View source for Milos

{{Short description|Island in Greece}}
{{other uses}}
{{Redirect|Melos}}
{{Infobox Greek Dimos
|name = Milos
|name_local = Μήλος
|type = municipality
|image_map = 2011 Dimos Milou.png
|image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a = Chora Milos.jpg
| photo2a = Milos-10.jpg
| photo2b = Abandoned sulfur mines, Milos, 153059.jpg
| photo3a = Klima on Milos, syrmata, 152738.jpg
| photo3b = Cathedral Portiani, Zephyria, Milos, 153115.jpg
| photo4a = Plaka on Milos, Street above the Archaeological Museum, 152621.jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 2
| color =
| border = 0
| foot_montage =
}}
|caption_skyline =
|city_seal = Emblem of Milos.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|36|41|N|24|25|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_min = 0
|elevation_max = 751
|periph = [[South Aegean]]
|periphunit         = [[Milos (regional unit)|Milos]]
|seat                    = [[Plaka, Milos|Plaka]]
|pop_municipality   = 5302
|area_municipality  = 150.6
|mayor =
|party =
|since =
|population_as_of = 2021
|postal_code = 848 00, 848 01
|area_code = 2287
|licence = EM
|website = {{url|http://www.milos.gr}}
}}
'''Milos''' or '''Melos''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|iː|l|ɒ|s|,_|-|l|oʊ|s}}; {{langx|el|label=[[Modern Greek]]|Μήλος|Mílos}}, {{IPA-el|ˈmilos|IPA}}; {{langx|grc|Μῆλος|Mêlos}}) is a volcanic [[Greek island]] in the [[Aegean Sea]], just north of the [[Sea of Crete]]. Milos is the southwestern-most island in the [[Cyclades]] group.
The ''[[Venus de Milo]]'' (now in the [[Louvre]]), the ''[[Poseidon of Melos]]'' (now in the [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens|NAMA]]) and the ''[[Asclepius of Milos]]'' (now in the [[British Museum]]) were all found on the island,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=460415&partId=1&place=34534&plaA=34534-3-1&page=1|title=statue|website=British Museum|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> as was an archaic [[Apollo]] now in [[Athens]]. Milos is a popular tourist destination during the summer. The [[Communities and Municipalities of Greece|municipality]] of Milos also includes the uninhabited offshore islands of [[Antimilos]] and [[Akradies]]. The combined land area is {{convert|160.147|km²|3|abbr=out}}<ref name=stat01>{{cite web|url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece |title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation) |language=el |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-21 }}</ref> and at the 2021 census the population was 5,193 inhabitants.
==History==
[[File:Lady of Phylakopi, 14th c BC, AM Milos, B 655, 152497.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The ''Lady of Phylakopi'' (14th-century BC) in the [[Archaeological Museum of Milos]]]]
[[Obsidian]] (a glass-like volcanic rock) from Milos was a commodity as early as [[Obsidian hydration dating|15,000]] years ago.<ref>N. Laskaris, A. Sampson, F. Mavridis, I. Liritzis, (September 2011) "Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene seafaring in the Aegean: new obsidian hydration dates with the SIMS-SS method" Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 38, Issue 9, pp.2475–2479</ref> Natural glass from Milos was transported over long distances and used for razor-sharp "stone tools" well before farming began and later: "There is no early farming village in the [[Near East]] that doesn't get obsidian".<ref>C. Renferew</ref> The mining of obsidian did not lead to the development of permanent habitation or manufacturing on the island. Instead, those in search of obsidian arrived by boat, beaching it in a suitable cove and cutting pieces of the volcanic glass from the quarries.<ref name=abulafia>{{cite book |title=[[The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean]] |author=David Abulafia |author-link=David Abulafia |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-14-196999-2}}</ref>
The position of Milos, between mainland Greece and [[Crete]], and its possession of obsidian, made it an important centre of early [[Aegean civilisation]]. Milos lost its arms-making importance when [[bronze]] became the preferred material for the manufacture of weapons.<ref name="Chalk and Jonassohn, 65">Chalk and Jonassohn, 65</ref>
===The Bronze Age===
The first settlement at [[Phylakopi]] ([[Greek language|Greek]] Φυλακωπή) arose in the [[Bronze Age]], flourishing as the extraction of obsidian was in the decline. The first settlers were [[tuna]] fishermen.<ref name=abulafia/> Lying on the north-east coast, 1896 excavations by the [[British School at Athens]] and later in 1973 by the British archaeologist [[Colin Renfrew]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kp93vv|title=Renfrew, Colin|access-date=2023-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in2greece.com/english/places/summer/islands/milos/archaeological-site-of-phylakopi.html|title=Archaeological Site of Phylakopi|access-date=2023-09-13}}</ref> revealed a town wall and a [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]]-inspired structure, dubbed the Pillar room, which contained fragments of vivid wall paintings. The famous fresco of the flying fish<ref name=fish>[http://www.ou.edu/finearts/art/ahi4913/aegeanhtml/cyptg.html Flying fish] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022133000/http://www.ou.edu/finearts/art/ahi4913/aegeanhtml/cyptg.html |date=2015-10-22 }}</ref> was found in the ruins of the Pillar room and was executed with delicate colouring and graphic observation of nature in the graceful movement of a fish. Stylistic similarities to Minoan [[fresco]]es are suggested, and it could perhaps have been the work of a Cretan artist.<ref>CAH pg. 448</ref> Part of the site has been washed away by the sea.
