View source for MicroBee

{{Short description|Series of networkable home computers}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name         = MicroBee
| logo         = MicroBee Systems.gif
| logo_upright = 0.85
| image        = <!-- include the [[File:]] tag -->
| caption      = <!-- include if image is not a logo -->
| developer    = [[Applied Technology]]
| manufacturer =
| carrier      =
| family       =
| type         = [[Home computer]]s
| generation   =
| releasedate  = {{Start date and age|1982|02}}
| lifespan     =
| price        = {{nowrap|A$399}} in Kit Form<!-- this is price at initial release, not the current price. -->
| discontinued = {{End date and age|1990}}
| unitssold    =
| unitsshipped =
| media        =
| os           = MicroWorld [[BASIC]] <br /> DGOS (''David Griffiths Operating System'')<!-- operating system -->
| power        =
| cpu          = {{nowrap|[[Zilog Z80]] @ [[Hertz|2 MHz]]}}
| storage      =
| memory       = {{nowrap|16 [[Kilobyte|kB]]}} or {{nowrap|32 [[Kilobyte|kB]]}}
| display      =
| graphics     = {{nowrap|[[Synertek]] 6545}} [[CRT controller]] for {{nowrap|64 × 16}} characters ({{nowrap|512 × 256}} pixels)
| sound        = Monotonic sound generator & speaker, 2 [[octave]]s
| input        =
| location     = <!-- GPS or Wi-Fi based -->
| controllers  =
| output       =
| camera       =
| touchpad     =
| connectivity =
| service      = <!-- online service/s offered -->
| dimensions   =
| weight       =
| topgame      =
| compatibility =
| predecessor  =
| successor    =
| related      =
| website      =
}}
'''MicroBee''' (or '''Micro Bee''') was a series of networkable [[home computer]]s by [[Applied Technology]], which became publicly listed company MicroBee Systems Limited soon after its release. The original Microbee computer was designed in [[Australia]] by a team including Owen Hill<ref name="theage-secretprj">[http://www.theage.com.au/news/next/secret-of-project-granny-smith/2005/07/11/1120934156894.html Secret of project Granny Smith] By Gordon Laing, July 12, 2005 - theage.com.au</ref> and Matthew Starr.
The MicroBee's most distinctive features are its user configurable video display (capable of mimicking the displays of other computers and devices including the [[TRS-80]], Sorcerer and SOL20 with later colour and graphic models 40 and 80 column terminals, Super-80, [[ZX Spectrum]], early arcade machines, [[Amstrad CPC 464]]) and its battery backed [[non-volatile RAM]] and small size allowing it to be powered off, transported, and powered back on and resume activities on the currently loaded program or document.
It was originally packaged as a two board unit with the lower "baseboard" containing all components except the system memory which was mounted on the upper "core board".
==Components==
The original main board consisted of:
* [[Zilog Z80|Z80]] CPU
* Z80 [[Programmed input–output|PIO]]
* [[Motorola 6545|6545]] [[CRT controller]]
* 2 KB Screen [[Random-access memory|RAM]]
* 2 KB Character [[Read-only memory|ROM]] (128 characters)
* 2 KB Programmable Character Graphics (PCG) RAM (128 characters)
* Keyboard
* Speaker
* Tape Input/Output
* Video Out
* [[Serial Port]]
* User [[Parallel Port]]
* Power Connector
The original coreboards consisted of:
* Either 32KB capacity or 56KB capacity 6116 battery backed Non-volatile RAM
* Either 16KB BASIC ROM or 4KB BOOT ROM
* 50 way System Expansion port
* Provision for 8KB Expansion ROM on 32KB Max capacity version
A floppy disk drive unit and [[S-100 bus]] expansion unit were available. They connected to a microbee by a 50 way [[ribbon cable]] to the System Expansion port.
The microbee had two networking options - BeeNet and StarNet.  The BeeNet was a low cost low speed LAN (Local Area Network) for 16-32K ROM Models and the StarNet was for the 64K and  larger DRAM models.
