View source for Misandry

{{Short description|Prejudice against, or hatred of, men}}
{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]] despite multiple temporary protections. Enough.|small=yes}}
{{Discrimination sidebar|expand-social=yes}}
{{Masculism sidebar|topics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
'''Misandry''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɪ|s|ˈ|æ|n|d|r|i}}) is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against [[men]] or [[boys]].<ref>[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/234242?redirectedFrom=Misandry#eid "Misandry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219170316/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/234242?redirectedFrom=Misandry#eid |date=19 February 2020 }} at Oxford English Dictionary Online (ODO), Third Edition, June 2002. Accessed through library subscription on 25 July 2014. Earliest recorded use: 1885. ''Blackwood's Edinb. Mag'', Sept. 289/1 No man whom she cared for had ever proposed to marry her. She could not account for it, and it was a growing source of bitterness, of misogyny as well as misandry.</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misandry "Misandry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719032132/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misandry |date=19 July 2013 }} at [[Merriam-Webster#Services|Merriam-Webster online]] ("First Known Use: circa 1909")</ref>
[[Men's rights movement|Men's rights activists]] (MRAs) and other [[masculinist]] groups have characterized modern laws concerning [[divorce]], [[domestic violence]], [[conscription]], [[circumcision]] (known as [[male genital mutilation]] by opponents), and treatment of [[rape of males|male rape victims]] as examples of institutional misandry. However, in virtually all societies, misandry lacks institutional and systemic support comparable to [[misogyny]], the hatred of women.<ref name="Gilmore p10"/><ref name="Ouellette 2007"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Misogyny, Misandry, and Misanthropy |last1=Ferguson |first1=Frances |author-link=Frances Ferguson |last2=Bloch |first2=R. Howard |author-link2=R. Howard Bloch |year=1989 |publisher=University of California Press |page=7 |isbn=978-0-520-06546-8}}</ref>
In the [[Internet Age]], users posting on [[manosphere]] internet forums such as [[4chan]] and [[Reddit|subreddits]] addressing men's rights activism have claimed that misandry is widespread, established in preferential treatment of women, and shown by [[discrimination against men]].<ref name="Ouellette 2007">{{cite book |last=Ouellette |first=Marc |title=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-1343-1707-3 |editor1=Flood, Michael |editor1-link=Michael Flood |pages=442–443 |chapter=Misandry |display-editors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Riggio 2020">{{cite book |last=Riggio |first=Heidi R. |title=Sex and Gender: A Biopsychological Approach |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-06630-2 |chapter=Online Sexism and Anti-Feminism Movements}}</ref>
Many scholars criticize MRAs for promoting a [[false equivalence]] between misandry and misogyny,<ref name="Kimmel 2013"/>{{Rp|page=132}}{{r|Marwick p553}}<ref name="Ging 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Ging |first1=Debbie |last2=Siapera |first2=Eugenia |date=July 2018 |title=Online Misogyny: Introduction |pages=515–524 |journal=Feminist Media Studies |doi=10.1080/14680777.2018.1447345 |volume=18 |s2cid=149613969 |url=http://doras.dcu.ie/26989/ |doi-access=free |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128092327/https://doras.dcu.ie/26989/ |url-status=live}}</ref> arguing that modern activism around misandry represents an [[antifeminist]] backlash, promoted by marginalized{{source?|date=October 2024}} men.{{r|Marwick p553}}<ref name="Barker p4">{{cite book |title=Online Misogyny as Hate Crime: A Challenge for Legal Regulation? |last1=Barker |first1=Kim |last2=Jurasz |first2=Olga |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |page=4 |isbn=978-1-138-59037-3}}</ref><ref name="Berger p128">{{cite book |title=Transforming Scholarship: Why Women's and Gender Studies Students Are Changing Themselves and the World |last1=Berger |first1=Michele Tracy |last2=Radeloff |first2=Cheryl |date=2014 |pages=128–129 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-135-04519-7}}</ref><ref name="Sugiura p102"/><ref>{{cite book |editor1=Karen Lumsden |editor2=Emily Hamer |title=Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |last1=Lumsden |first1=Karen |chapter='I Want to Kill You in Front of Your Children' Is Not a Threat. It's an Expression of Desire': Discourses of Online Abuse, Trolling and Violence on r/MensRights |pages=91–120 |isbn=978-3-030-12633-9 |series=Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity}}</ref> The false idea that misandry is commonplace among [[feminists]] is so widespread that it has been called  the "misandry myth" by 40 topic experts.<ref name="misandrymyth" />
==Etymology==