The antiquities found at the site covered three major periods, from the Early [[Cycladic culture|Cycladic period]] to the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean period]]. At the site much pottery was excavated, with several changing styles and influences over the site's long occupation. In the early occupation of the site, there are many similarities and imports from other Cycladic islands and the settlement was very small. During the [[Middle Bronze Age]] however, the site expanded significantly and the expansion of Minoan Crete saw an influx of Minoan pottery into the Cyclades, particularly at [[Akrotiri (prehistoric city)|Akrotiri]] on [[Thera]], though much found its way to Phylakopi. The quantities found at the Cycladic sites have been taken to suggest a Minoan control over the region, though it could also be the consumptive nature of the islanders adopting Cretan fashions. There is more than just pottery at Phylakopi however, the eruption of the Thera volcano saw a reduction in Minoan presence in the Cyclades and it is at this time that Mycenaean involvement on the islands increases. At Phylakopi (and unknown in the rest of the Cyclades) a [[megaron]] structure, which is typically associated with the Mycenaean palaces, such as those at [[Tiryns]], [[Pylos]] and [[Mycenae]] has been discovered. This has been taken to suggest that the Mycenaeans conquered the settlement and installed a seat of power for a governor. The evidence is not clear, though again it could be a legacy of the islanders adopting foreign elements into their culture. Particularly unexpected was the discovery in the 1970s of a shrine at the site, which contained many examples of [[Aegean Islands|Aegean]] figurines, including the famous "Lady of Phylakopi". The shrine is unprecedented in the Bronze Age Cyclades and has provided a valuable insight into the beliefs and rituals of the inhabitants of Phylakopi. The site was eventually abandoned and was never reoccupied.
===Dorian settlement===
{{Annotated image
| image = Milos.jpg
| caption = The approximate location of the ancient Dorian city, prior to the siege of 416 BC.<ref>Based on a map by Brian Sparkes, published in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982}}.</ref>
| header=
| image-width = 300
| image-left =
| image-top =
| align = right
| width = 300
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{{Annotation|130|95| '''★''' | text-align=right | font-size=16 | background-color= | color=#66FF00}}
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The first Dorian settlement on Melos was established no earlier than the 1st millennium BC. [[Dorians]] are the ethnic group to which the [[Spartans]] belonged, but the Dorian settlers of Melos made themselves independent. They eventually established a city whose site lies on the eastern shore of the bay, just south-west of the present-day community of [[Trypiti]].
From the 6th century BC up to the siege of 416 BC, Melos issued its own coinage, struck according to the [[Miletus|Milesian]] weight standard: the base coin was the ''[[stater]]'' which weighed just over 14 grams.<ref>Brain Sparkes, in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982}}, p 230: "Melian coins of the late sixth and fifth centuries are of silver [...] and based on the Milesian weight standard."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Gardner|1918}}: "Already, in the sixth century, Melos struck coins on a different standard from that of most of the other islands of the Aegean, the stater weighing about 224 grains (grm. 14.50). Certain coins of the Santorin find (p. 122) are not of Aeginetan but of this Phoenician weight."</ref><ref>According to the website of Robert J. O'Hara (http://rjohara.net/coins/history/), a Lydo-Milesian ''stater'' weighed 14.10 grams.</ref> Melos was the only island in the Aegean Sea to use this standard.<ref>Brain Sparkes, in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982}}, p 47</ref> Most coins bore the image of an apple, which is a pun because the ancient Greek word for "apple" (''mêlon'') sounded similar to the name of the island.<ref>{{harvp|Hill|1899|p=176}}</ref> The coins also often bore the name of its people: ΜΑΛΙΟΝ (''Malion'') or some abbreviation thereof.<ref>Brain Sparkes, in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982}}, p 230</ref>
By the 6th century BC, the Melians had also learned to write, and they used an archaic variant of the [[Archaic Greek alphabets|ancient Greek script]] that exhibited [[Crete|Cretan]] and [[Thera]]ic influences. It was discarded after the siege of 416 BC.<ref>Brain Sparkes, in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!||[[Α]]||[[Β]]||[[Γ]]||[[Δ]]||[[Ε]]||[[Ϝ]]||[[Ζ]]
![[Η]]||''[[Heta (letter)|Η]]''||[[Θ]]||[[Ι]]||[[Κ]]||[[Λ]]||[[Μ]]||[[Ν]]
![[Ξ]]||[[Ο]]||[[Pi (letter)|Π]]||[[Ϻ]]||[[Ϙ]]||[[Ρ]]||[[Sigma|Σ]]||[[Τ]]||[[Υ]]
![[Φ]]||[[Χ]]||[[Ψ]]||[[Ω]]
|-
![[Laconia]]<br/>(Sparta)
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Alpha 09}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Beta 15}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Gamma 02}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Delta 03}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Epsilon 04}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Digamma oblique}}{{GrGl|Digamma normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Zeta archaic}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | –
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Eta archaic}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Theta archaic straight}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Iota normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Kappa normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Lambda normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Mu 02}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Nu archaic}}
| style="background-color: #FFB0B0 !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Chi normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Omicron normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Pi rounded}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | –
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" |
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Rho 01}}{{GrGl|Rho 03}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Sigma Z-shaped}}{{GrGl|Iota 04}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Tau normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Upsilon Twig-shaped}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Phi normal}}
| style="background-color: #FFB0B0 !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Psi straight}}{{GrGl|Chi 05}}