The BeeNet uses a [[bus topology]] that uses [[Synchronous serial communication|synchronous]] serial transfers.  The StarNet uses a single [[star topology]] using dedicated 8-bit parallel data bus connections between the central hub and its remote spokes.
== Ancestry ==
The microbee was the integration, simplification and modernisation of the following S-100 cards sold by Applied Technology, Microworld BASIC and DGOS Monitor for their System Z.A.T. chassis.
* DG680 CPU - Z80 Single board Computer designed by David Griffiths
* MW640/DG640 VDU  - Visual Display Unit designed by David Griffiths. (The DG640 VDU was itself was based upon the Processor Technology VDM-1.)
* TCT-PCG  - Programmable Character Generator for the DG640 VDU designed by Craig Barratt
* MW864 - MEGAMEMORY  64K [[Static RAM]] Memory board designed by Owen Hill
* MW2516  - 16K ROM 16K ROM Card designed by Owen Hill
* MW6545 - User Programmable VDU designed by John Wilmshurst
The removal of the S-100 bus support and configuration hardware and some other features made the microbee much simpler and cheaper than its ancestors.
Examples:
# The VDU Attribute RAM of the DG640 VDU was not employed in the original microbee (but was reinstated in a modified and extended form for the Premium Series Microbee)
# Z80 CTC (Counter Timer Counter)
# Tape motor on/off control
# 8 bit input sense port
# Configuration [[DIP switch]]es
The utilisation of higher density memory devices made also the microbee smaller. HM6116 (2K x 8 bit) were instead of the earlier 2101 (1K x 1bit) and 2114 (1K x 4bit) static RAMS and 2732 (4K x 8 bit) ROMs instead of 2516 (2K x 8) ROMs as program ROM.  Subsequent models used the even denser HM6264 (8K x 8 bit) static RAMs, 4164 (64K x 1 bit) dynamic RAM and 27128 (16K x 8 bit) 2764 (8K x 8) program ROMs.
==Kit beginnings==
The computer was released as a kit, with assembly instructions included in ''[[Your Computer (Australian magazine)|Your Computer]]'' magazine, in February 1982.<ref>[http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/link/1998-August/034665.html Microbee computer], From:Owen Hill Date:24 Aug 1998, Link list on Australian network policy and communications</ref>  After a successful bid for the [[New South Wales]] Department of Education computer tender, the computer was repackaged in a two-tone beige and black case, and sold pre-built. The {{nowrap|16 kB}} [[Read-only memory|ROM]] held the MicroWorld [[BASIC]] interpreter written by Matthew Starr and DGOS (''David Griffiths Operating System'') compatible System Monitor. In addition to the {{nowrap|16 kB ROM,}} there is additional ROM socket for optional programs such as WORDBEE ([[Word processor]]) or EDASM (a Z80 Editor/Assembler that was written by Ron Harris).<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1831283 Graphic Word bee user's manual] by Ron Harris and Gordon Rowell, Honeysoft, c1985., National Library of Australia</ref>
Original MicroBees ran at a [[clock speed]] of {{nowrap|2 MHz}}, with a video dot clock of {{nowrap|12 MHz}}, which was sufficient to display {{nowrap|64 × 16 characters}} ({{nowrap|512 × 256 pixels}}) on a modified [[television]] or [[composite monitor]]. The original machines were supplied with {{nowrap|16 or 32 kB}} of [[static RAM]], and stored programs on [[compact cassette|cassette]], using 300 or 1200 [[Baud]] encoding.
== The IC model ==
The IC model was released in 1983, increasing the clock speed to {{nowrap|3.375 MHz,}} and allowing (through use of a {{nowrap|13.5 MHz}} video clock) display of {{nowrap|80 × 24 characters}} ({{nowrap|640 × 264 pixels}}), again on a modified television or composite monitor.  It also included a {{nowrap|4 kB}} "Telcom" terminal emulator [[Read-only memory|ROM]].