Misandry is formed from the Greek {{tlit|grc|misos}} ({{lang|grc|μῖσος}} 'hatred') and  {{tlit|grc|anēr}}, {{tlit|grc|andros}} ({{lang|grc|ἀνήρ}}, gen. {{lang|grc|ἀνδρός}} 'man').<ref>Oxford Dictionaries http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/misandry {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054052/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/misandry |date=21 September 2013 }}</ref> "Misandrous" or "misandrist" can be used as adjectival forms of the word.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Misandry |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/misandry |access-date=4 November 2018 |encyclopedia=Dictionary.com |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062216/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/misandry |url-status=live}}</ref> Use of the word can be found as far back as the 19th century, including an 1871 use in ''[[The Spectator]]'' magazine.<ref>Review of novel ''Blanche Seymour'', ''[[The Spectator]]'', London, 1 April 1871, p.&nbsp;389. "We cannot, indeed, term her an absolute misandrist, as she fully admits the possibility, in most cases at least, of the reclamation of men from their naturally vicious and selfish state, though at the cost of so much trouble and vexation of spirit to women, that it is not quite clear whether she does not regard their existence as at best a mitigated evil".</ref> It appeared in ''[[Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]]'' (11th ed.) in 1952. Translation of the French {{lang|fr|misandrie}} to the German {{lang|de|Männerhass}} (Hatred of Men)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://en.pons.com/translate/german-english/M%C3%A4nnerha%C3%9F |title=Männerhaß |publisher=PONS-Verlag |location=Stuttgart |encyclopedia=Pons Dictionary German to English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506132922/http://en.pons.com/translate/german-english/M%C3%A4nnerha%C3%9F |archive-date=6 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is recorded in 1803.<ref name="Krünitz 1803">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Oekonomische Encyklopädie oder allgemeines System der Staats-, Stadt-, Haus- u. Landwirthschaft: in alphabetischer Ordnung. Von Lebens-Art bis Ledecz : Nebst einer einzigen Fig. Friedrich's des Einzigen, u. 3 Karten |first=Johann Georg |last=Krünitz |publisher=Pauli |year=1803 |volume=90 |page=461 |lang=de |title=Männerhass}}</ref>
A term with a similar but distinct meaning is ''androphobia'', which describes a fear, but not necessarily hatred, of men.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/misandry.htm |title=Misandry |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061004/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/misandry.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>{{bsn|date=May 2024}} Anthropologist David D. Gilmore coined the term "viriphobia" in line with his view that misandry typically targets ''[[machismo]]'', "the obnoxious manly {{em|pose}}", along with the oppressive male roles of patriarchy. Gilmore says that misandry is not the hatred of men as men; this kind of loathing is present only in [[misogyny]], which is the hatred of women as women.<ref name="Gilmore p10"/>
==History==
The term ''misandry'' originated in the late 19th century. According to information policy scholars [[Alice Marwick]] and Robyn Caplan, the term was used as a synonym for [[feminism]] from its inception, drawing an equivalence between misandry ('man-hating') and misogyny ('woman-hating').<ref name="Sugiura p102">{{cite book |last=Sugiura |first=Lisa |date=2021 |title=The Incel Rebellion: The Rise of the Manosphere and the Virtual War Against Women |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |location=Bingley, UK |isbn=978-1-83982-254-4 |pages=102–103 |doi=10.1108/978-1-83982-254-420211008 |doi-access=free |chapter=Legitimising Misogyny}}</ref>{{sfnp|Marwick |Caplan|2018|page=548}} Newspapers in the 1890s occasionally referred to feminist "[[new women]]" as "man haters", and a 1928 article in ''[[Harper’s Monthly]]'' said that misandry "distorts the more querulous of [modern] feminist arguments."{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|pages=548–549}} The term re-emerged in [[men's rights]] literature and academic literature  on structural sexism in the 1980s. It was in use on [[Usenet]] since at least 1989, and on websites and [[blog]]s dedicated to men’s rights issues in the late 1990s and early 2000s.{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|pages=549, 551}} Marwick and Caplan argue that usage of the term ''misandry'' in the [[internet age]] is an outgrowth of misogyny and [[antifeminism]].<ref name="Marwick p553">{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Alice E. |last2=Caplan |first2=Robyn |date=2018 |title=Drinking male tears: language, the manosphere, and networked harassment |journal=Feminist Media Studies |edition=Online Misogyny |pages=553–554 |doi=10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568 |volume=18 |issue=4 |s2cid=149246142}}</ref>{{Explain|date=October 2024}} The term is commonly used in the [[manosphere]], such as on men's rights discussion forums on websites such as [[4chan]] and [[Reddit]], to counter feminist accusations of misogyny.<ref name="Ging 2018"/><ref name="Riggio 2020"/><ref name="Hodapp p4">{{cite book |title=Men's Rights, Gender, and Social Media |last=Hodapp |first=Christa |date=2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-1-4985-2617-3}}</ref> The critique and parody of the concept of misandry by feminist bloggers has been reported on in periodicals such as ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|page=553}}{{r|Hess 2014}}
==Overview==
