View source for Moselle

{{short description|River in Western Europe}}
{{About|the river|the department|Moselle (department)|other uses}}
{{Redirect|River Moselle|the river in London|Moselle Brook}}
{{Infobox river
| name              = Moselle
| native_name       = {{plainlist|
*{{native name|fr|La Moselle}}
*{{native name|de|die Mosel}}
*{{native name|lb|Musel}}}}
| native_name_lang  =
| image             = Schweicher Annaberg.jpg
| image_caption     = Typical landscape of Moselle vineyards near [[Schweich]]
| map = File:Moselle watershed.png
| map_caption = Map of the Moselle River watershed
| source1_location  = [[Vosges mountains]]
| mouth_location    = [[Rhine]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|50|21|58|N|7|36|25|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[France]]|[[Germany]]|[[Luxembourg]]}}
| length            = {{convert|546|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|715|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg    = {{convert|284|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size        = {{convert|28111|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| progression       = {{PRhine}}
| extra             = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=6 |height=250 | stroke-width=1.5 |coord {{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}
[[File:Moselle Pont-a-Mousson.jpg|thumb|The Moselle at [[Pont-à-Mousson]], France|290x290px]]
[[File:Mosel Bei Konz vom Freilichtmuseum Roscheiderhof.png|thumb|The Moselle valley from the [[Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum]], [[Konz]], Germany|290x290px]]
[[File:Trier_Vom_Weisshaus2.png|thumb|The Moselle at [[Trier]], Germany|290x290px]]
[[File:Moselle river near Cochem, Germany.JPG|thumb|The Moselle near [[Cochem]], Germany|290x290px]]
[[File:Beilstein (Mosel), 2012-08 CN-01.jpg|thumb|[[Beilstein, Rhineland-Palatinate|Beilstein]] on the Moselle|290x290px]]
[[File:LASB K Hellwig 0742.jpg|thumb|Cours from Grevenmacher to Cochem 1705]]
[[File:Cochem and Reichsburg.jpg|thumb|289x289px|The Moselle at [[Cochem]], Germany]]
[[File:Aerial image of the Deutsches Eck.jpg|thumb|290px|Confluence of the Moselle (right) and Rhine (left) rivers at the Deutsches Eck in [[Koblenz]]]]
The '''Moselle''' ({{IPAc-en|m|oʊ|ˈ|z|ɛ|l}} {{respell|moh|ZEL}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Moselle|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|mɔzɛl|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Moselle.wav}}; {{langx|de|Mosel}} {{IPA|de|ˈmoːzl̩||De-Mosel.ogg}}; {{langx|lb|Musel}} {{IPA-lb|ˈmuzəl||Lb-Musel.ogg}}) is a [[river]] that rises in the [[Vosges mountains]] and flows through north-eastern [[France]] and [[Luxembourg]] to western [[Germany]]. It is a [[bank (geography)|left bank]] tributary of the [[Rhine]], which it joins at [[Koblenz]]. A small part of [[Belgium]] is in its [[drainage basin|basin]] as it includes the [[Sauer]] and the [[Our River|Our]].
Its lower course "twists and turns its way between [[Trier]] and Koblenz along one of Germany's most beautiful river valleys."<ref name=RG>[http://www.romantic-germany.info/Moselle.4106.0.html ''Moselle: Holidays in one of Germany's most beautiful river valleys''] at www.romantic-germany.info. Retrieved 23 Jan 2016.</ref> In this section the land to the north is the [[Eifel]] which stretches into [[Belgium]]; to the south lies the [[Hunsrück]]. The river flows through a region that was cultivated by the Romans. Today, its hillsides are covered by terraced vineyards where "some of the best [[Riesling]]s grow".<ref name=RG/> Many castle ruins sit on the hilltops above wine villages and towns along the slopes. [[Traben-Trarbach]] with its [[art nouveau]] architecture and [[Bernkastel-Kues]] with its traditional market square are two of the many tourist attractions on the Moselle river.
== Name ==
The name Moselle is derived from the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] name form, ''Mosela'', via the [[Latin]] ''Mosella'', a diminutive form of ''Mosa'', the Latin description of the [[Meuse]], which used to flow parallel to the Moselle. So the ''Mosella'' was the "Little Meuse".
The Moselle is first recorded by [[Publius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]] in Book 13 of his ''[[Tacitus#The Annals|Annals]]''<ref name="PCTacitus1" /> and in Book 4 of his ''[[Tacitus#The Histories|Histories]]''.<ref name="PCTacitus2" />
The [[Roman Empire|Roman]] poet [[Ausonius]] made it a literary theme as early as the 4th century. In his poem dated 371, called ''[[Mosella (Ausonius)|Mosella]]'', which was published in 483 [[hexameter]]s, this poet of the [[Late Antiquity]] and teacher at the Trier Imperial Court (''Kaiserhof'') described a journey from Bingen over the [[Hunsrück]] hills to the Moselle and then following its course to Trier on the road named after him, the Via Ausonia. Ausonius describes flourishing and rich landscapes along the river and in the valley of the Moselle, thanks to the policies of their Roman rulers.
The river subsequently gave its name to two French republican [[département]]s: [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]] and [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]].
==Geography==
[[Image:Mosel Einzugsgebiet.png|thumb|upright|left|Moselle basin area]]
The source of the Moselle is at {{cvt|715|m}} above sea level on the Col de [[Bussang]] on the western slopes of the [[Ballon d'Alsace]] in the [[Vosges]]. After {{cvt|544|km}} it discharges into the [[Rhine]] at the [[Deutsches Eck]] in [[Koblenz]] at a height of {{cvt|59|m}} above [[Normalhöhennull|NHN]] sea level. The length of the river in France is {{cvt|313|km}},<ref name=sandre>{{sandre|A---0060|La Moselle|access-date = 9 June 2022}}</ref> for {{cvt|39|km}} it forms the border between Germany and Luxembourg, and {{cvt|208|km}} is solely within Germany.
The Moselle flows through the [[Lorraine]] region, west of the Vosges. Further downstream, in Germany, the [[Moselle valley]] forms the division between the [[Eifel]] and [[Hunsrück]] mountain regions.