[[File:Microbee Computer-In-A-Book.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A complete MicroBee Computer-In-A-Book system]]
== Disk machines ==
A floppy disk based machine was also released in 1983.  Early disk machines used {{nowrap|56 kB}} of [[Static random-access memory|static RAM]], with a {{nowrap|4 kB}} [[BIOS]] [[Read-only memory|ROM]].  They ran [[CP/M]] 2.2.  The [[disk controller]], based on the [[Western Digital]] WD1793 [[Floppy Disk Controller]] chip was contained in an add-on card that connected to the core board.  The machine used 5.25" [[floppy disk]]s.
[[Dynamic random-access memory|Dynamic RAM]] disk machines with {{nowrap|64 or 128 kB [[Random-access memory|RAM]]}} followed soon after, with a WD2793 Floppy Disk Controller incorporated on the core board.  Later disk machines used {{nowrap|3.5" floppy disks}}.
== Colour ==
A colour machine was also released in 1983, called the "32K Personal Communicator".  This added a second byte of RAM for each character position, allowing each character to have 2 colours.  The foreground colour has 32 possible values (5 bits) and are determined by the contents of the 82S123 [[Programmable ROM|PROM]] located on the colour board.  Not all foreground colours combinations are unique with only 27 being possible.  The background colours were made up from the remaining 3 bits of the colour RAM byte (8 colours) and another 3 bits on a colour control port that controlled the [[RGB color model|RGB]] background intensity level.  This allowed the intensity of each of the RGB colours to be set to full or half intensity but only 7 different values could be in effect at any one time and changing the intensity value would affect the entire display.  The extra colour circuitry required an additional board mounted under the main board, with numerous messy connections to the main board.
The Premium, 256TC and Teleterm models released in 1986 incorporated colour on the main board and used a different colour design compared to the earlier model and was not compatible for the resultant colours that were produced but application and system software will work on either hardware designs.  The later colour design was largely compatible with the [[Color Graphics Adapter]] used on the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]] where 4 bits were used for the foreground and another 4 bits for the background colours.
== The B-ETI Serial Terminal ==
The B-ETI was a Microbee-based serial terminal.  It could emulate either an [[ADM-3A]] or [[Televideo]] 912 terminal.  The display format was monochrome {{nowrap|80 × 24}} and it supported communication at either 300 or 1200 [[baud]].  An advertisement for a "special introductory offer" with an asking price of {{nowrap|A$275}} appeared in the December 1983 issue of ''[[Electronics Today International]]'' magazine.<ref>B-ETI Advertisement. (December 1983). ''Electronics Today International'', p. 51.</ref>
Introduction, BETI Users Guide:
The BETI was designed as a low cost serial terminal operating at speeds of up to 4800 baud (1200 baud without [[Handshake (computing)|handshaking]]). The BETI also provides optional automatic code conversion to and from the [[Baudot code|baudot]] 5 level code used for [[RTTY]] and [[Telex]] applications.
Specifications:<ref>"BETI Serial Terminal Operator's Guide", Microbee Technology.</ref>
* Codes supported: US ASCII and CCITT BAUDOT.
* Baud rates: 45.5, 50, 75, 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800.
* Default settings: 4800 baud US [[ASCII]] [[Duplex_(telecommunications)#FULL-DUPLEX|full duplex]].
* Emulation: ADM-3A and TVI 912C (except for attributes).
* RS232 port: Configured as DTE with 0-12V swing.
* Parallel port: Connects to [[IEEE 1284|Centronics]] printer with adapter.
* Internal buffer: 1800 bytes.
* Power supply read: 9 - 12 V at 800 [[milliamp|mA]].
* Video output: [[Composite video]]: negative sync, 1V p-p into 75 ohms, 50&nbsp;Hz frame, 15625&nbsp;Hz line frequency.
* Screen format: 80 characters by 24 for lines, 64 by 16 lines for setup mode.
* Attribute: Reverse video, enabled by [[escape sequence]].
* Keyboard: Full size, 60-key [[QWERTY]] layout, positive travel. Two shot moulded key tops.
* Microprocessor: Z80A at 3.375&nbsp;MHz.