[[Men's rights activist]]s (MRAs) invoke the idea of misandry in warning against what they see as the advance of a female-dominated society.<ref name="Masequesmay 2008">{{cite book |last1=Masequesmay |first1=Gina |editor1-last=O′Brien |editor1-first=Jodi |title=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 2 |date=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4522-6602-2 |page=750 |chapter=Sexism |quote=Proponents for men's rights even conjure the notion of misandry or hatred of men as they fear a new world order or a return to matriarchy, a female-dominated society.}} Also see: {{block indent|em=1|text={{cite web |last1=Masequesmay |first1=Gina |title=Sexism {{!}} Sexism and the men's movement |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/sexism/Sexism-and-feminism#ref321547 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=22 February 2024 |date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222071023/https://www.britannica.com/topic/sexism/Sexism-and-feminism#ref321547 |url-status=live}} }}</ref> The idea of feminism as threatening towards men, encapsulated in the term ''misandry'', forms a core part of the vocabulary of the [[manosphere]]{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|page=544}} and is used within the men's rights movement (MRM) to counter feminist accusations of misogyny.{{r|Hodapp p4}} The idea of feminism as a misandrist movement has provided justification for harassment of people espousing feminist ideas, one example being the [[Gamergate (harassment campaign)|Gamergate]] harassment campaign against women in the video games industry.{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|pages=544, 547}}
MRAs and other [[masculinist]] groups have criticized modern laws concerning [[divorce]], [[domestic violence]], the draft, circumcision (known as ''genital mutilation'' by opponents), and treatment of [[male rape victims]] as examples of institutional misandry.{{r|Ouellette 2007}} Other proposed examples include social problems that lead to men's [[Life expectancy#Sex differences|shorter lifespans]], higher [[suicide]] rates, requirements to participate in [[Conscription|military drafts]], and lack of tax benefits afforded to widowers compared to widows.{{r|Ouellette 2007}}<ref>Schmitz R. M., Kazyak E. Masculinities in cyberspace: An analysis of portrayals of manhood in men’s rights activist websites // Social Sciences. – 2016. – V. 5. – №. 2. – p. 18.</ref>
Sociologist [[Michael Kimmel]] states that claiming an equivalence between misogyny and misandry is "utterly tendentious".<ref name="Kimmel 2013" />
Marc A. Ouellette argues in ''International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities'' that "misandry lacks the systemic, transhistoric, institutionalized, and legislated antipathy of misogyny"; in his view, assuming a parallel between misogyny and misandry overly simplifies relations of gender and power.<ref name="Ouellette 2007"/>
Anthropologist David Gilmore argues that misogyny is a "near-universal phenomenon" and that there is no male equivalent.<ref name="Gilmore p10">{{cite book |last=Gilmore |first=David G. |title=Misogyny: The Male Malady |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |date=2001 |pages=10–13 |isbn=978-0-8122-0032-4}}</ref> He states that misandry is "different from the intensely ''ad feminam'' aspect of misogyny that targets women no matter what they believe or do".<ref name="Gilmore p10"/>
[[Warren Farrell]] writes that portrayals of men in popular culture as absent, insensitive, or abusive, as well as a legal process that discriminates against men in divorce proceedings, or in cases of domestic or sexual [[Violence against men|violence where the victim is a man]], are examples of misandry.<ref name="Farrell 2001">{{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Warren |title=The Myth of Male Power: Why Men are the Disposable Sex |date=2001 |publisher=Berkley Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-425-18144-7}}</ref>{{Unbalanced opinion|date=August 2023|reason=Farrell is a men's rights advocate, not a scholar of gender}}
Religious studies professors Paul Nathanson and [[Katherine K. Young|Katherine Young]] describe misandry as a "form of prejudice and discrimination that has become institutionalized in North American society", writing, "The same problem that long prevented mutual respect between Jews and Christians, the teaching of contempt, now prevents mutual respect between men and women."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nathanson |first1=Paul |last2=Young |first2=Katherine K. |author2-link=Katherine K. Young |title=Spreading Misandry: The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture |series=Harper Paperbacks |year=2001 |page=6 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=978-0-7735-3099-7}}</ref>{{Unbalanced opinion|date=August 2023|reason=Nathanson & Young have been heavily criticized in more mainstream literature}} Kimmel writes that much of the misandry identified by Nathanson and Young is actually the result of [[patriarchy]].<ref name="Kimmel 2013">{{Cite book |last=Kimmel, Michael S. |title=Angry white men : American masculinity at the end of an era |date=5 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-56858-696-0 |location=New York |oclc=852681950}}</ref>{{Rp|132}} Kimmel condemns Nathanson and Young for their "selective, simplistic, and shallow" interpretations of sexism in film and fiction, writing that the "bad history" produced by Nathanson and Young should only be used as an indicator of how the "male studies enterprise" operates.<ref name="Kimmel 2013" />{{Rp|84}}
Marwick and Caplan have examined the use of the term ''misandry'' within the manosphere as a weapon against feminist language and ideas.{{r|Sugiura p102}} They characterize men's rights activists' use of the term{{emdash}}as a gender-reversed counterpart to ''misogyny''{{emdash}}as an appropriation of leftist [[identity politics]].{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|page=550}} Marwick and Caplan also argue that coverage of the discourse of misandry by mainstream journalists serves to reinforce the MRM's framing of feminist activism as oppressive toward men, along with its denial of institutionalized sexism against women.{{sfnp|Marwick|Caplan|2018|page=554}}