| style="background-color: #FFB0B0 !important; color: black !important;" | (φσ)
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | –
|-
![[Attica]]<br/>(Athens)
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Alpha 06}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Beta 15}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Gamma 02}}{{GrGl|Gamma 09}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Delta normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Epsilon 04}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Digamma oblique}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Zeta archaic}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | –
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Eta archaic}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Theta archaic straight}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Iota normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Kappa normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Lambda Athenian}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Mu 06}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Nu archaic}}
| style="background-color: #D0D0FF !important; color: black !important;" | (χσ)
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Omicron normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Pi archaic}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | –
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Koppa normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Rho 01}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Sigma Z-shaped}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Tau normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Upsilon Twig-shaped}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Phi normal}}
| style="background-color: #D0D0FF !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Chi normal}}
| style="background-color: #D0D0FF !important; color: black !important;" | (φσ)
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | –
|-
![[Melos]]
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Alpha 04}}
| style="background-color: #B0B0B0 !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Beta 05}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Gamma 07}}<br/>{{GrGl|Gamma 03}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Delta normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Epsilon 04}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | –
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Zeta archaic}}
| style="background-color: #FFFF90 !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Eta normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Eta normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Theta archaic straight}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Iota Z-shaped}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Kappa 04}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Lambda 09}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Mu 04}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Nu archaic}}
| style="background-color: #E0FFE0 !important; color: black !important;" | (κϻ)
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Gamma C-shaped}}<br/>{{GrGl|Omicron normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Pi archaic}}
| style="background-color: #B0B0B0 !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Mu 03}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Koppa normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Rho 01}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | –
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Tau normal}}
| style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Upsilon V-shaped}}
| style="background-color: #E0FFE0 !important; color: black !important;" | (π''h'')
| style="background-color: #E0FFE0 !important; color: black !important;" | (κ''h'')
| style="background-color: #E0FFE0 !important; color: black !important;" | (πϻ)
| style="background-color: #FFFF90 !important; color: black !important;" | {{GrGl|Omicron normal}}
|-
|}
[[File:5th century BC Melian stater.jpg|thumb|upright|A Melian ''stater'' from the 5th century.]]
[[File:Triton Theseus Louvre MNC746.jpg|thumb|upright|Melian [[terracotta]] relief depicting Triton and Theseus.]]
From at least as early as 470 BC and ending with the siege of 416 BC, the Melians exported [[Melian reliefs|terracotta reliefs]], which were typically use as door or chest ornaments and depicted scenes from mythology.
During the [[second Persian invasion of Greece]] in 480 BC, the Melians refused to submit to [[Persia]] and contributed two warships to the Greek war effort, which were used at the [[Battle of Salamis]].<ref>Herodotus. ''The Histories'', 46-48: "The [[Serifos|Seriphians]], [[Sifnos|Siphnians]], and Melians also took part, since they were the only islanders who had not given earth and water to the barbarian. [...] All of these came to the war providing [[trireme]]s, except the Melians and Siphnians and Seriphians, who brought fifty-oared boats. The Melians (who are of [[Laconia (ancient region)|Lacedaemonian]] stock) provided two; the Siphnians and Seriphians, who are [[Ionians]] from [[Athens]], one each. The total number of ships, besides the fifty-oared boats, was three hundred and seventy-eight."</ref> After the battle, the Melians returned to their traditional isolationism.<ref>Brain Sparkes, in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982}}, p 49</ref>
===Siege of 416 BC===
{{See also|Siege of Melos}}
During the [[Peloponnesian War]] (431-404 BC) between Athens and Sparta, the Melians made some small donations to the Spartan war effort,<ref>Geoffrey Ernest Maurice de Ste Croix (1954). "The Character of the Athenian Empire". An essay originally published in ''Historia'' 3, republished in {{harvp|Low|2008|pp=245–246}}: "Epigraphic evidence allows us to go further still: it puts the original Athenian attack on Melos in quite a different light. The inscription found near Sparta [...] records two separate donations by Melos to the Spartan war-funds, one of twenty Aeginetan minae [...] The other figure has perished. The donors are described, it will be noticed, as ''toi Malioi'', 'the Melians'. [...] This shows that the Melian subscription was an official one. [...] there is good reason to think these gifts to Sparta were made in the spring of 427."</ref><ref>The evidence is an inscription (IG V 1, 1) which reads: "The Melians gave to the Lacedaimonians twenty mnas of silver." See {{harvp|Loomis|1992}}, p 13</ref> but remained largely neutral despite sharing the Spartans' [[Dorians|Dorian]] ethnicity. In 426 BC, the Athenians raided the Melian countryside, and the following year demanded tribute,<ref>Brian Sparkes, in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982|p=49}}</ref> but Melos refused. In the summer of 416 BC, Athens invaded again with 3,400 men, and demanded that Melos ally with them against Sparta, or be destroyed. The Melians rejected this, so the Athenian army laid siege to the city and eventually captured it in the winter.  