* Control program: 4k 2532 [[EPROM]].
* Sound generation: Built in loudspeaker for BELL.
* Case: 342mm W × 239mm D × 42mm H. [[Injection moulding|Injection moulded]] ABS.
== The Premium Series MicroBee ==
In 1985, a new mainboard was introduced.  The resulting machine was called the "Premium Series" model.  The new mainboard had {{nowrap|8 kB}} of screen [[RAM]], {{nowrap|8 kB}} of "attribute" RAM (raising the possible number of PCG characters to {{nowrap|32 768}}), {{nowrap|8 kB}} of colour RAM, and up to {{nowrap|32 kB}} ({{nowrap|16 kB}} installed) of PCG RAM.  {{nowrap|16 kB}} PCG RAM was sufficient to allow full {{nowrap|512 × 256 bit}} mapped displays with a limited colour palette. These machines were typically sold with dual-floppy drives (or a {{nowrap|10 MB}} [[Winchester disk|'Winchester' disc]]) held in a monitor stand that connected to the main unit.
== Physical coding for tape storage ==
[[Image:Microbee32K IC.png|thumb|right|250px|Microbee 32K IC]]
Standard MicroBee Tapes are encoded at {{nowrap|300 or 1200 baud}} using its own variation of Processor Technology's SOLOS/CUTER Tape protocol<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sol20.org/manuals/solos.pdf|title=User's manual|website=sol20.org|access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> that consists of a 300 baud metadata header followed by data payload blocks encoded at the desired transfer rate using CUTS (Computer Users Tape System).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sol20.org/articles/img/CUTS_PE_Mar_76.pdf|title=Computer users tape system|author=Robert M. Marsh
|website=sol20.org|access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
The [http://www.microbee-mspp.org.au/repository/?repository_id=fd125d7d273890fc4699a5438949a339&folder=%2FProjects%2FUtilities%2Fdat2wav wav2dat] software converts audio data into Microbee files.
== Books ==
A few books were written about the Microbee, including:
* ''Wildcards'' - By Robert Alan Burt, Peter Terence Ford, and Ash Nallawalla<ref>{{cite book|last=Burt|first=Robert|title=Wildcards|year=1983|publisher=BF&N Publishing|location=Australia|isbn=0949127000|pages=100|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1272335|author2=Ford, Peter T. |author3=Ash Nallawalla }}</ref>
* ''Wildcards 2'' - By Robert Alan Burt, Peter Terence Ford, and Ash Nallawalla<ref>{{cite book|last=Burt|first=Robert|title=Wildcards 2|year=1983|publisher=BF&N Publishing|location=Australia|isbn=0949127019|pages=120|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1804788|author2=Ford, Peter T |author3=Ash Nallawalla }}</ref>
* ''Wildcards 3'' - By Robert Alan Burt, Peter Terence Ford, and Ash Nallawalla<ref>{{cite book|last=Burt|first=Robert|title=Wildcards 3|year=1985|publisher=Pitman|location=Melbourne|isbn=0858962039|pages=109|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1459620|author2=Ford, Peter |author3=Ash Nallawalla }}</ref>
* ''Wildcards 4'' - By Robert Alan Burt, Peter Terence Ford, and Ash Nallawalla<ref>{{cite book|last=Burt|first=Robert|title=Wildcards 4|year=1985|publisher=Pitman|location=Melbourne|isbn=0858962020|pages=122|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2982129|author2=Ford, Peter |author3=Ash Nallawalla }}</ref>
* ''Getting started on your MicroBee'' - By Petr Lukes and Tim Hartnell<ref>{{cite book|last=Lukes|first=Petr|title=Getting Started on your Microbee|year=1984|publisher=Pitman|location=Australia|isbn=0858960869|pages=105|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2509481}}</ref>