== Racialization ==
{{Further|Gendered racism}}
==Psychological studies==
{{More science citations needed|section|date=August 2023}}
Glick and Fiske developed [[Psychometrics|psychometric constructs]] to measure the attitudes of individuals towards men in their ''Ambivalence toward Men Inventory, AMI'', which includes a factor ''Hostility toward Men.'' These metrics were based on a small group discussion with women which identified factors, these number of questions were then reduced using statistical methods. ''Hostility toward Men'' was split into three factors: ''Resentment of Paternalism'', the belief men supported male power, ''Compensatory Gender Differentiation'', the belief that men were supported by women and ''Heterosexual Hostility'', which looked at beliefs that men were likely to engage in hostile actions.<ref name="Glick 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Glick |first1=Peter |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan T. |date=2016 |title=The Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Beliefs About Men |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |language=en |doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00379.x |s2cid=145242896 |issn=1471-6402 |volume=23 |pages=519–536}}</ref> The combined construct, Hostility toward Men, was found to be inversely correlated with measures of gender equality when comparing difference countries<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glick |display-authors=etal |first=P |date=2004 |title=Bad but Bold: Ambivalent Attitudes Toward Men Predict Gender Inequality in 16 Nations |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=713–728 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713 |pmid=15161396}}</ref> and in a study with university students, self-describing feminists were found to have a lower score.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Kristin J. |last2=Kanner |first2=Melinda |last3=Elsayegh |first3=Nisreen |date=2009 |title=Are Feminists man Haters? Feminists' and Nonfeminists' Attitudes Toward Men |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=216–224 |language=en |doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01491.x |s2cid=144704304 |issn=1471-6402}}</ref>
== Criminal justice system ==
A number of studies have shown the possibility of the presence of institutional misandry in criminal justice system.<ref name="Kruis">{{cite journal |last1=Kruis |first1=Nathan A. |last2=Ménard |first2=Kim S. |last3=Rowland |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Griffith |first4=Rae|title=Examining Sex- and Sexuality-Based Bias in Punitive Attitudes Toward Offenders Convicted of Intimate Partner Crimes: A Vignette Experiment |journal=[[Crime & Delinquency]] |pages=1-26 |date=2024 |doi=10.1177/00111287241258690|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{Rp|page=6}} A study conducted by Nathan E. Kruis et al. showed that implicit and explicit misandry in the criminal justice system of the United States exists in the consciousness of decision-makers and contributes to systemic discrimination against men. The study demonstrated that both male perpetrators and male victims of intimate-partner violence experience gender bias in the system.<ref name="Kruis"/>{{Rp|page=17}}
==In literature==
===Ancient Greek literature===
Classicist [[Froma Zeitlin]] writes:
{{blockquote|The most significant point of contact, however, between [[Eteocles]] and the suppliant [[Danaids]] is, in fact, their extreme positions with regard to the opposite sex: the misogyny of Eteocles' outburst against all women of whatever variety has its counterpart in the seeming misandry of the Danaids, who although opposed to [[Sons of Aegyptus|their Egyptian cousins]] in particular (marriage with them is incestuous, they are violent men) often extend their objections to include the race of males as a whole and view their cause as a passionate contest between the sexes.<ref name="Zeitlin 1990">{{cite journal |first=Froma I. |last=Zeitlin |author-link=Froma Zeitlin |title=Patterns of Gender in Aeschylean Drama: Seven against Thebes and the Danaid Trilogy |date=1990 |journal=Cabinet of the Muses – Rosenmeyer Festschrift |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j81390f |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103003711/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j81390f |url-status=live}} Princeton University, paper given at the Department of Classics, University of California, Berkeley</ref>}}
=== Shakespeare ===
Literary critic [[Harold Bloom]] argued that even though the word misandry is relatively unheard of in literature, it is not hard to find implicit, even explicit, misandry. In reference to the works of [[Shakespeare]], Bloom argued:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brockman |first=Elin Schoen |date=25 July 1999 |title=In the Battle Of the Sexes, This Word Is a Weapon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/25/weekinreview/in-the-battle-of-the-sexes-this-word-is-a-weapon.html |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130223458/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/25/weekinreview/in-the-battle-of-the-sexes-this-word-is-a-weapon.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{blockquote|I cannot think of one instance of misogyny whereas I would argue that misandry is a strong element. Shakespeare makes perfectly clear that women in general have to marry down and that men are narcissistic and not to be trusted and so forth. On the whole, he gives us a darker vision of human males than human females.}}