After the city's fall, the Athenians executed all the adult men,<ref>Thucydides. ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', 116<br/><br/>The key word in the account by Thucydides is ''hebôntas'' (ἡβῶντας), which generally describes people who have passed puberty and in this context refers to the men as Thucydides described a different fate for the women and children. Some translators such as Rex Warner translated this as "men of military age". Another possible translation is "men in their prime". Thucydides made no specific mention of what happened to the elderly males.</ref> and sold the women and children into slavery. They then settled 500 of their own colonists on the island.<ref>Thucydides. ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', 5.84-116</ref>
In 405 BC, with Athens losing the war, the Spartan general [[Lysander]] expelled the Athenian settlers from Melos and repatriated the survivors of the siege.<ref name=Xenophon229>Xenophon. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0206%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D9 ''Hellenica'', 2.2.9]: "Meantime Lysander, upon reaching Aegina, restored the state to the Aeginetans, gathering together as many of them as he could, and he did the same thing for the Melians also and for all the others who had been deprived of their native states."</ref><ref name=Plutarch144>Plutarch. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0048%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D3 ''Life of Lysander'', 14.3]: "But there were other measures of Lysander upon which all the Greeks looked with pleasure, when, for instance, the Aeginetans, after a long time, received back their own city, and when the Melians and Scionaeans were restored to their homes by him, after the Athenians had been driven out and had delivered back the cities."</ref> Sparta annexed Melos, which would mean that like other liberated islands, it received a military governor (a ''[[harmost]]'').<ref>Brian Sparkes, in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982|p=49-50}}: "Melos thus passed from Athenian to Spartan control, and the Melians who returned found a government of ten established, made effective by the presence of a Spartan garrison and of a ''harmost'' or military commander."</ref> The cultural distinctiveness of Melos faded away as it was absorbed into mainstream Greek culture.<ref name=Sparkes1982>Brian Sparkes, in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982}}</ref> Their coinage switched to the Rhodian standard<ref>Brian Sparkes, in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982}}, p 231</ref> ([[tetradrachm]]s weighing 15.3 g<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rjohara.net/coins/history/#weights|title=History, Metals, and Weight Standards (Ancient Coins of Miletos)|first=Robert James (1959-)|last=O'Hara|website=rjohara.net|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>) and ceased bearing the word ΜΑΛΙΟΝ. The production of its [[terracotta]] reliefs also ceased.
===The Hellenistic period===
In 338 BC, [[Philip II of Macedon]] defeated the Greeks at the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Battle of Chaeroneia]] and became the [[overlord]] of Greece and the [[Cyclades]]. During this time, Melos and the nearby island [[Kimolos]] disputed each other over the ownership of the islands of [[Polyaigos]], Heterea, and Libea (the last two are probably today's uninhabited islands of [[Kimolos|Agios Efstathios and Agios Georgios]]). In the past, this dispute would have been settled by war, but the two communities took their dispute to [[Ancient Argos|Argos]] on the Greek mainland. The [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argives]] decided the islands belonged to [[Kimolos]].<ref>Brain Sparkes, in {{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982}}, p 50</ref>
===The Roman and Byzantine period===
In 197 BC, the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] forced Philip V to withdraw from Greece, and Melos subsequently came under Roman influence.
During the early 9th century CE the [[Cyclades]] were harassed by [[Arab]] raiders, though how Milos fared at this time is unclear. Milos was mentioned in a [[Byzantine]] [[chrysobull]] of 1198, which shows it was still important to the Byzantines.<ref>{{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982|p=58}}</ref>
===Medieval period===
[[File:I Milos - Buondelmonti Cristoforo - 1420.jpg|thumb|Fifteenth century map by [[Cristoforo Buondelmonti]].]]
In the aftermath of the [[Fourth Crusade]] (1204), the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] [[Marco I Sanudo|Marco Sanudo]] seized control of Milos and a number of other islands in the [[Cyclades]]. Sanudo declared himself the [[Duchy of Naxos|Duke of Naxos]], after the island where he established his capital. Sanudo did not make his duchy a vassal of Venice, but instead declared loyalty to the [[Latin Empire|Latin Emperor]].<ref>{{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982|p=58-69}}</ref> Sanudo's dynasty lasted nine generations, then was succeeded by the [[Francesco I Crispo|Crispos]]. Both families were [[Catholic]]. The majority of the population was (and still is) [[Greek Orthodox]].
Up to this point, the population of Melos was overwhelmingly Greek Orthodox Christian, just like the rest of the archipelago. When the Venetians conquered the archipelago, they brought Catholicism with them. The first Catholic bishop of Milos was appointed in 1253.<ref name="GCatholic.org - Diocese of Milos">{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/milo0.htm|title=Diocese of Milos, Greece|website=GCatholic|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>
===Ottoman period===
In 1566 the Venetians handed over the Duchy of Naxos to the [[Ottoman Empire]], and its last Catholic duke fled to Venice. The Ottoman sultan [[Selim II]] appointed a [[Marrano|Portuguese Jew]] named [[Joseph Nasi]] as its duke. Upon Nasi's death in 1579, the Ottomans formally annexed the territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greeka.com/cyclades/milos/milos-history.htm|title=History of Milos island - Greeka.com|website=Greeka|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Femmes de MILO - Tournefort Joseph Pitton De - 1717.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Women's dress in the early 18th century.]]
