View source for Modchip

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{{original research|date=May 2016}}
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{{Short description|Device used to disable artificial restrictions in video game consoles}}
[[File:PSOne Slim with Mayumi v4 modchip.jpg|alt=PSOne OneChip installation|thumb|A modchip, the blue circuit board, attached to a [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] mainboard.]]
A '''modchip''' (short for '''modification chip''') is a small electronic device used to alter or disable artificial restrictions of computers or entertainment devices. Modchips are mainly used in [[video game console]]s, but also in some [[DVD player|DVD]] or [[Blu-ray]] players. They introduce various modifications to its host system's function, including the circumvention of [[regional lockout|region coding]], [[digital rights management]], and [[copy protection]] checks for the purpose of using media intended for other markets, copied media, or unlicensed third-party ([[Homebrew (video games)|homebrew]]) software.
== Function and construction ==
Modchips operate by replacing or overriding a system's protection hardware or software. They achieve this by either exploiting existing interfaces in an unintended or undocumented manner, or by actively manipulating the system's internal communication, sometimes to the point of re-routing it to substitute parts provided by the modchip.
Most modchips consist of one or more [[integrated circuit]]s ([[microcontroller]]s, [[field-programmable gate array|FPGA]]s, or [[complex programmable logic device|CPLD]]s), often complemented with [[electronic component|discrete parts]], usually packaged on a small [[Printed circuit board|PCB]] to fit within the console system it is designed for. Although there are modchips that can be reprogrammed for different purposes, most modchips are designed to work within only one console system or even only one specific hardware version.
Modchips typically require some degree of technical skill to install since they must be connected to a console's circuitry, most commonly by [[soldering]] wires to select traces or chip legs on a system's circuit board. Some modchips allow for installation by directly soldering the modchip's contacts to the console's circuit ("quicksolder"), by the precise positioning of electrical contacts ("solderless"), or, in rare cases, by plugging them into a system's internal or external connector.
Memory cards or cartridges that offer functions similar to modchips work on a completely different concept, namely by exploiting flaws in the system's handling of media. Such devices are not referred to as modchips, even if they are frequently traded under this umbrella term.
The diversity of hardware modchips operate on and varying methods they use mean that while modchips are often used for the same goal, they may work in vastly different ways, even if they are intended for use on the same console. Some of the first modchips for the [[Wii]], known as drive chips, modify the behaviour and communication of the optical drive to bypass security. On the [[Xbox&nbsp;360]], a common modchip took advantage of the fact short periods of instability in the CPU could be used to fairly reliably lead it to incorrectly compare security signatures. The precision required in this attack meant that the modchip had to make use of a CPLD. Other modchips, such as the XenoGC and clones for the [[GameCube]], invoke a debug mode where security measures are reduced or absent (in which case, a stock [[Atmel]] [[AVR microcontrollers|AVR microcontroller]] was used). A more recent innovation are optical disk drive emulators or ODDE, which replace the optical disk drive and allow data to come from another source bypassing the need to circumvent any security. These often make use of FPGAs to enable them to accurately emulate timing and performance characteristics of the optical drives.
== History ==
Most cartridge-based console systems did not have modchips produced for them. They usually implemented copy protection and regional lockout with game cartridges, both on hardware and software level. Converters or passthrough devices have been used to circumvent the restrictions, while flash memory devices ([[game backup device]]s) were widely adopted in later years to copy game media. Early in the transition from solid-state to optical media, CD-based console systems did not have regional market segmentation or copy protection measures due to the rarity and high cost of user-writable media at the time.
Modchips started to surface with the [[PlayStation]] system, due to the increasing availability and affordability of CD writers and the increasing sophistication of DRM protocols. At the time, a modchip's sole purpose was to allow the use of imported and copied game media.
Today, modchips are available for practically every current console system, often in a great number of variations. In addition to circumventing regional lockout and copy protection mechanisms, modern modchips may introduce more sophisticated modifications to the system, such as allowing the use of user-created software ([[Homebrew (video games)|homebrew]]), expanding the hardware capabilities of its host system, or even installing an alternative operating system to completely re-purpose the host system (e.g. for use as a [[home theater PC]]).