=== Modern literature ===
Sociologist Anthony Synnott argues that there is a tendency in literature to represent men as villains and women as victims and argues that there is a market for "anti-male" novels with no corresponding "anti-female" market, citing ''[[The Women's Room]]'', by [[Marilyn French]], and ''[[The Color Purple]]'', by [[Alice Walker]]. He gives examples of comparisons of men to Nazi prison guards as a common theme in literature.<ref name="Synnott 2016">{{Cite book |last=Synnott |first=Anthony |title=Re-Thinking Men: Heroes, Villains and Victims |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-06393-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|156}}
Racialized misandry occurs in both "high" and "low" culture and literature. For instance, [[African-American]] men have often been disparagingly portrayed as either infantile or as eroticized and hyper-masculine, depending on prevailing cultural stereotypes.{{r|Ouellette 2007}}
Julie M. Thompson, a [[feminist]] author, connects misandry with envy of men, in particular "[[penis envy]]", a term coined by [[Sigmund Freud]] in 1908, in his theory of female sexual development.<ref>
In his book, ''Gender and Judaism: The Transformation of Tradition'', [[Harry Brod]], a Professor of Philosophy and Humanities in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the [[University of Northern Iowa]], writes:<ref>{{cite book |first=Harry |last=Brod |chapter=19. Of Mice and Supermen: Images of Jewish Masculinity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SH8r3ntJG8AC&pg=PA279 |title=Gender and Judaism: The Transformation of Tradition |publisher=NYU Press |editor-first=Tamar |editor-last=Rudavsky |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-8147-7453-3 |pages=279–294 |access-date=24 August 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803144705/https://books.google.com/books?id=SH8r3ntJG8AC&pg=PA279 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|In the introduction to ''The Great Comic Book Heroes'', Jules Feiffer writes that this is Superman's joke on the rest of us. Clark is Superman's vision of what other men are really like. We are scared, incompetent, and powerless, particularly around women. Though Feiffer took the joke good-naturedly, a more cynical response would see here the Kryptonian's misanthropy, his misandry embodied in Clark and his misogyny in his wish that Lois be enamored of Clark (much like Oberon takes out hostility toward Titania by having her fall in love with an ass in Shakespeare's ''Midsummer-Night's Dream'').}}
In 2020, the explicitly misandric essay ''[[Moi les hommes, je les déteste]]'' (''I Hate Men'') by the French writer [[Pauline Harmange]] caused controversy in France after a government official threatened its publisher with criminal prosecution.<ref name="Flood 2020">{{Cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=8 September 2020 |title=French book I Hate Men sees sales boom after government adviser calls for ban |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/08/french-book-i-hate-men-sees-sales-boom-after-government-adviser-calls-for-ban-pauline-harmange |access-date=10 September 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803144704/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/08/french-book-i-hate-men-sees-sales-boom-after-government-adviser-calls-for-ban-pauline-harmange |url-status=live}}</ref>
==In feminism==
[[File:Male_tears_embroidery_02.jpg|alt=<nowiki>Embroidery of Male tears</nowiki>|thumb|250x250px|Entrepreneurs on [[Etsy]] sold embroidery parodying the concept of misandry.<ref name="Hess 2014">{{Cite web |last=Hess |first=Amanda |date=8 August 2014 |title=The Rise of the Ironic Man-Hater |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/08/ironic-misandry-why-feminists-joke-about-drinking-male-tears-and-banning-all-men.html |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605121801/https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/08/ironic-misandry-why-feminists-joke-about-drinking-male-tears-and-banning-all-men.html |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[Antifeminism|Opponents of feminism]] often argue that feminism is misandristic; citing examples such as opposition to shared parenting by NOW, or opposition to equal rape and domestic violence laws. The validity of these perceptions and of the concept has been claimed{{By whom|date=October 2024}} as promoting a [[false equivalence]] between misandry and misogyny.<ref name="Kimmel 2013" /> [[Radical feminism]] has often been associated with misandry in the public consciousness. However, radical feminist arguments have also been misinterpreted, and individual radical feminists such as [[Valerie Solanas]], best known for her [[Attempted assassination of Andy Warhol|attempted assassination]] of artist [[Andy Warhol]] in 1968, have historically had a higher profile in popular culture than within feminist scholarship.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pilcher |first1=Jane |title=50 Key Concepts in Gender Studies |last2=Whelehan |first2=Imelda |date=18 March 2004 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-3207-3 |pages=67 |language=en |author-link=Jane Pilcher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Payton |first=Joanne |date=2012 |title=Book Review: Anthony Synnott ''Re-thinking Men: Heroes, Villains and Victims'' |journal=Sociology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=767–8 |doi=10.1177/0038038512444951 |doi-access=free |s2cid=146967261 |issn=0038-0385}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2024|reason=Solanas shooting bot mentioned by either Pilcher/Whelehan or Payton}}