The average flow rate of the Moselle at its mouth is {{cvt|328|m3/s|cuft/s}},<ref name=MQ>Hydrologischer Atlas der Schweiz 2002, Tab. 5.4 ''Natürliche Abflüsse 1961-1980'' (natural discharges) ([http://www.hydrologie.unibe.ch/hades/hades/tafel_54.html see map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707004222/http://www.hydrologie.unibe.ch/hades/hades/tafel_54.html |date=2011-07-07 }})</ref> making it the second largest tributary of the Rhine by volume after the [[Aare]] ({{cvt|560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=semicolon}}) and bigger than the [[Main (river)|Main]] and [[Neckar]].<ref name="Maas350" />
=== River sections ===
The section of the Moselle from the [[France]]–[[Germany]]–[[Luxembourg]] [[tripoint]] near [[Schengen, Luxembourg|Schengen]] to its confluence with the [[Saar (river)|Saar]] near [[Konz]] shortly before [[Trier]] is in Germany known (geographically incorrectly{{Citation needed|reason=this section of the Moselle is geographically upland of the middle and lower sections, therefore it's the upper section - if the article will state it is incorrect contrary to riparian convention there should be a clear citation|date=July 2021}}) as the [[Upper Moselle]]. The section from Trier to [[Pünderich]] is the [[Middle Moselle]], the section between Pünderich and its mouth in Koblenz as the [[Lower Moselle]] or Terraced Moselle (''Terrassenmosel''). Characteristic of the Middle and Lower Moselle are its wide [[meander]]s cut deeply into the highlands of the [[Rhenish Massif]], the most striking of which is the ''Cochemer Krampen'' between [[Bremm]] and [[Cochem]]. Also typical are its vineyard terraces.
From the tripoint the Moselle marks the entire Saarland–Luxembourg border.
=== Catchment ===
The [[catchment area]] of the Moselle is {{cvt|28286|km2}} in area. The French part covers {{cvt|15360|km2}}, about 54 percent of the entire catchment. The German state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] has {{cvt|6980|km2}}, the [[Saarland]] {{cvt|2569|km2}}, Luxembourg {{cvt|2521|km2}}, [[Wallonia]] in Belgium {{cvt|767|km2}} and [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], {{cvt|88|km2}}.
=== Tributaries ===
The three largest [[tributaries]] of the Moselle are, in alphabetical order, the [[Meurthe (river)|Meurthe]], the [[Saar (river)|Saar]] and the [[Sauer]]. The Meurthe was the old upper course of the Moselle, until the latter [[river capture|captured]] the former upper reaches of the [[Meuse]] and took it over. However, the Meuse only delivered a little more water than the Meurthe at its confluence. The Saar is the biggest of all the tributaries ({{cvt|78.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=semicolon}}) as well as the longest ({{cvt|246|km|disp=semicolon}}). The Sauer is the largest left-hand tributary and drains the region on either side of the German-Luxembourg border. The largest tributary relative to the Moselle at its confluence is the  [[Moselotte]], which is about 40% greater by volumetric flow and thus represents the main branch of the Moselle system. At its mouth, the Moselle delivers {{cvt|328|m3/s|cuft/s}} of water into the Rhine after flowing for {{cvt|544|km}}.
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from:start till:142 text:[[Kyll]] (142 km)
from:start till:138 text:[[Seille (Moselle)|Seille]] (138 km)
from:start till:97 text:[[Madon]] (97 km)
from:start till:86 text:[[Orne (Moselle)|Orne]] (86 km)
from:start till:74 text:[[Lieser (Moselle)|Lieser]] (74 km)
from:start till:63 text:[[Salm (Moselle)|Salm]] (63 km)
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from:start till:53.8 text:[[Sauer]] (53.8 m³/s)
from:start till:41.1 text:[[Meurthe (river)|Meurthe]] (41.1 m³/s)
from:start till:13.7 text:[[Moselotte]] (13.7 m³/s)
from:start till:12.4 text:[[Orne (Moselle)|Orne]] (12.4 m³/s)
from:start till:11.1 text:[[Madon]] (11.1 m³/s)
from:start till:10.5 text:[[Seille (Moselle)|Seille]] (10.5 m³/s)
from:start till:10.2 text:[[Kyll]] (10.2 m³/s)
from:start till:9.7 text:[[Vologne]] (9.7 m³/s)
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from:start till:1348 text:[[Seille (Moselle)|Seille]] (1,348 km²)
from:start till:1268 text:[[Orne (Moselle)|Orne]] (1,268 km²)
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from:start till:843 text:[[Kyll]] (843 km²)
from:start till:402 text:[[Lieser (Moselle)|Lieser]] (402 km²)
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==== List of tributaries ====
;From the left:
[[Madon]],
[[Terrouin]],
[[Esch (Moselle)|Esch]],
[[Rupt de Mad]],
[[Orne (Moselle)|Orne]],
[[Fensch]],
[[Gander (Moselle)|Gander]],
[[Syre (river)|Syre]],
[[Sauer]],
[[Kyll]],
[[Salm (Moselle)|Salm]],
[[Lieser (river)|Lieser]],
[[Alf (river)|Alf]],
[[Endert]],
[[Brohlbach (Moselle)|Brohlbach]],
[[Elzbach|Elz]].
;From the right:
[[Moselotte]],
[[Vologne]],
[[Meurthe (river)|Meurthe]],
[[Seille (Moselle)|Seille]],
[[Saar (river)|Saar]],
[[Olewiger Bach]],
[[Avelsbach]],
[[Ruwer]],
[[Feller Bach]],
[[Dhron (river)|Dhron]],
[[Ahringsbach]],
[[Kautenbach (river)|Kautenbach]],
[[Lützbach]],
[[Flaumbach]],
[[Altlayer Bach]],
[[Baybach]],
[[Ehrbach (Hunsrück)|Ehrbach]].
<!-- A more comprehensive table that also includes small tributaries may be found in the [[List of tributaries of the Moselle]].
-->
=== Towns ===
Towns along the Moselle are:
* in France: [[Épinal]], [[Toul]], [[Pont-à-Mousson]], [[Metz]] and [[Thionville]]
* in Luxembourg: [[Schengen, Luxembourg|Schengen]], [[Remich]], [[Grevenmacher]] and [[Wasserbillig]]
* in Germany: [[Konz]], [[Trier]], [[Schweich]], [[Bernkastel-Kues]], [[Traben-Trarbach]], [[Zell (Mosel)|Zell]], [[Cochem]] and [[Koblenz]]
=== Adjacent mountain ranges ===
From Trier downstream the Moselle separates the two [[Central Upland]] ranges of the [[Eifel]] (to the northwest) and the [[Hunsrück]] (to the southeast).