In the early 18th century, the population surpassed 6,000<ref name=RenfrewWagstaff1982/> and was almost entirely Greek and Christian. It was ruled by Turkish judge or ''[[Kadi (Ottoman Empire)|kadi]]'', and a Turkish governor or ''[[voivode]]''. The ''voivode'' was responsible for collecting taxes and enforcing the decisions of the ''kadi''. The day-to-day affairs of the island were managed by three elected magistrates (''[[epitropos|epitropi]]''), although any of their decisions could be appealed to the ''kadi''. The island had two [[bishop]]s: one Greek Orthodox and one Latin Catholic. The Greek bishop was wealthier than his Latin counterpart, as he had a larger revenue base. Although the islanders enjoyed a great degree of autonomy, they chafed under the heavy taxation of their Ottoman overlords.<ref>{{harvp|Tournefort|1717|p=180-181}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Thompson|1752|loc=vol 1, p. 291-300}}</ref>
In 1771 the island was occupied by the [[Russian Empire]] for three years, then retaken by the Ottomans.
In the late 18th century, the population declined considerably for uncertain reasons.<ref>{{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982|p=69}}</ref> By 1798, it had fallen below 500 people.<ref name=Olivier1801p156/> Visitors reported that up to two thirds of the buildings had fallen into ruin. It began growing again in the early 19th century, reaching 5,000 people by 1821.<ref name=RenfrewWagstaff1982p148/> Reliable figures are hard to find as the Ottoman Empire never performed a [[census]] before 1881.
===Modern period===
[[File:Adamas on Milos, 153208.jpg|thumb|The port of Adamas.]]
[[File:Chora Milos.jpg|thumb|Chora (Plaka) of Milos]]
Milos was one of the first islands to join the [[Greek War of Independence]] of 1821. The first naval battle of the war took place off the coast of Milos on 11 April 1821.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Milos island {{!}} Greeka |url=https://www.greeka.com/cyclades/milos/history/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Greekacom |language=en}}</ref> Milos became a refuge for refugees from numerous islands, particularly Crete. The port town of [[Adamantas]] was founded by Cretan refugees from the [[Cretan Revolt (1841)|Cretan Revolt in 1841]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milos |url=https://www.greece.org/poseidon/work/islands2/cyclades/milos.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=www.greece.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heikell |first=Rod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gb_PDwAAQBAJ |title=West Aegean |date=2020-01-01 |publisher=Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Ltd |isbn=978-1-78679-089-7 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref>
When [[Theodore Bent]] toured the island in December 1883, note-taking for his guide to the Cyclades, he found that “There is a lack of energy nowadays in Melos, for [[Syros|Syra]] monopolises all the trade that once came here, and the Cretan exiles refuse to cultivate as they ought the fertile centre of the island, for they are only awaiting a favourable turn in events to return to their own island…”<ref>Theodore Bent, ''The Cyclades, or Life Among the Insular Greeks'' (London, 1885, pp. 57ff.).</ref>
During the 19th century, Milos was a major rendezvous point for American and British ships fighting Muslim pirates in the Mediterranean.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
In February 1943, 14 male civilians were [[Milos executions|executed]] for collecting material owned by the [[Wehrmacht|German occupation forces]] that was washed up after the sinking of a cargo ship by Allied aircraft.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
The population peaked in 1928 at 6,562 people.<ref>{{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982|p=70}}</ref> In 2011 it was 4,977.
== Geography ==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Columnar Volcanic Rock Glaronisia Greece.jpg|thumb| Columns of [[dacite]] lava at [[Glaronisia]] islet, north of Milos.  The lava is of late [[Pliocene]] age.]]
Milos is the southwestern-most island in the Cyclades, {{convert|120|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} due east from the [[coast]] of Laconia. From east to west it measures about {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}}, from north to south {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and its area is estimated at {{convert|151|km²|0|abbr=out}}. The greater portion is rugged and hilly, culminating in Mount Profitis Elias {{convert|748|m|0|abbr=off}} in the west. Like the rest of the cluster, the island is of [[volcanic]] origin, with [[tuff]], [[trachyte]] and [[obsidian]] among its ordinary rocks. Volcanic activity began 2 to 3 million years ago during the [[Pliocene]], and last erupted 90,000 years ago during the [[Pleistocene]], and is considered to still be a [[dormant volcano]] that could erupt again. The natural [[harbour]] is the hollow of the principal crater, which, with a depth diminishing from 70 to 30&nbsp;[[fathom]]s (130–55&nbsp;m), strikes in from the northwest so as to separate the island into two fairly equal portions (''see photo''), with an isthmus not more than {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} broad. In one of the caves on the south coast, the heat from the volcano is still great, and on the eastern shore of the harbour, there are hot [[sulfur]]ous springs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geoengineer.org/education/history/milos-island-working-with-earth-for-9000-years|title = Milos Island: Working with Earth for 9000 years}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/oldroot/volcanoes/volc_images/europe_west_asia/milos.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-30 |archive-date=2012-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722023624/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/oldroot/volcanoes/volc_images/europe_west_asia/milos.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greeka.com/about-greece/nature/volcanoes/|title = Volcanoes in Greece & Greek islands &#124; Greeka}}</ref>
Antimelos or Antimilos, {{convert|13|mi|km}} north-west of Milos, is an uninhabited mass of trachyte, often called Erimomilos (Desert Milos). Kimolos, or Argentiera, {{convert|1.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the north-east, was famous in antiquity for its [[fig]]s and [[fuller's earth]], and contained a considerable city, the remains of which cover the cliff of St. Andrew's. [[Polyaigos]] (also called Polinos, Polybos or Polivo — alternative spelling Polyaegos) lies {{convert|2|km|0|abbr=on}} south-east of Kimolos. It was the subject of dispute between the Milians and Kimolians. It is now uninhabited.