Historian [[Alice Echols]], in her 1989 book ''Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975'', argued that Valerie Solanas displayed an extreme level of misandry in her tract the ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'', but wrote that it was not typical for radical feminists of the time. Echols stated: "Solanas's unabashed misandry—especially her belief in men's biological inferiority—her endorsement of relationships between 'independent women,' and her dismissal of sex as 'the refuge of the mindless' contravened the sort of radical feminism which prevailed in most women's groups across the country."<ref name="Echols p104">{{cite book |last=Echols |first=Nicole |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |date=1989 |pages=[[iarchive:daringtobebadrad0000echo/page/104|104]]–5 |isbn=978-0-8166-1786-9}}</ref>
Echols also claims that, after Solanas shot Warhol, the ''SCUM Manifesto'' became more popular within radical feminism; but not all radical feminists shared her beliefs.<ref name="Echols p104" /> For example, radical feminist [[Andrea Dworkin]] criticized the [[biological determinist]] strand in radical feminism that, in 1977, she found "with increasing frequency in feminist circles" which echoed the views of Valerie Solanas that males are biologically inferior to women and violent by nature, requiring a [[gendercide]] to allow for the emergence of a "new ''Übermensch'' Womon".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dworkin |first=Andrea |author-link=Andrea Dworkin |date=Summer 1978 |title=Biological Superiority: The World's Most Dangerous and Deadly Idea |url=http://heresiesfilmproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/heresies6.pdf |journal=Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics |series=<!--No. 2--> |volume=2 |issue=6 |page=46 |issn=0146-3411 |access-date=12 May 2015 |archive-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205230447/http://heresiesfilmproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/heresies6.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
Melinda Kanner and Kristin J. Anderson argue that "man-hater feminist" represents the popular antifeminist myth which has no any scientific evidences, and it's rather the antifeminists who perhaps hate men.<ref>Kanner M., Anderson K. J. The myth of the man-hating feminist // Feminism and women’s rights worldwide. – 2010. – V. 1. – P. 1-25.</ref>
The author [[bell hooks]] conceptualized the issue of "man hating" during the early period of women's liberation as a reaction to patriarchal oppression and women who had bad experiences with men in non-feminist social movements. She also criticized separatist strands of feminism as "reactionary" for promoting the notion that men are inherently immoral, inferior, and unable to help end sexist oppression or benefit from feminism.<ref name="hooks 1984">{{cite book |first=bell |last=hooks |title=Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center |publisher=South End Press |location=Boston |date=1984 |isbn=978-0-89608-222-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=bell |last=hooks |title=The Will To Change: Men, Masculinity and Love |publisher=Washington Square Press |location=New York |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-7434-5608-1}}</ref> In ''Feminism is For Everybody'', hooks laments the fact that feminists who critiqued anti-male bias in the early women's movement never gained mainstream media attention and that "our theoretical work critiquing the demonization of men as the enemy did not change the perspective of women who were anti-male." She has theorized previously that this demonization led to an unnecessary rift between the [[Men's movement]] and the [[Women's movement]].<ref name="hooks 1984"/>
Sociologist Anthony Synnott argues that certain forms of [[feminism]] present misandristic view of gender. He argues that men are presented as having power over others regardless of the actual power they possess<ref name="Synnott 2016" />{{Rp|161}} and that some feminists define the experience of being male inaccurately through writing on [[masculinity]]. He further argues that some forms of feminism create an [[In-group and out-group|in-group]] of women, simplifies the nuances of gender issues,  demonizes those who are not feminists and legimitizes victimization by way of retributive justice.<ref name="Synnott 2016" />{{Rp|162}}
Reviewing Synnott, Roman Kuhar argues that Synnott might not accurately represent the views of feminism, commenting that "whether it re-thinks men in a manner in which men have not been thought of in feminist theory, is another question."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuhar |first=Roman |title=Re-Thinking Men: Heroes, Villains and Victims |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306110391764ccc |journal=Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews |date=2011 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=95–97 |doi=10.1177/0094306110391764ccc |s2cid=144037921 |issn=0094-3061}}</ref>
