}} in 1999 and to {{val|14000}} in 2004.{{r|eureca|p=142|eureca2}} In 2021 the total population reported to [[DAD-IS]] was 9938.{{r|dad}} Over {{val|925000}} doses of [[semen]] are kept in [[cryo-conservation]]; they represent almost 250 bulls, of which about one-fifth are from before 1980.{{r|cgn3}}
In the twentieth century the Meuse-Rhine-Issel was one of the five breeds approved for [[cross-breeding]] with the British [[Dairy Shorthorn]], leading to the development of the Blended Red-and-White Shorthorn and the virtual disappearance of the traditional Shorthorn breed.{{r|felius|p=16|cabi|p2=163}} The [[Dutch Improved Red Pied]] (Dutch: '''Verbeterd Roodbont Vleesras''') is a modern meat breed derived from dual-purpose Meuse-Rhine-Issel stock.{{r|cabi|p=172}} The [[Brandrood IJsellvee]] is a modern breed which preserves the old colouring of the Meuse-Rhine-Issel, dark red with little white.{{r|cabi|p=242}}
== Characteristics ==
The Meuse-Rhine-Issel falls within the Lowland-Pied group of North European cattle; it is red-pied, and of medium-large size.{{r|dorian|p=45}}
== References ==
{{commonscat|Maas-Rijn-IJssel}}
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200623201209/http://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125634/http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{ISBN|9789251057629}}. Archived 23 June 2020.</ref>
<ref name=cabi>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding''] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{ISBN|9781780647944}}.</ref>
<ref name=cgn>[s.n.] (26 June 2020). [https://www.wur.nl/nl/show/Rassenlijst-Nederlandse-Landbouwhuisdierrassen-2.htm Rassenlijst Nederlandse landbouwhuisdierrassen] (in Dutch). Wageningen: Centrum voor Genetische Bronnen Nederland. Accessed May 2022.</ref>
<ref name=cgn2>Yvette de Haas, Rita Hoving-Bolink, Myrthe Maurice-van Eijndhoven, Debbie Bohte-Wilhelmus, Henk Sulkers, Sipke-Joost Hiemstra (2009). [https://www.regionalcattlebreeds.eu/publications/documents/5384_mrij%20koeien_engels.pdf MRIJ breed assessment]. Wageningen: Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands = Centrum voor Genetische Bronnen Nederland. Accessed May 2022.</ref>
<ref name=cgn3>Henri Woelders, Ina Hulsegge, Henk Sulkers, Rita Hoving, Sipke-Joost Hiemstra (2009). [https://edepot.wur.nl/5602  Cryoconservation of cattle breeds in The Netherlands]. Wageningen: Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands = Centrum voor Genetische Bronnen Nederland. Accessed May 2022.</ref>
<ref name=dad>[https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=NLD&specie=Cattle&breed=Maas-Rijn-IJssel&lang=en Breed data sheet: Maas-Rijn-IJssel / Netherlands (Cattle)]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed May 2022.</ref>
<ref name=dorian>D.S. Buchanan and J.A. Lenstra (2015). Breeds of Cattle. In: Dorian J. Garrick, Anatoly Ruvinsky (editors) (2015). ''The Genetics of Cattle'', second edition. Wallingford: CABI. {{ISBN|9781780642215}}, pages 33–66.</ref>
<ref name=eureca>Sipke Joost Hiemstra, Yvette de Haas, Asko Mäki-Tanila, Gustavo Gandini (editors) (2010). [https://www.regionalcattlebreeds.eu/publications/documents/9789086866977cattlebreeds.pdf ''Local cattle breeds in Europe: Development of policies and strategies for self-sustaining breeds'']. Wageningen Academic. {{isbn|9789086866977}}. {{doi|10.3921/9789086866977}}. Accessed May 2022.</ref>
<ref name=eureca2>[https://www.regionalcattlebreeds.eu/breeds/MRY.html Meuse-Rhine-Yssel cattle (MRY)]. EuReCa. Accessed May 2022.</ref>
<ref name=felius>Marleen Felius (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=iXImAQAAMAAJ ''Cattle Breeds: An Encyclopedia'']. Doetinchem, Netherlands: Misset. {{ISBN|9789054390176}}.</ref>
<ref name=szh>[https://szh.nl/dieren/rund/mrij/ Maas-Rijn-IJsselvee (MRIJ)] (in Dutch). Wageningen: Stichting Zeldzame Huisdierrassen. Accessed May 2022.</ref>
}}
[[Category:Dairy cattle breeds]]