The harbour town is Adamantas; from this there is an ascent to the plateau above the harbour, on which are situated [[Plaka, Milos|Plaka]], the chief town, and [[Kastro (Milos)|Kastro]], rising on a hill above it, and other villages. The ancient town of Milos was nearer to the entrance of the harbour than Adamas, and occupied the slope between the village of [[Trypiti]] and the landing-place at [[Klima, Milos|Klima]]. Here is a theatre of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] date and some remains of town walls and other buildings, one with a fine [[mosaic]] excavated by the [[United Kingdom|British]] school at Athens in 1896. Numerous fine works of art have been found on this site, notably the [[Venus de Milo|Aphrodite]] in [[Paris]], the [[Asclepius]] in [[London]], and the [[Poseidon]] and the archaic [[Apollo]] in Athens. Other villages include [[Triovasalos, Milos|Triovasalos]], [[Peran Triovasalos]], [[Pollonia, Milos|Pollonia]] and [[Zefyria, Milos|Zefyria]] (Kampos).
===Climate===
Milos has a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa'') with mild, rainy winters and warm to hot dry summers.<ref name = koppen>{{cite journal| last = Kottek | first = M.|author2=J. Grieser |author3=C. Beck |author4=B. Rudolf |author5=F. Rubel | title = World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated| journal = Meteorol. Z.| volume =15 | pages =259–263| url =http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf| doi =10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130| access-date = January 29, 2013| year =2006| issue = 3| bibcode = 2006MetZe..15..259K}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Milos
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 21.6
| Feb record high C = 26.2
| Mar record high C = 25.6
| Apr record high C = 28.4
| May record high C = 35.4
| Jun record high C = 44.0
| Jul record high C = 41.0
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 36.3
| Oct record high C = 32.0
| Nov record high C = 27.8
| Dec record high C = 23.4
| year record high C = 44.0
| Jan high C = 12.9
| Feb high C = 13.2
| Mar high C = 14.8
| Apr high C = 18.4
| May high C = 22.8
| Jun high C = 27.1
| Jul high C = 28.1
| Aug high C = 27.6
| Sep high C = 25.2
| Oct high C = 21.3
| Nov high C = 18.0
| Dec high C = 14.6
| year high C = 20.3
| Jan mean C = 10.5
| Feb mean C = 10.7
| Mar mean C = 12.1
| Apr mean C = 15.2
| May mean C = 19.3
| Jun mean C = 23.5
| Jul mean C = 25.0
| Aug mean C = 24.6
| Sep mean C = 22.3
| Oct mean C = 18.5
| Nov mean C = 15.3
| Dec mean C = 12.3
| year mean C = 17.4
| Jan low C = 8.5
| Feb low C = 8.5
| Mar low C = 9.6
| Apr low C = 12.4
| May low C = 15.9
| Jun low C = 19.8
| Jul low C = 21.8
| Aug low C = 21.6
| Sep low C = 19.6
| Oct low C = 16.1
| Nov low C = 13.1
| Dec low C = 10.3
| year low C = 14.8
| Jan record low C = -2.0
| Feb record low C = -2.0
| Mar record low C = 0.0
| Apr record low C = 5.4
| May record low C = 8.0
| Jun record low C = 10.0
| Jul record low C = 14.0
| Aug record low C = 14.2
| Sep record low C = 11.6
| Oct record low C = 8.0
| Nov record low C = 2.8
| Dec record low C = 0.0
| year record low C = -2.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 74.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 50.6
| Mar precipitation mm = 47.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 20.5
| May precipitation mm = 13.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 3.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.3
| Aug precipitation mm = 1.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 5.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 42.9
| Nov precipitation mm = 60.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 90.3
| year precipitation mm = 410.8
| Jan humidity = 73.3
| Feb humidity = 72.5
| Mar humidity = 72.0
| Apr humidity = 67.0
| May humidity = 63.5
| Jun humidity = 58.8
| Jul humidity = 60.1
| Aug humidity = 63.4
| Sep humidity = 66.8
| Oct humidity = 71.3
| Nov humidity = 73.9
| Dec humidity = 73.7
| year humidity = 68.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 8.8
| Feb precipitation days = 7.3
| Mar precipitation days = 5.7
| Apr precipitation days = 2.9
| May precipitation days = 1.4
| Jun precipitation days = 0.3
| Jul precipitation days = 0.1
| Aug precipitation days = 0.1
| Sep precipitation days = 0.9
| Oct precipitation days = 3.9
| Nov precipitation days = 5.8
| Dec precipitation days = 9.0
| year precipitation days = 46.2
| source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAA>{{cite web
|url = ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/GR/16738.TXT
|title = Milos Climate Normals 1961-1990
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|access-date = January 29, 2013}}</ref>
| date = January 2013
| source =
}}
== Natural resources ==
=== Volcanic minerals ===
[[File:Milos mine.jpg|thumb|left|200px|View of an old sulfur mine at Thiorichia beach.]]