== Geology ==
The [[Vosges]], the present source region of the Moselle, were formed about 50&nbsp;million years ago. In the [[Miocene]] and [[Pliocene]] epochs the ancient Moselle (''Urmosel'') was already a tributary of the [[ancient Rhine]] (''Ur-Rhein''). When, in the [[Quaternary]] period, the [[Rhenish Massif]] slowly rose, the meanders of the Moselle were formed between the [[Trier]] Valley and the [[Neuwied Basin]].
== Water levels ==
[[File:Cochem-Hochwassermarken.JPG|thumb|upright|[[High water mark]]s in the Old Town of [[Cochem]]]]
The [[highest navigable water level]] (HSW) is {{cvt|6.95|m|ftin}} and normal level (NSt) is {{cvt|2.00|m|ftin}} at the Trier Gauge (''Pegel Trier'').
[[High water]]:
* {{cvt|11.28|m|ftin}}, Trier Gauge on 21 December 1993
* {{cvt|10.56|m|ftin}}, Trier Gauge on 28 May 1983
* {{cvt|10.33|m|ftin}}, Trier Gauge on 23 January 1995
* {{cvt|10.26|m|ftin}}, Trier Gauge on 12 April 1983
* {{cvt|9.92|m|ftin}}, Trier Gauge on 27 February 1997
[[Low water]]:
* {{cvt|0.47|m|ftin}} in Bernkastel on 28 July 1921
== History ==
[[File:Quai des régates - Metz 57.JPG|thumb|Arm of the Moselle entering the old town quarter of [[Metz]]]]
The Moselle was known to the Romans by the name of ''Flumen Musalla'' (in the ''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]''), and the river was romanticised by the poet [[Ausonius]] around 371. From 1815, the Moselle formed the border between the [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] and [[Prussia]] ([[German Empire]] in 1871).
During [[World War II]] the Moselle was a barrier as the Allies advanced toward Berlin. In September 1944, the American Third Army in France mounted a drive to cross the Moselle at [[Dieulouard]] and split the German forces. Under the orders of Major General Manton S. Eddy, the [[80th Infantry]] Division was given the objective of establishing a bridgehead that would allow Combat Command A (CCA) of the [[4th Armored Division (United States)|4th Armored Division]] to advance into the rear of German forces and encircle the city of Nancy.
On September 13, 1944, the 80th Division launched their assault accompanied by extensive artillery and air support, which helped to suppress the German defenses. The division managed to establish a foothold on the east bank of the river, securing a bridgehead at Dieulouard.
With the bridgehead secured, Combat Command A of the 4th Armored Division crossed the Moselle and advanced towards Nancy, encircling the city and cutting off German supply lines. The 80th Division continued its advance, pushing towards the northeast and engaging in fierce combat with German forces.
The operations to capture Nancy continued until September 15 when the city was liberated by the combined efforts of the 80th Infantry Division and the 4th Armored Division. The successful crossing of the Moselle River and the capture of Nancy dealt a significant blow to German defenses in northeastern France and further contributed to the Allied advance towards Germany.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/american-drive-to-the-moselle/ | title=American Drive to the Moselle }}</ref>
In the act of 10 April 1952 ratifying the treaty instituted by the [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]], Article 2 charged the [[French Government]] "to initiate, before the establishment of the [[Common Market]], negotiations with the governments concerned in order to achieve a rapid implementation of the canalisation of the Moselle between [[Thionville]] and [[Koblenz]].<ref>[http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/33303/ANM_1956_1957_101.pdf?sequence= L'historique de la canalisation de la Moselle], par M. René Bour. pp.101 à 112</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153426/http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/geo_0003-4010_1928_num_37_206_9283/article_geo_0003-4010_1928_num_37_206_9283.pdf Levainville Jacques, La canalisation de la Moselle]. In: [[Annales de Géographie]]. 1928, t. 37, no. 206. pp. 180–184.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://projetbabel.org/fluvial/rica_moselle-riviere.htm|title=Rivière Moselle – Dictionnaire des canaux et rivières de France|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>
The River was canalised between [[Metz]] and [[Thionville]], via a canal opened in 1964 by the Grand Duchess, [[Charlotte of Luxembourg]], the Federal Chancellor of Germany, [[Konrad Adenauer]] and their host, [[Charles de Gaulle]], President of France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ina.fr/video/AFE85006642|title=La canalisation de la Moselle|author=Institut National de l’Audiovisuel – Ina.fr|work=Ina.fr|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>
It is on the Moselle, at the site of the France–Germany–Luxembourg tripoint, that the [[Schengen Agreement]] was signed in 1985, leading to the abolishment of border controls within the [[Schengen Area]].
== Economy ==
The Moselle valley between Metz and Thionville is an industrial area, with [[coal]] mining and [[steel]] manufacturers.
The Moselle valley is famous for its scenery and wine. Most well-known is the German [[Mosel (wine region)|Mosel wine region]], while the Luxembourg [[winegrowing]] region is called ''Moselle Luxembourgeoise'' and the French region is called ''[[Appellation d'origine contrôlée|AOC]] Moselle''. Most notable among the wines produced here are [[Riesling]], [[Elbling]], [[Müller-Thurgau]], [[Kerner (grape)|Kerner]], and [[Auxerrois Blanc|Auxerrois]]. The German part of the Moselle is a tourist destination.
=== Navigation ===
After the Second World War, France pressed to be able to ply the Moselle with larger ships in order to be able to link the industrial regions of [[Lorraine]]. When, in 1955, the population on the Saar voted to belong to West Germany, France demanded as "compensation" an upgrade of the Moselle. On 27 October 1956 they concluded the Moselle Treaty with Germany and Luxembourg for a canalisation of the Moselle and conceded to Germany in return the extension of the [[Grand Canal d'Alsace]] on the [[Upper Rhine]] instead of an extension of the canal via Breisach. In 1958 work began and by 26&nbsp;May 1964 the Moselle could be officially opened from Metz to Koblenz as a major waterway for shipping with 14 [[lock (waterway)|lock]]s. France extended it by 1979 as far as [[Neuves-Maisons]]. With that, {{cvt|394|km}} of the Moselle have been upgraded with a total of 28 locks. In the years 1992 to 1999 the navigable channel was deepened from {{cvt|2.7|m|ftin}} to {{cvt|3.0|m|ftin}}, which enables 1,500-tonne freighters to use the river, a 20% increase in capacity. The channel has a width of {{cvt|40|m}}, more on the bends. The [[Moselle Commission]], founded in 1962 with its head office in Trier, is responsible for navigation. The Moselle Shipping Police Act which it has produced is valid in all three participant states from Metz to Koblenz.