== Anti-modchip measures ==
Most modchips open the system to copied media, therefore the availability of a modchip for a console system is undesirable for console manufacturers. They react by removing the intrusion points exploited by a modchip from subsequent hardware or software versions, changing the PCB layout the modchips are customized for, or by having the firmware or software detect an installed modchip and refuse operation as a consequence. Since modchips often hook into fundamental functions of the host system that cannot be removed or adjusted, these measures may not completely prevent a modchip from functioning but only prompt an adjustment of its installation process or programming, e.g. to include measures to make it undetectable ("stealth") to its host system.
With the advent of online services to be used by video game consoles, some manufacturers have executed their possibilities within the service's [[end-user license agreement|license agreement]] to ban consoles equipped with modchips from using those services.<ref>[http://www.xbox.com/en-US/live/legal/legal-tou.htm Xbox LIVE Terms of Use] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104033228/http://www.xbox.com/en-US/LIVE/legal/legal-tou.htm |date=2008-11-04 }}, Section 14</ref>
In an effort to dissuade modchip creation, some console manufacturers included the option to run homebrew software or even an alternative operating system on their consoles, such as [[Linux for PlayStation 2]]. However, some of these features have been withdrawn at a later date.<ref>[[Microsoft XNA]]</ref><ref>[[Linux for PlayStation 2]]</ref><ref>[[Linux for PlayStation 3]]</ref> An argument can be made that a console system remains largely untouched by modchips as long as their manufacturers provide an official way of running unlicensed third-party software.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2010/27c3-4087-en-console_hacking_2010.html |title=27C3: Console Hacking 2010 |date=3 January 2011 |publisher=Media.ccc.de |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref>
== Legality ==
One of the most prominent functions of many modchips—the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms—is outlawed by many countries' copyright laws such as the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] in the United States, the [[copyright and Information Society Directive 2001|European Copyright Directive]] and its various implementations by the EU member countries, and the [[copyright law of Australia#Copyright Act 1968|Australian Copyright Act]]. Other laws may apply to the many diversified functions of a modchip, e.g. Australian law specifically allowing the circumvention of region coding.
The ambiguity of applicable law, its nonuniform interpretation by the courts, and constant profound changes and amendments to copyright law do not allow for a definitive statement on the legality of modchips. A modchip's legality under a country's legislature may only be individually asserted in court.
Most of the very few cases that have been brought before a court ended with the conviction of the modchip merchant or the manufacturer under the respective country's anti-circumvention laws. A small number of cases in the United Kingdom and Australia were dismissed under the argument that a system's copy protection mechanism would not be able to prevent the actual infringement of copyright—the actual process of copying game media—and therefore cannot be considered an effective [[copy protection|technical protection measure]] protected by anti-circumvention laws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2008/1324.html |title=Higgs v R (2008) EWCA Crim 1324 (24 June 2008) |publisher=Bailii.org |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2005/58.html |title=Stevens v Sony (2005) HCA 58 |publisher=Austlii.edu.au |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref> In 2006, Australian copyright law has been amended to effectively close this legal loophole.<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/caa2006213/ Australian Copyright Amendment Act 2006]</ref>
In a 2017 lawsuit against a retailer, a Canadian court ruled in favor of Nintendo under anti-circumvention provisions in [[copyright law of Canada|Canadian copyright law]], which prohibit any breaching of technical protection measures. The court ruled that even though the retailer claimed the products could be used for homebrew, thus asserting exemptions for maintaining interoperability, the court ruled that because Nintendo offers development kits for its platforms, interoperability could be achieved without breaching TPMs, and thus the defence is invalid.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Geist|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Geist|title=Canadian DMCA in Action: Court Awards Massive Damages in First Major Anti-Circumvention Copyright Ruling|date=3 March 2017|url=http://www.michaelgeist.ca/2017/03/canadian-dmca-in-action-court-issues-massive-damage-award-in-first-major-anti-circumvention-copyright-ruling/|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref>
In Japan, modchips were outlawed as part of new legislation in 2018 which made savegame editing and console modding illegal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/japan-makes-it-illegal-to-mod-consoles/1100-6464178/|title=Japan Makes It Illegal To Mod Consoles|website=[[GameSpot]]|date=10 January 2019|access-date=19 October 2024|archive-date=|archive-url=}}</ref>
== Alternatives ==
An alternative of installing a modchip is a process of [[softmod]]ding a device. A softmodded device does not need to permanently have any additional hardware pieces inside. Instead, the software of a device or its internal part is modified in order to change the device's behaviour.
== See also ==
* [[Game backup device]]
* [[Operation Tangled Web]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Computer hardware tuning]]
[[Category:Hardware restrictions]]
[[Category:Video game hardware]]