Sociologist [[Allan G. Johnson]] argues in ''[[The Gender Knot: Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy]]'' that accusations of man-hating have been used to put down feminists and to shift attention onto men, reinforcing a male-centered culture.<ref name="Johnson p107">{{cite book |page=107 |title=The Gender Knot: Unraveling Our Patriarchal Legacy |edition=2, revised |last=Johnson |first=Alan G. |publisher=Temple University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-59213-384-0}}</ref> Johnson posits that culture offers no comparable anti-male ideology to misogyny and that "people often confuse men as individuals with men as a dominant and privileged category of people. Given the reality of women's oppression, male privilege, and men's enforcement of both, it's hardly surprising that {{em|every}} woman should have moments where she resents or even hates 'men.{{' "}}{{r|Johnson p107}} [emphasis in original]
Religious scholars Paul Nathanson and [[Katherine K. Young]] argue that "ideological feminism" as opposed to "egalitarian feminism" has imposed misandry on culture.{{sfn|Nathanson|Young|2001|p=xiv|ps=: "[ideological feminism,] one form of feminism—one that has had a great deal of influence, whether directly or indirectly, on both popular culture and elite culture—is profoundly misandric"}}{{Undue weight inline |date=May 2024}} Their 2001 book, ''Spreading Misandry'', analyzes "pop cultural artifacts and productions from the 1990s" from movies to greeting cards for what they consider to be pervasive messages of hatred toward men.{{sfn|Nathanson|Young|2001|page=ix}} ''Legalizing Misandry'' (2005), the second in the series, gives similar attention to laws in North America.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Nathanson |first2=Katherine K. |last2=Young |author-link2=Katherine K. Young |title=Legalizing Misandry: From Public Shame to Systemic Discrimination Against Men |year=2006 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-5999-8}}</ref>{{Undue weight inline |date=May 2024}}
The methodology used by Nathanson and Young to research misandry has been criticized.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mcgilldaily.com/2010/01/mcgill_profs_to_testify_against_equal_marriage/ |title=McGill profs to testify against equal marriage |last=Jabir |first=Humera |date=14 January 2010 |newspaper=[[The McGill Daily]] |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803145146/https://www.mcgilldaily.com/2010/01/mcgill_profs_to_testify_against_equal_marriage/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Wendy McElroy]], an [[individualist feminist]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wendy McElroy |url=http://www.independent.org/aboutus/person_detail.asp?id=488 |website=The Independent Institute |access-date=28 December 2007 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011061924/http://www.independent.org/aboutus/person_detail.asp?id=488 |url-status=live}}</ref> argues that some feminists "have redefined the view of the movement of the opposite sex" as "a hot anger toward men [that] seems to have turned into a cold hatred".<ref>{{cite book |last=McElroy |first=Wendy |author-link=Wendy McElroy |title=Sexual Correctness: The Gender-Feminist Attack on Women |series=Harper Paperbacks |year=2001 |page=5 |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7864-1144-3}}</ref> She writes that it is misandrist to consider men as a class to be irreformable or [[rape|rapists]].{{Undue weight inline|date=August 2023|reason=non-academic source}}
Individualist feminist [[Cathy Young]] writes that neologisms using "man" as a derogatory prefix, including "[[mansplaining]], [[manspreading]], and [[manterrupting]]", are part of a "current cycle of misandry" within feminism.<ref name="Young 2016">{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Cathy |date=30 June 2016 |title=Feminists treat men badly. It's bad for feminism |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/06/30/feminists-treat-men-badly-its-bad-for-feminism |url-access=limited |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015234044/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/06/30/feminists-treat-men-badly-its-bad-for-feminism/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Undue weight inline|date=August 2023|reason=Op-eds are WP:PRIMARY sources}}
A [[meta-analysis]] in 2023 published in the journal [[Psychology of Women Quarterly]] investigated the stereotype of feminists' attitudes to men and concluded that feminist views of men were no different than that of non-feminists or men towards men, and titled the phenomenon the {{em|misandry myth}}: "We term the focal stereotype the misandry myth in light of the evidence that it is false and widespread, and discuss its implications for the movement."<ref name="misandrymyth">{{cite journal |title=The Misandry Myth: An Inaccurate Stereotype About Feminists' Attitudes Toward Men |date=2023 |last1=Hopkins-Doyle |first1=A. |last2=Petterson |first2=A. L. |last3=Leach |first3=S. |last4=Zibell |first4=H. |last5=Chobthamkit |first5=P. |last6=Binti Abdul Rahim |first6=S. |last7=Blake |first7=J. |last8=Bosco |first8=C. |last9=Cherrie-Rees |first9=K. |last10=Beadle |first10=A. |last11=Cock |first11=V. |last12=Greer |first12=H. |last13=Jankowska |first13=A. |last14=Macdonald |first14=K. |last15=Scott English |first15=A. |last16=Wai Lan YEUNG |first16=V. |last17=Asano |first17=R. |last18=Beattie |first18=P. |last19=Bernardo |first19=A. B. I. |last20=Sutton |first20=R. M. |display-authors=5 |doi=10.1177/03616843231202708 |doi-access=free |journal=[[Psychology of Women Quarterly]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=8–37}}</ref>
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Airline seating sex discrimination controversy]]
* [[Androcide]]
* ''[[Are All Men Pedophiles?]]''