In 1921 the Moselle (Mo) became a [[German Empire|Reich]] waterway,<ref name="WSV1" /> today it is a federal waterway (''Bundeswasserstraße'')<ref name="WSV2" /> from [[Apach]] at the tripoint to its mouth on the Rhine at kilometre point 592.29<ref name="WSV3" /> in Koblenz. The waterway is {{cvt|242|km}}<ref name="WSV3" /> long and managed by the Trier and Koblenz Water and Shipping Offices (''Wasser- und Schifffahrtsämtern Trier und Koblenz''). It is categorized as a European [[waterway]] of Class Vb. Its kilometrage begins at its mouth at kilometre point 0 and runs upstream. Since 1816 it has formed a {{cvt|36|km}} long<ref name="WSV3" /> condominium from Apach, a common Germany–Luxembourg sovereign area with a division of responsibilities set out in a 1976 agreement. The International Moselle Company, initially set up in 1957 to finance the construction of the river's upgrade, manages the shipping charges and the operation and maintenance of the waterway which they are used to fund.
[[File:Staustufe Fankel.jpg|thumb|Fankel barrage|290x290px]]
Today the Moselle is navigable for large [[cargo ship]]s up to {{convert|110|m|ft}} long<ref name="Elwis">{{Cite web |url=http://www.elwis.de/Binnenwasserstrassen/datentabellen/WSD-Suedwest.pdf |title=Elwis database |access-date=2010-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028063114/http://elwis.de/Binnenwasserstrassen/datentabellen/WSD-Suedwest.pdf |archive-date=2010-10-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> from the Rhine in Koblenz up to [[Neuves-Maisons]], south of Nancy. For smaller ships it is connected to other parts of France through the [[Canal de la Meuse]] and the [[Canal de la Marne au Rhin]]. There are [[Lock (water transport)|lock]]s in [[Koblenz]], [[Lehmen]], [[Müden (Mosel)|Müden]], [[Bruttig-Fankel|Fankel]], [[Sankt Aldegund]], [[Enkirch]], [[Zeltingen-Rachtig|Zeltingen]], [[Wintrich]], [[Detzem]], [[Trier]], [[Grevenmacher]], [[Palzem]],<ref name="Elwis"/> [[Apach]], [[Kœnigsmacker]], [[Thionville]], [[Richemont, Moselle|Richemont]], [[Talange]], [[Metz]], [[Ars-sur-Moselle]], [[Pagny-sur-Moselle]], [[Blénod-lès-Pont-à-Mousson]], [[Custines]], [[Pompey, Meurthe-et-Moselle|Pompey]], [[Aingeray]], [[Fontenoy-sur-Moselle]], [[Toul]], [[Villey-le-Sec]], and Neuves-Maisons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sn-nord-est.equipement.gouv.fr/article.php3?id_article=1628&recalcul=oui|title=DTNE : Direction territoriale Nord-Est VNF|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>
By 1970 more than 10&nbsp;million tonnes of goods were being transported on the Moselle, the majority on towed barges. Upstream freight mainly comprised fuel and ores; downstream the main goods were steel products, gravel and rocks. There is an [[inland port]] at [[Trier Port|Trier]], a [[transshipment site]] in [[Zell (Mosel)]]; and there are other ports in [[Mertert]], [[Thionville]], [[Metz]] and [[Frouard]]. In addition to freighters there are also pleasure boats for tourists between the very busy wine villages and small towns of the Middle and Lower Moselle.
There are also [[yacht]]ing or sports marinas in the following places: [[Koblenz]], [[Winningen]], [[Brodenbach]], [[Burgen (Mosel)|Burgen]], [[Löf]], [[Hatzenport]], [[Senheim]], [[Treis-Karden|Treis]], [[Traben-Trarbach]], [[Bernkastel-Kues|Kues]], [[Neumagen-Dhron|Neumagen]], [[Pölich]], [[Schweich]], [[Trier]] and [[Konz]]. The Moselle is linked near Toul via the [[Canal de la Marne au Rhin]] with ''inter alia'' the [[Meuse]], the [[Saône]] and the [[Rhône]]. Other canals link the river to the [[North Sea]] and even the [[Mediterranean]].
=== Locks and dams (weirs) ===
[[File:Lehmen Staustufe.jpg|thumb|Lehmen Locks]]
There is a total of 28 [[barrage (dam)|changes of level]] on the Moselle:
* 16 in France near [[Neuves-Maisons]], [[Villey-le-Sec]], [[Toul]], [[Fontenoy-sur-Moselle]], [[Aingeray]], [[Frouard]]-Pompey, [[Custines]], [[Blénod-lès-Pont-à-Mousson]], [[Pagny-sur-Moselle]], [[Ars-sur-Moselle]], [[Metz]], [[Talange]], [[Richemont (Moselle)|Richemont]], [[Thionville]], [[Kœnigsmacker]] and [[Apach]]
* 2 between Luxembourg and Germany near [[Stadtbredimus]]-[[Palzem]] and [[Grevenmacher]]-[[Wellen (Mosel)|Wellen]]
* 10 in Germany near [[Trier]], [[Detzem]], [[Wintrich]], [[Zeltingen-Rachtig|Zeltingen]], [[Enkirch]], [[Sankt Aldegund|St. Aldegund]], Fankel, [[Müden (Mosel)|Müden]], [[Lehmen]] and [[Koblenz]]. [[Detzem]] is the highest lock – {{cvt|9|m}} – and at {{cvt|29|km}} the upstream reach is the longest on the river; it is the only lock to be built on a canal of some length excavated outside the river bed.
With the exception of Detzem, all the structures at each change in level are laid-out side by side; the [[lock (river)|lock]] is by one riverbank, the [[weir]] in the middle and the [[hydropower plant]] on the other bank. Between the lock and weir are a boat slipway and channel and boat lock, while between the weir and the power station is the [[fish ladder]]. The structures have been blended into the landscape through their low-level design; this was achieved by the choice of sector gates for the weir, vertically lowering upper gates and mitred lower lock gates. The water levels and hydropower works are controlled by the Fankel Central Control Station (''Zentralwarte Fankel'') of the RWE Power Company at [[Bruttig-Fankel|Fankel]].