* ''Shake hands with the Microbee'' - By Pam Kelly-Hartley, Joy McKneil and Tony Melius<ref>{{cite book|last=Kelly-Hartley|first=Pam|title=Shake hands with the Microbee|year=1985|publisher=Pitman|location=Australia|isbn=0858960990|pages=127|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3032515}}</ref>
* ''The Penguin book of Microbee games'' - By David Johns and edited by Tim Hartnell<ref>{{cite book|last=Johns|first=David|title=The Penguin book of Microbee games|year=1983|publisher=Penguin|location=Australia|isbn=0140078916|pages=104|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2431187}}</ref>
* ''The Winners'' - compiled by the Sydney Microbee User's Group<ref>{{cite book|title=The Winners|year=1985|publisher=Honeysoft Publishing |location=Australia|isbn=0949309397|pages=57|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/206762}}</ref>
== Games ==
Games for the MicroBee include both original titles and clones of pre-existing games, including:
* ''Asteroids''
* ''Bunyip Adventure'', a [[text adventure]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ourdigitalheritage.org/hostedArchives/playitagain/games/bunyip-adventure/index.html | title=Bunyip Adventure | publisher=Play It Again | accessdate=2024-08-13}}</ref>
* ''[[Cricket]]''
* ''Emu Joust'' - a ''[[Joust (video game)|Joust]]'' clone
* ''Gorilla Maths'' - a mental maths challenge with inklings of Donkey Kong
* ''Halloween Harry''
* ''Hoards of the Deep Realm''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~vaughan/Hoards/|title=Hoards of Deep Realm|accessdate=29 June 2023}}</ref>
* ''Lemonade Stall'' - a game for budding business entrepreneurs.
* ''Microspace Invaders''
* ''Robotman'' - a ''[[Pac-Man]]'' clone by Paul Wilmhurst<ref>[http://www.dadgum.com/giantlist/ MBEE - Microbee (Australian)], The Giant List of Classic Game Programmers</ref>
* ''Scrambler''
* ''Sword Quest'' - a ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' style game by P Jepson and C Temple<ref>[http://www.old-computers.com/Museum/software.asp?t=2&c=462&st=1 Old computers museum] {{dead link|date=June 2023}}</ref>
* ''Toady'' - a word guessing game
* ''Underworld of Kin'' - By Andy William Farrell
* ''[[Hunt the Wumpus|Wumpus]]''
As well, numerous [[adventure game]]s were written, mainly in [[BASIC]], plus educational software.<ref>[http://www.passfieldgames.com/ Chilly Willy & Halloween Harry] by John Passfield</ref><ref>[http://www.lysator.liu.se/tolkien-games/entry/lotr-microbee.html Ring of Doom / Ödesringen], Produced by: Microworld, Author: Chris Peters, Year: 1983, System: Microbee, Type: Text adventure ,Tolkien computer games</ref>
== Final versions ==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Microbee-256TC.jpg|thumb|Microbee 256TC]] -->
The final version of the MicroBee, released in 1987, was the 256TC.  This increased the memory to {{nowrap|256 kB}} of [[dynamic RAM]] and had a new keyboard with numeric keypad.  The computer had a built in {{nowrap|3.5" floppy}} disk drive supporting both {{nowrap|800 kB}} (DSDD) and {{nowrap|400 kB}} (SSDD) formats.  Bundled software included "Videotex" (a [[videotex]] terminal program), "Simply Write" (a word processor) and "Telcom" (a serial terminal emulator program).
[[MicroBee Systems]] also designed a [[PC clone]], called the "Matilda", or 640TC, which ran an NEC V40 (see [[NEC V20]] chip), and emulated the MicroBee [[CP/M]] systems in software.