* [[Bachelor tax]]
* [[Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them! controversy]]
* [[Circumcision controversies]]
* [[Female chauvinism]]
* [[Gynocentrism]]
* [[Male expendability]]
* [[Male genital mutilation]]
* [[Men's studies]]
* [[Reverse sexism]]
* [[Separatist feminism]]
* [[Straw feminism]]
* [[TERF]]
* [[Testosterone poisoning]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite news |last1=Perlman |first1=Merrill |title=Sex-isms: Gender politics and their words |url=http://www.cjr.org/language_corner/language_corner_092313.php?page=all |work=Columbia Journalism Review |date=23 September 2013}}
*{{cite book |author-link=Roy Baumeister |first=Roy F. |last=Baumeister |title=Is There Anything Good About Men? How Cultures Flourish By Exploiting Men |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-537410-0}}
*{{cite book |author-link=David Benatar |first=D. |last=Benatar |title=The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys |publisher=Wiley |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-470-67446-8}}
* {{cite book |title=My Enemy, My Love: Man-Hating and Ambivalence in Women's Lives |last=Levine |first=Judith |author-link=Judith Levine |year=1992 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-1-56025-568-0 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |first=J.R. |last=MacNamara |title=Media and Male Identity: The Making and Remaking of Men |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-230-62567-9}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=William A. |last2=Yosso |first2=Tara J. |last3=Solorzano |first3=Daniel G. |title=Racial Primes and Black Misandry on Historically White Campuses: Toward Critical Race Accountability in Educational Administration |journal=[[Educational Administration Quarterly]] |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=559–585 |date=2007 |doi=10.1177/0013161X07307793 |s2cid=145753160}}
*{{cite journal |first=Darren |last=Rosenblum |title=Beyond Victimisation and Misandry |journal=International Journal of Law in Context |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=114–6 |date=2010 |doi=10.1017/S1744552309990383 |s2cid=143835898 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7282784 |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-date=4 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204023741/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7282784 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Nathanson |first1=Paul |last2=Young |first2=Katherine K. |title=Coming of Age As a Villain: What Every Boy Needs to Know in A Misandric World |journal=Thymos: Journal of Boyhood Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=155–177 |date=2009 |doi=10.3149/thy.0301.155}}
* {{cite book |author1=Katherine K. Young |author-link=Katherine K. Young |author2=Paul Nathanson |title=Sanctifying Misandry: Goddess Ideology and the Fall of Man |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8rI7snipZcC |year=2010 |publisher=MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-8544-7 |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Nathanson |first1=Paul |last2=Young |first2=Katherine K. |title=Misandry and Emptiness: Masculine Identity in a Toxic Cultural Environment |journal=New Male Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |date=2012 |url=http://newmalestudies.com/OJS/index.php/nms/article/viewFile/14/13 |access-date=28 January 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093022/http://newmalestudies.com/OJS/index.php/nms/article/viewFile/14/13 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |title=The Revolt of the Primitive: An Inquiry into the Roots of Political Correctness |last=Schwartz |first=Howard |edition=Revised |year=2003 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-7658-0537-9 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |author-link=Esther Vilar |title-link=The Manipulated Man |first=Esther |last=Vilar |title=The Manipulated Man |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |date=1972 |isbn=978-0-374-20202-6}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary|Thesaurus:misandrist}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bailée |first1=Susan |year=2001 |title=Misandry in the Classroom |journal=The Hudson Review |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=148–54 |doi=10.2307/3852834 |jstor=3852834 |last2=Sommers |first2=Christina Hoff |ref=none}}
*{{cite web |url=http://adonismirror.com/10152006_leader_misandry_and_misanthropy.htm |title=Misandry: From the Dictionary of Fools |access-date=28 December 2007 |last=Leader |first=Richard |year=2007 |work=Adonis Mirror |ref=none}} article critical of the use of the term
*{{cite web |url=http://www.backlash.com/content/gender/1996/4-apr96/wilson04.html |title=Androphobia: The only respectable bigotry |access-date=28 December 2007 |last=Wilson |first=Robert Anton |author-link=Robert Anton Wilson |date=April 1996 |work=The Backlash! |publisher=Shameless Men Press |ref=none}}
*[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/aug/14/edinburghfestival2001.edinburghbookfestival2001 "Lay off men, Lessing tells feminists"] by Fiachra Gibbons, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 14 August 2001
{{Sexual abuse}}
{{Sexual identities}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Misandry| ]]
[[Category:Gender-related prejudices]]
[[Category:Prejudice and discrimination by type]]
[[Category:Sexism]]