=== Tourism ===
[[File:Carl Friedrich Lessing Mosellandschaft.jpg|thumb|The Moselle landscape, painting by [[Carl Friedrich Lessing]]]]
Through the Moselle valley run the Moselle Wine Route and the Moselle Cycleway, which may be cycled from [[Metz]] in [[France]] via [[Trier]] to  [[Koblenz]] on the [[River Rhine]], a distance of {{cvt|311|km}}.
[[File:Moselle Cycle Path near Cochem.jpg|thumb|Moselle Cycle Path near [[Cochem]]]]
Between Koblenz and Trier, large sections run on the [[trackbed]] of the old Moselle Valley Railway, far from the noise and fumes of motor vehicles. Every year on the Sunday after [[Pentecost]], the {{cvt|140|km}} of road between [[Schweich]] and [[Cochem]] is also car-free as part of Happy Moselle Day.
A number of notable castles and ruins adorn the heights above the Moselle valley and many are visible on a boat trip on the Moselle.
In 1910, a hiking trail, the Moselle Ridgeway, was established which runs for {{cvt|185|km}} on the Eifel side and {{cvt|262|km}} on the Hunsrück side. Another unusual trail runs from [[Ediger-Eller]] via the [[Calmont (hill)|Calmont Trail]] to [[Bremm]] through the steepest vineyard in Europe.
Before the construction of barrages the Moselle was a popular route for [[folding kayak]]s which is why many of the weirs have boat channels. The river is still used today by [[canoe]]ists, especially during the annual week-long lock closures when no commercial shipping is permitted.
In April 2014 the [[Moselle Trail]] was opened, a path running for {{cvt|365|km}} from Perl on the [[Upper Moselle]] to [[Koblenz]]. Numerous Moselle Trail "partner trails", the so-called side branches (''Seitensprünge'') and "dream paths" (''Traumpfade'') enhance the hiking network in the Moselle Valley.<ref name="Vf26092014" />
The [[ADAC]]'s [[Rallye Deutschland]] has taken place since 2000 in the vineyards along the Moselle at [[Veldenz]], [[Neumagen-Dhron|Dhron]], [[Piesport]], [[Minheim]], [[Kesten (municipality)|Kesten]], [[Trittenheim]], [[Fell (Mosel)|Fell]], [[Ruwer]]tal and [[Trier]].
At [[Koblenz Locks]] the [[Mosellum]] offers exhibitions about the migration of fish in the Moselle as well as water ecology, navigation and power generation. With the construction of the visitor and information centre the most modern [[fish ladder]] along the Moselle was opened.
=== Wine ===
[[File:Moselle River Valley at Wormeldange, Luxembourg from Germany (5002564954).jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Moselle in [[Wormeldange]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Vineyard|vinyard]]s for grape production can be seen on the hill in the background]]
The [[Moselle wine region|Moselle winegrowing region]] lies along the Moselle with a cultivated area of about {{cvt|10540|ha}}. The largest part, currently just under {{cvt|9000|ha}}, is on German soil in the states of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] and [[Saarland]]; the Luxembourg part has an area of about {{cvt|1300|ha}} (see [[Wine in Luxembourg]]). Upstream on the Moselle the vineyards extend into France as far as [[Seille (Moselle)|Seille]] in the region of [[Côtes de Moselle]] with an area of {{cvt|130|ha}} and to the region around [[Toul]] ([[Côtes de Toul]]) covering {{cvt|110|ha}}.
The German Moselle wine region, including its tributaries, bears the growing and manufacturing name of "Mosel". For marketing reasons the agricultural authorities of the region have divided it into six winegrowing areas.<ref name="HerkBez" /> The wine literature and specialist press, by contrast, divide the region into four areas based on geomorphological, micro-climatic and also historical reasons:
; '''Upper Moselle''': The valley sides of the [[Upper Moselle]] (also called the Burgundy Moselle, ''Burgundermosel'') with their overwhelmingly [[muschelkalk]] soils belong geologically to the so-called [[Paris Basin]], which explains its low proportion of [[Riesling]] – only around 10% in 2010 – and the increasing cultivation of [[Pinot Blanc]] and [[Pinot Noir]] grapes.
; '''Trier Region''': Around the city of [[Trier]] and in the valleys of the [[Saar (river)|Saar]] and [[Ruwer wine|Ruwer]] with their side valleys, the Riesling is the predominant grape on the shale soils, with over 80% of the crop. One climatic feature of this area is the frequent orientation of often small southwest-southeast facing locations in which the vegetation is exposed to stronger, cooler winds and, especially in the light of recent global warming, often achieve lower degrees of maturity than in the narrow, often deeply incised valley of the [[Middle Moselle|Middle]] and [[Lower Moselle]].<ref name="PigottLüer" />
; '''Middle Moselle''': With around {{cvt|6000|ha}} of vineyard the [[Middle Moselle]] is the largest winegrowing area of the Moselle. According to the wine experts and trade, the "greatest" wines of the Moselle, both in quantity and quality, are grown here on land that has been consolidated into large concerns with much vaunted steeply sloped vineyards.<ref name="DDeckers" />
; '''Lower Moselle''': In the [[Lower Moselle]] Valley, there are a number of medieval castles, high above little villages, decorated with [[timber-framed house]]s, surrounded by steep slopes with small terraces in the narrow, winding valley. Here, cultivating vines is very labour-intensive and costly and it is difficult to make it economical. As a result, it is common for vineyards to fall into ruin here.
The wine industry on the German Moselle has been declining for decades. In 2005, statistics showed there were {{cvt|10375|ha}} of vineyard; by 2012 this had fallen to just {{cvt|8491|ha}}.<ref name="StLRP" /> The vineyards that have fallen fallow are mostly those on extremely steep hillsides. There has been a major decline in the number of so-called ''Nebenerwerbswinzer'' (vintners for whom it is a secondary occupation), and the small, family farming operations that, until the end of the 1960s formed the majority of wine businesses. Comparative figures by the Chamber of Agriculture for Rhineland-Palatinate for several wine villages on the Lower Moselle show that there were still 797 wine businesses in the early 1960s, but by the early 2000s there were only just under 100.