[[File:Sikiacavemilo.JPG|thumb|The Cave of Sikia from interior.]]
[[File:Milos-1.jpg|thumb|The bay of Milos]]
[[Bentonite]], [[perlite]], [[pozzolana]] and small quantities of [[kaolin]] are actively collected via [[strip mine]] or [[open-pit mine]] techniques in Milos and sold all over the world. In the past, [[baryte]], [[sulfur]], millstones and [[gypsum]] were also mined; [[Pliny the Elder]] notes that Milos was the most abundant source of sulfur in the ancient world.<ref>C. Michael Hogan (2011). [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sulfur?topic=49557 ''Sulfur''. Encyclopedia of Earth, eds. A. Jorgensen and C.J. Cleveland, National Council for Science and the environment, Washington DC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028080550/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sulfur?topic=49557 |date=2012-10-28 }}</ref> In ancient times the [[alum]] of Milos was reckoned next to that of [[Egypt]] (Pliny xxxv. 15 [52]). The Melian earth was employed as a [[pigment]] by ancient artists. Milos was a source of [[obsidian]] during the Neolithic ages for the Aegean and Mediterranean.
=== Agricultural crops ===
[[Orange (fruit)|Orange]], [[olive]], [[Mediterranean Cypress|cypress]], tamarisk, juniper (''[[Juniperus oxycedrus]]'') and [[arbutus]] trees grow throughout the island, which, however, is too dry to have any profusion of vegetation. [[Vine]]s, [[cotton]], and [[barley]] are the main crops.
=== Medicinal plants ===
Almost all of the uninhabited western region of Milos is a [[Natura 2000]] site and is home to over 800 different [[taxa]], including 35 which are [[Endemism|endemic]] to Greece. In an [[Ethnobotany|ethnobotanical survey]] of Milos, numerous native and cultivated species were described as being used to treat a variety of conditions and for other purposes such as [[insect repellent]]s, disinfectants, and to protect against the [[evil eye]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perouli |first1=Mary |last2=Bareka |first2=Pepy |date=2022-04-26 |title=Ethnobotanical survey on medicinal plants from Milos island (Kiklades Islands, Greece) |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MBOT/article/view/75357 |journal=Mediterranean Botany |volume=43 |pages=e75357 |doi=10.5209/mbot.75357 |issn=2603-9109|doi-access=free }}</ref> The most frequently reported species was [[Greek sage]]. Local historical records of medicinal plant use date back to the 16th century.
== Sister island ==
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shōdoshima]], [[Kagawa Prefecture|Kagawa]], [[Japan]] (1989)
[[File:Shodoshima Olive Park Shodo Island Japan21bs3.jpg|thumb|The windmill in Shodoshima Olive Park was presented to [[Shōdo Island]] by the Greek island of Milos.]]
== Demographics ==
=== Historical population ===
{| class=wikitable
! Year !!  Island population
|-
| 1798 || 500<ref name=Olivier1801p156/>
|-
| 1812 || 2,300<ref>{{harvp|Turner|1820|p=32}}</ref>
|-
| 1821 || 5,000<ref name=RenfrewWagstaff1982p148/>
|-
| 1907 || 5,393<ref>1907 Greek census (1909), statistics.gr, page 411 (Δήμος Μήλου/ Milos Municipality 4.864 + Δήμος Αδάμαντος / Adamas Municipality 529 = 5.393)</ref>
|-
| 1928 || 6,562
|-
| 1991 || 4,380
|-
| 2001 || 4,771
|-
| 2011 || 4,978
|}
== Modern popularity ==
While a lesser-known island within the extremely popular [[Cyclades]] [[archipelago]], Milos has grown in popularity as a vacation destination in the past several decades. With its traditional Greek architecture, slower pace compared to [[Santorini]] and [[Mykonos]], and varied beaches.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2019/mar/28/marvellous-milos-the-greek-island-full-of-fresh-flavours|title=Marvellous Milos: the Greek island full of fresh flavours|last=Dardanis|first=Amanda|date=2019-03-28|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-05|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
== Popular culture ==
* The 2007 film ''[[To Fili Tis Zois]]'' was shot in Milos and specifically in [[Plaka, Milos|Plaka]] and the port of [[Adamantas|Adamas]]. The name of the island is also referred to during the movie.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Ehek4WPuXZY Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}}</ref>
* A Canadian Commercial Greek Okios Yogurt  Mermaid was shot at Fyriplaka Beach.
== People ==
* [[Antonio Millo]] (active 1557–1590), captain and cartographer
* [[Antonio Vassilacchi]] (1556–1629), painter
* [[Diagoras of Melos|Diagoras]] (5th century BC), [[Philosophy|philosopher]]
* [[Melanippides]] (5th century BC), poet
== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Aegean Islands]]
* [[Antimilos]]
* [[Arkoudes]]
* [[The Catacombs of Milos|Catacombs of Milos]]
* [[Firiplaka]]
* [[Kimolos]]
* [[List of Aegean Islands]]
* [[Milos Island National Airport]] (MLO)
* [[Sarakiniko Beach]]
{{Div col end}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|3|refs=
<ref name=RenfrewWagstaff1982>{{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982}}</ref>
<ref name=Olivier1801p156>{{harvp|Olivier|1801|p=156}}</ref>
<ref name=RenfrewWagstaff1982p148>{{harvp|Renfrew|Wagstaff|1982|p=148}}</ref>
}}
==Sources==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Melos}}
* [[I.F. Stone]], 1988, The trial of Socrates, Anthos.