An advanced next generation model code named "Gamma", based on the [[Motorola 68010]] and two [[Zilog Z80]] processors, was designed but never made it to the market.<ref>[https://archive.today/20091025082515/http://uk.geocities.com/peterochocki/computers/1980comp/owenhill.htm  Microbee Systems:WHEN OWEN HILL STOOD STILL] An interview with Owen Hill, founder of Microbee Systems. Published in Your Computer, February 1986.</ref><ref>[http://www.thepcmuseum.com/appliedtechnology/Gamma/default.htm Gamma], Microbee, The As-Yet Unnamed Computer Museum!!</ref>
In 1992, after having undergone a number of ownership changes, the company ceased trading.<ref name=about>{{cite web|title=About Us / History|url=http://www.microbeetechnology.com.au/aboutus.htm|publisher=Microbee Technology Pty Ltd|accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref>
==Legacy==
After almost 20 years, the Microbee brand was re-launched in 2012 by Microbee Technology Pty Ltd, run by a Microbee employee from the 1980s, Ewan Wordsworth.<ref name=about/> The company produced a limited edition (100 unit only) kit, the Premium Plus. The new version was still Z80-based and followed the original two-board design. It had dual-processor architecture, with some enhancements such as floppy emulation of the [[SD memory card]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Premium Plus Limited Edition Kit|url=http://www.microbeetechnology.com.au/premiumpluskit.htm|publisher=Microbee Technology Pty Ltd|accessdate=2017-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403065801/http://www.microbeetechnology.com.au/premiumpluskit.htm|archivedate=2013-04-03}}</ref>
=== In popular culture ===
In the '80s parody movie [[Kung Fury]], Hackerman is hacking the timeline with MicroBee computers (along with a [[ZX Spectrum]] and a [[Power Glove]]) and Kung Fury himself also rides in the cyberspace on a MicroBee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kungfury.com/ |title = Kung Fury}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|MicroBee}}
* [http://www.microbee-mspp.org/forum/ The Microbee Software Preservation Project (MSPP) - Discussion Forum, File Repository & Photo Gallery]
* [https://microbeetechnology.com.au/forum/ Discussion Forum for all things Microbee & extensive File Repository]
* [http://microbee.uber-leet.com/ MicroBee Documents, Projects, Software, Advertisements, Emulators And Resources]
* [http://www.thepcmuseum.com/appliedtechnology/ The PC Museum, Applied Technology page]
* [http://www.sleeper.apana.org.au/microbee/ Matthew Geier's notes and pictures, including a working "Gamma"]
* [http://konos.com.au/microbee/ Microbee Documentation Project]
* [http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=261134&search=microbee The Powerhouse Museum (Sydney Australia) - K1431 Microcomputer, "Microbee" 16KROM, early Kit computer.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824042259/http://www2.ee.unimelb.edu.au/pgrad/apsh/microbee/ Alistair Shilton's "Archaic Electronics Labyrinth" including a page (Picomozzy - the Microbee 32k Emulator) with scans of Microbee technical reference manuals][https://web.archive.org/web/20060824042259/http://www2.ee.unimelb.edu.au/pgrad/apsh/microbee/ Archived version]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050816130653/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~mikeleys/microbee.html The Microbee Archive][https://web.archive.org/web/20070417055552/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~mikeleys/microbee.html Archived version]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100416173304/http://web.aanet.com.au/image/oznaki/microbee.html The Microbee story]
* [https://microbee.com.au/museum/ The Microbee Museum - Interactive Online display featuring the Starnet File Server, Hard Disk based Microbee computer]
* [https://microbee.com.au/beeboard/ The Microbee Beeboard (Discussion Forum & File Repository (archive)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807095818/http://microbee.com.au/beeboard/ (webarchive)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050617061435/http://www.acms.org.au/history/Microbee/index.shtml Australian Computer Museum Society Inc microbee page]
* [https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=287 OLD-COMPUTERS.COM - Microbee 32 page]
* [https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=462 OLD-COMPUTERS.COM - Microbee 128 page]
* [https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1059 OLD-COMPUTERS.COM - Microbee Computer-In-A-Book page]
;Emulators
* [http://www.microbee-mspp.org.au/repository uBee512 MicroBee emulator]
* [http://www.nanowasp.org/index.html Web-based MicroBee emulator]
* [https://microbee.com.au/museum/BATTLESHIPS/ Web-based Microbee '''MicroWorld BASIC, Battleships simulator.''']
{{DEFAULTSORT:Microbee}}
[[Category:Z80-based home computers]]
[[Category:Home computers]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1982]]