There has been the opposite trend amongst the established traditional wine estates and more recent vintners with a sound education in [[oenology]] and business management, who have increased their business through the reclamation of once renowned, but long forgotten sites. The end of the 20th century saw the rediscovery of the use of special [[terroir]]<ref>Reinhard Löwenstein, ''Vom Öchsle zum Terroir'', Frankfurter Allgemeine newspaper No. 232, 7&nbsp;October 2003 and ''Die Zukunft liegt im Terroir'', in the same paper dated 17&nbsp;December 2005</ref> in order to improve quality and value, which has led to a more nuanced view of Moselle wine that, a few years before, had been characterised by overproduction, label scandals and cheap offers.
=== Moselle umbrella brand ===
On 10 November 2006 in [[Burg (Mosel)|Burg]], the Moselle Regional Initiative was founded. The introduction of the Moselle as an [[umbrella brand]] was based on that of the [[Eifel]] region and covers products and services from the areas of agriculture, forestry, tourism, handicrafts and nature.
=== Moselle slate ===
Moselle slate (''Moselschiefer'') is a manufacturing and trade description for [[slate]] from the municipalities of [[Mayen]], [[Polch]], [[Müllenbach]], [[Trier]] and its surrounding area. Today only products from the roofing slate mines of {{ill|Grube Katzenberg|de|lt=Katzenberg}} in Mayen and [[Margareta (mine)|Margareta]] in Polch bear the name Moselle Slate. The name is derived from the historical transport route for this slate along the Moselle to the [[Lower Rhine]].
=== Railways ===
The following railway lines run or ran along the river:
* [[Koblenz–Trier railway]] (''Moselstrecke''), between Koblenz and Bullay, and in Trier, mostly on the left (northern) bank
* [[Pünderich–Traben-Trarbach railway]], for its entire length, on the left (northern) bank
* [[Moselle Railway]], between Bullay and Trier, on the right (southern) bank. Closed in the 1960s.
* [[Trier West Railway]], between Ehrang and Igel, on the left (northern) bank
* [[Thionville–Trier railway]] (''Obermoselstrecke''), for its entire length, on the right (eastern) bank
* [[CFL line 1a]], between Wasserbillig and Grevenmacher, on the left (western) bank. No passenger service remains.
* [[Metz–Luxembourg railway]], between Thionville and Metz, mainly on the left bank
* Lérouville–Metz railway, between Metz and Novéant, mainly on the left bank
* Frouard–Novéant railway, mainly on the left bank
* [[Paris-Est–Strasbourg-Ville railway|Paris–Strasbourg railway]], between Frouard and Toul
* Blainville-Damelevières–Lure railway, between Bayon and Épinal
* [[Épinal–Bussang railway]], between [[Épinal]] and [[Remiremont]], on the left bank
==Literature==
*''Mosella'', a [[Latin poetry|Latin poem]] by [[Ausonius]] (4th century).
*In the tale, "[[The Seven Swabians]]" of the [[Brothers Grimm]], these Swabians drown trying to cross the Moselle.
*Accounts of the river, its folklore and local history appear in ''Small Boat on the Moselle'' a 1968 book by [[Roger Pilkington (writer)|Roger Pilkington]].
==Castles==
[[File:Metz R01.jpg|thumb|Moselle river flowing through [[Metz]], with the church of [[Temple Neuf, Metz|Temple Neuf]]|290x290px]]
[[File:Reichsburg Cochem 0003a.jpg|thumb|[[Cochem]] Castle, overlooking the Mosel|290x290px]]
[[Image:Freiheitsbaum.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[liberty pole]] erected by the Moselle during the [[French Revolution]], water colour by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], 1793]]
*[[Château de Meinsberg]] (dit de Malbrouck): near [[Manderen]], this castle was built in the 15th century but rebuilt in the 1990s. Today it is used for numerous cultural events.
*[[Château Fort de Sierck-les-Bains]]: situated just on the French-German border at [[Sierck-les-Bains]], this fortress of the [[Duke of Lorraine]] dates back to the 11th century. Most of today's castle was constructed in the 18th century, following plans from [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]].
*Schloss Berg: a [[Renaissance]] castle at [[Nennig]], today a hotel and a [[casino]].
*[[Longuich Castle|Alte Burg]]: a [[manor house]] built in 1360 at [[Longuich]]. One of the few surviving manor houses in rural Rhineland-Palatinate.
*[[Schloss Lieser]]: a palace at [[Lieser (Mosel)|Lieser]] built from 1884 to 1887 in [[Historicism (art)|historistic style]].
*[[Landshut Castle, Germany|Landshut Castle]]: a castle built by the [[Electorate of Trier]] in the 13th century at [[Bernkastel-Kues]].
*[[Grevenburg]]: ruins of a castle at [[Traben-Trarbach]] built by [[Johann III, Count of Sponheim-Starkenburg|Johann III of Sponheim-Starkenburg]] about 1350, destroyed, after many sieges, in 1734.
*Marienburg: a 12th-century castle and later [[monastery]] near [[Pünderich]] and [[Alf, Rhineland-Palatinate|Alf]].
*[[Arras Castle]]: a 12th-century castle in [[Alf, Rhineland-Palatinate|Alf]].
*[[Metternich Castle]]: a castle built around 1120 at [[Beilstein, Rhineland-Palatinate|Beilstein]], today partly in ruins.
*[[Cochem Castle]]: The castle in [[Cochem]] was originally built in the 11th century, but was completely destroyed by [[France|French]] soldiers in 1689. The present castle was rebuilt later in the 19th century.
*[[Thurant Castle]]: Above the town of [[Alken, Germany|Alken]] is Thurant Castle, built in the 13th century. It is the only twin-towered [[castle]] along the Moselle. The fortress was built by the Count Palatine Henry of the house of Guelph between 1198 and 1206. From 1246 to 1248, it was the two archbishops of Cologne and Trier. Following conquest, it was divided by a partition wall into two halves, each with a keep (tower). During the 19th century, Thurant disintegrated, becoming a ruin; and in 1911 was acquired by Privy Councilor, Dr. Robert Allmers, who had it rebuilt. Since 1973, the castle has been owned by the Allmers and Wulf families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thurant.de/|title=Burg Thurant – Wenn Sie etwas Besonderes suchen|website=thurant.de}}</ref>
*[[Ehrenburg (Brodenbach)|Ehrenburg]]: a 12th-century castle built by the [[Electorate of Trier]] at [[Brodenbach]].
*[[Eltz Castle]]: The von Eltz family castle, whose history dates back to the 12th century. It remains in private hands to this day but it is open to visitors.
*Lower and Upper Castle, [[Kobern-Gondorf]]: two 11th-century castles, today mostly in ruins.