* Cambridge Ancient History, Vol.II, 1924, New York, MacMillan
* [[Colin Renfrew]] and Malcolm Wagstaff (editors), 1982, An Island Polity, the Archaeology of Exploitation in Melos, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
* [[Colin Renfrew]] (editor), 1985, The Archaeology of Cult, the Sanctuary at [[Phylakopi]], London, British School at Athens and Thames & Hudson.
* Leycester, "The Volcanic Group of Milo, Anti-Milo, &c.," in ''Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.'' (1852).
* [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort|Tournefort]], ''Voyage''.
* [[William Martin Leake]], ''Northern Greece'', iii.
* [[Anton von Prokesch-Osten]], ''Denkwürdigkeiten'', &c.
* Bursian, ''Geog. von Griechenland'', ii.; ''Journ. Hell. Stud'', xvi, xvii, xviii, ''Excavations at Phylakopi''; ''Inscr. grace'', xii. iii. 197 sqq.;
* on coins found in 1909, see Jameson in ''Rev. Num.'' 1909; 188 sqq.
* {{cite gvp
| vn = 212030
| name = Mílos
| access-date = 2009-01-01 }}
* Seaman, Michael G., [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4436483 "The Athenian Expedition to Melos in 416 B.C.," ''Historia'' 46 (1997) pp.&nbsp;385–418.]
* {{cite book
| last1 = Chalk
| first1 = Frank
| last2 = Jonassohn
| first2 = Kurt
| title = History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies
| location = New Haven
| publisher = [[Yale University Press]]
| year = 1990
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal/page/65 65–66]
| isbn = 0-300-04445-3
}}
* {{cite web|last=Bosworth |first=A.B. |title="Athens and Melos." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity ed. Dinah L. Shelton. |publisher=Gale Cengage, enotes.com |year=2005 |url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/athens-melos |access-date=26 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005032118/http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/athens-melos |archive-date=October 5, 2009 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Connor
| first = W. Raymond
| title = Thucydides
| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]
| location = Princeton
| year = 1984
| page = 151 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Thucydides
| author-link = Thucydides
| title = The Peloponnesian War
| publisher = Penguin Books
| location = Harmondsworth
| year = 1954 }}
*{{cite book |last=Hill |first=G. F. |year=1899 |title=A Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins |publisher= Macmillan and Co., Limited |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924021438399 }}
*{{cite book |last=Loomis |first=William T. |year=1992 |title=The Spartan War Fund: IG V 1, 1 and a New Fragment |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |isbn=978-3-515-06147-6 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |title=An Island Polity: The Archaeology of Exploitation in Melos |editor-last1=Renfrew |editor-first1=Colin |editor-last2=Wagstaff |editor-first2=Malcolm |date=1982 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-23785-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o8AAAAIAAJ&q=melos+roman }}
*Thucydides (c. 400 BC). ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War History of the Peloponnesian War]''. Translated by Richard Crawley (1914).
*{{cite book | title=[[The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean]] | author=David Abulafia | author-link=David Abulafia | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-14-196999-2}}
*{{cite book |first=Joseph Pitton de |last=Tournefort |year=1717 |title= Relation d'un Voyage du Levant |trans-title=An Account of a Voyage into the Levant |language=fr |url= https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003772511 }}
*{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Charles |year=1752 |title=The Travels of the Late Charles Thompson, Esq. |volume=1 |publisher=Reading, Newberry |url= https://archive.org/details/travelscontainin00thom }}
*{{cite book |last=Turner |first=William |year=1820 |title= Journal of a Tour in the Levant, Vol. 1 |publisher=John Murray, Albemarle-Street |url= https://archive.org/details/journalatourinl04turngoog }}
*{{cite book |last=Olivier |first=Guillaume Antoine |year=1801 |title=Travels in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Persia |publisher=Paris H. Agasse |url= https://archive.org/details/travelsinottoma00olivgoog }}
*{{cite book|last=Gardner|first=Percy|year=1918|title=A History of Ancient Coinage|publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00garduoft/page/n8}}
* {{cite book | last=Low | first=P. | title=Athenian Empire | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | series=Edinburgh Readings on the Ancient World | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-7486-3124-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OqqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 | access-date=2020-06-04 }}
== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{wikivoyage|Milos}}
* [http://www.milos.gr Official website] {{in lang|en|el}}
{{The Cyclades}}
{{Kallikratis-South Aegean}}
{{Milos div}}
{{Aegean Sea}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Milos| ]]
[[Category:Cyclades]]
[[Category:Islands of Greece]]
[[Category:Islands of the South Aegean]]
[[Category:Landforms of Milos (regional unit)]]
[[Category:Members of the Delian League]]
[[Category:Municipalities of the South Aegean]]
[[Category:Populated places in Milos (regional unit)]]
[[Category:Subduction volcanoes]]
[[Category:Submarine calderas]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Greece]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of the Aegean]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Pliocene volcanoes]]
[[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Dormant volcanoes]]
[[Category:Populated places in the ancient Aegean islands]]