*[[Pyrmont Castle]]: This 13th-century castle near [[Roes, Rhineland-Palatinate|Roes]] was remodelled and extended several times during the [[Baroque]] era.
*[[Bischofstein Castle (Germany)|Bischofstein Castle]]: Across the river from the municipality of [[Burgen, Mayen-Koblenz|Burgen]] is this 13th-century castle, which was destroyed during the [[Nine Years' War]], but was reconstructed and now serves as a retreat centre for the Fichte Gymnasium in [[Krefeld, Germany|Krefeld]].
==References==
{{commons category}}
<references>
<ref name="PCTacitus1">Publius Cornelius Tacitus: Der Text ist verfügbar in der lateinischen Wikisource: [[:wikisource:la:Ab excessu divi Augusti (Annales)/Liber XIII#LIII|Kapitel LIII]], at la.wikisource.org</ref>
<ref name="PCTacitus2">Publius Cornelius Tacitus: Der Text ist verfügbar in der lateinischen Wikisource; erwähnt ist die Mosel in [[:wikisource:la:Historiae (Tacitus) – Liber IV#LXXI|Kapitel 71]] und [[:wikisource:la:Historiae (Tacitus) – Liber IV#LXXVII|Kapitel 77]], at la.wikisource.org</ref>
<ref name="Maas350">The [[Meuse]], with a volumetric discharge of {{cvt|350|m3/s|cuft/s}} is not considered, since it has not officially been a tributary of the Rhine since 1970 (although it is hydrologically).</ref>
<ref name="WSV1">[http://www.wsv.de/wasserstrassen/chronik/index.html Verzeichnis A, Lfd.&nbsp;Nr.&nbsp;39 der Chronik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722140340/http://www.wsv.de/wasserstrassen/chronik/index.html |date=2016-07-22 }}, Wasser- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, at wsv.de</ref>
<ref name="WSV2">[http://www.wsv.de/wasserstrassen/chronik/index.html Verzeichnis E, Lfd.&nbsp;Nr.&nbsp;34 der Chronik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722140340/http://www.wsv.de/wasserstrassen/chronik/index.html |date=2016-07-22 }}, Wasser- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, at wsv.de</ref> von [[Apach]] am Dreiländereck bis zu ihrer Mündung in den Rhein bei Rhein-km 592,29
<ref name="WSV3">[http://www.wsv.de/wasserstrassen/gliederung_bundeswasserstrassen/index.html ''Gliederung Bundeswasserstraßen''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121184556/http://www.wsv.de/wasserstrassen/gliederung_bundeswasserstrassen/index.html |date=2016-01-21 }}, mit Informationen u.&nbsp;a. zu Längen (in km) der Hauptschifffahrtswege (Hauptstrecken und bestimmte Nebenstrecken) der Binnenwasserstraßen des Bundes, bei der Wasser- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes, at wsv.de</ref>
<ref name="Vf26092014">[http://www.volksfreund.de/nachrichten/region/trierland/aktuell/Heute-in-der-Zeitung-fuer-Trier-Land-Moselsteig-entfacht-das-Wanderfieber;art8128,4006754 ''Moselsteig entfacht das Wanderfieber'']. In: Trierischer Volksfreund, dated 26&nbsp;September 2014. Retrieved 26&nbsp;September 2014, at volksfreund.de</ref>
<ref name="HerkBez">Von der Mehrzahl der Winzer nicht genutzte Herkunftsbezeichnung</ref>
<ref name="PigottLüer">Stuart Pigott, Chandra Kurt, Manfred Lüer: ''Stuart Pigotts Weinreisen – Mosel.'' Scherz, Frankfurt am Main, 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-502-15173-9}}, pp.&nbsp;103 ff.</ref>
<ref name="DDeckers">Daniel Deckers (Hg.), ''Zur Lage des deutschen Weins – Spitzenlagen und Spitzenweine'', Stuttgart 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-608-94073-2}} pp.&nbsp;137–187</ref>
<ref name="StLRP">Publications by the Statistical Office of Rhineland-Palatinate.</ref>
</references>
== Bibliography ==
* Decimius Magnus Ausonius: ''Mosella [Description of a journey by ship on the Moselle around 371 A.&nbsp;D.]'' http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0619
* Jakob Hölscher (ed.): ''Das Moselthal von Trier bis Coblenz. In malerischen Ansichten, nach der Natur gezeichnet von C. Bodmer, in acqua tinta geätzt von R. Bodmer''. 30 pages. Koblenz, 1831–1833
* Johann August Klein: ''Moselthal zwischen Koblenz und Konz,'' printed by Heriot, Coblenz, 1831
* Johann August Klein: ''Das Moselthal zwischen Koblenz und Zell mit Städten, Ortschaften, Ritterburgen, historisch, topographisch, malerisch''. Heriot, Koblenz, 1831
* Wilhelm Haag: ''Ausonius und seine Mosella''. Gaertner, Berlin, 1900
* Michael Gerhard: ''Die Mosel, dargestellt in ihrem Lauf, ihrer Entstehung und ihrer Bedeutung für den Menschen.'' Prüm, 1910. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0128-1-17838 Online edition dilibri Rhineland-Palatinate]
* Carl Hauptmann: ''Die Mosel von Cochem bis Bernkastel.'' Bonn 1910. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0128-1-18042 Online edition dilibri Rhineland-Palatinate]
* Carl Hauptmann: ''Die Mosel von Coblenz bis Cochem in Wanderbildern.'' Bonn, 1911. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0128-1-3137 Online edition dilibri Rhineland-Palatinate]
* Ludwig Mathar: ''Die Mosel (Die Rheinlande, Bilder von Land, Volk und Kunst, Zweiter Band: Die Mosel)'' Cologne o.&nbsp;J. (around 1925), 607&nbsp;S. (with 117 illustrations and a map of the Moselle Valley from Trier to Coblenz)
* Rudolf G. Binding: ''Moselfahrt aus Liebeskummer – Novelle einer Landschaft'', Frankfurt am Main, 1933 (51.–75. Tausend)
* Josef Adolf Schmoll alias Eisenwerth: ''Die Mosel von der Quelle bis zum Rhein'' (Deutsche Lande – Deutsche Kunst). 2nd edition, Munich/Berlin, 1972
* Willy Leson (ed.): ''Romantische Reise durch das Moseltal-Von Koblenz nach Trier (with graphics by Carl Bodmer and text by Johann August Klein and Christian von Stramberg)'', Cologne, 1978
* Heinz Cüppers, Gérard Collot, Alfons Kolling, Gérard Thill (Red.): ''Die Römer an Mosel und Saar (Zeugnisse der Römerzeit in Lothringen, in Luxemburg, im Raum Trier und im Saarland)'', Mainz, 1983, Zabern: 2nd revised edition (with 46 colour and 346 black and white photographs)
* Heinz Held: ''Die Mosel von der Mündung bei Koblenz bis zur Quelle in den Vogesen: Landschaft, Kultur, Geschichte'' (DuMont-Kunst-Reiseführer). 3rd edition, Cologne, 1989
* Jean-Claude Bonnefont, Hubert Collin (dir.), ''Meurthe-et-Moselle'', edition Bonneton, Paris, 1996, 318 pages. {{ISBN|2-86253-203-7}}
* M. Eckoldt (ed.), Flüsse und Kanäle, Die Geschichte der deutschen Wasserstraßen, DSV-Verlag, 1998
* Ulrich Nonn: ''Eine Moselreise im 4.&nbsp;Jahrhundert-Decimus Magnus Ausonius und seine "Mosella"''. In: Koblenzer Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur, Vol.&nbsp;8, Koblenz: Görres-Verlag 2000, pp.&nbsp;8–24 (with map and illustrations)
* Reinhold Schommers: ''Die Mosel'' (DuMont-Reise-Taschenbücher). DuMont, Ostfildern 2001, {{ISBN|3-7701-3741-8}}
* Ludwin Vogel: ''Deutschland, Frankreich und die Mosel. Europäische Integrationspolitik in den Montan-Regionen Ruhr, Lothringen, Luxemburg und der Saar.'' Klartext, Essen, 2001, {{ISBN|3-89861-003-9}}
* [[Ausonius|Decimius Magnus Ausonius]]: ''Mosella. Lateinisch-deutsch.'' Published, translated and commented on by Paul Dräger. Tusculum Studienausgaben. Artemis und Winkler, Düsseldorf, 2004, {{ISBN|3-7608-1380-1}}
* Uwe Anhäuser: ''Die Ausoniusstraße. Ein archäologischer Reise- und Wanderführer.'' Rhein-Mosel, Alf/Mosel, 2006, {{ISBN|3-89801-032-5}}
* Karl-Josef Gilles: ''Das Moseltal zwischen Koblenz und Trier 1920 bis 1950'' (series of archive photographs), Sutton, Erfurt, 2006, {{ISBN|978-3-89702-943-9}}.
* Wasser- und Schifffahrtsdirektion Südwest: Kompendium der Wasser- und Schifffahrtsdirektion Südwest. Organisatorische und technische Daten, Binnenschifffahrt, Aufgaben, Wasserstraßen. self-publication, Mainz, June 2007
* Alexander Thon / Stefan Ulrich: ''Von den Schauern der Vorwelt umweht... Burgen und Schlösser an der Mosel''. Schnell + Steiner, Regensburg 2007, 1st edition, 180&nbsp;pp. numerous photographs, 2 overview maps of the Moselle
* Wolfgang Lambrecht: ''Malerische Mosel – Gemälde und Druckgraphik aus 100 Jahren'', [Farbbroschüre mit Werken u.&nbsp;a. von Carl Bodmer, Clarkson Stanfield, Rowbotham, Compton, Wolfsberger, Benekkenstein, Burger, Thoma, Nonn, Möhren, Zysing und Bayer, published by the Sparkasse Mittelmosel and the Lions-Förderverein Cochem], Cochem, 2007
* Karl-Josef Schäfer und Wolfgang Welter: ''Ein Jakobsweg von Koblenz-Stolzenfels nach Trier. Der Pilgerwanderführer für den Mosel-Camino.'' Books on Demand, Norderstedt, 2009 (2nd updated edition) {{ISBN|978-3-8334-9888-6}}
* Xavier Deru: ''Die Römer an Maas und Mosel'', Zabern-Verlag, Mainz, 2010
* Groben, Josef: ''Mosella. Historisch-kulturelle Monographie'', Trier, 2011, 311&nbsp;pp., 237 photographs.
* Stefan Barme: ''Nacktarsch, Viez und Ledertanga – Ausflüge in die Kulturgeschichte des Mosellandes''. Stephan Moll Verlag, 2012 (1st edition) {{ISBN|978-3-940760-37-1}}
* Joachim Gruber: Decimus Magnus Ausonius, "Mosella" ''Kritische Ausgabe, Übersetzung, Kommentar''. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. Series: Texts and commentaries, Vol. 42, 2013, XI, 370&nbsp;pp.
==External links==
* [http://www.mosel.de/ mosel.de], mosel.de
* [http://www.die-mosel.de/ Die Mosel], die-mosel.de
* [http://www.moseltal.de/ Moseltal], moseltal.de
* [http://www.mosel.com/ www.mosel.com], mosel.com
* [http://hologuides.com/rivers/Moselle/ HoloGuides – Moselle], hologuides.com
* [http://www.french-waterways.com/waterways/north-east/river-moselle/ River Moselle] guide to the French section; maps and information on places, ports and moorings on the river from Neuves-Maisons to Apach, by the author of ''Inland Waterways of France'', Imray
* [http://www.french-waterways.com/waterways/canals-rivers-france/ Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals] (French waterways website section)
* [http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] Peace Palace Library at ppl.nl
* [http://www.webcam.cochem.com/ Livecam Moselle river], webcam.cochem.c
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140806041233/http://www.moselkommission.org/ German-Luxembourgish-French Mosel Agency] (in German/French)
* [http://www.wsa-tr.wsv.de/wasserstrasse/index.html German Waterways Agency Trier (''Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Trier'')] (in German)
{{Rhine Tributaries}}
{{Rivers of Germany}}
{{Rivers of France}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Moselle| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:Rivers of Saarland]]
[[Category:Rivers of France]]
[[Category:Grevenmacher]]
[[Category:Remich]]
[[Category:Moselle basin| ]]
[[Category:Germany–Luxembourg border]]
[[Category:International rivers of Europe]]
[[Category:Federal waterways in Germany]]
[[Category:Rivers of Grand Est]]
[[Category:Rivers of Vosges (department)]]
[[Category:Rivers of Meurthe-et-Moselle]]
[[Category:Rivers of Moselle (department)]]
[[Category:Rivers of Germany]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]