View source for Mosteiro de São Bento (São Paulo)

{{Infobox monastery
| name = Monastery of Saint Benedict
| native_name = ''Mosteiro de São Bento''
| native_name_lang = pt
| image = Monasterio_de_Sao_Bento.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The facade of the monastery
| full =
| order = [[Order of Saint Benedict]]
| established = {{start date|1598|07|14}}
| disestablished =
| mother =
| dedication =
| diocese = [[Archdiocese of São Paulo]]
| churches =
| founder =
| abbot = [[Dom (title)|Dom]] Mathias Tolentino Braga <!-- or | abbess = -->
| prior =
| archbishop =
| bishop =
| archdeacon =
| people =
| status =
| functional_status =
| heritage_designation =
| designated_date =
| architect = Richard Berndl
| style = [[Neo-Romanesque]]
| groundbreaking = {{start date|1910}}
| completed_date = {{start date|1922}}
| construction_cost =
| location = [[Largo São Bento]], [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]
| map_type = Brazil São Paulo State
| coord = {{coord|23|32|37|S|46|38|02|W|type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| oscoor =
| remains =
| public_access =
| website = {{URL|https://www.mosteirodesaobentosp.com.br/}}
| other_info =
}}{{Short description|Catholic Temple in São Paulo, Brazil}}
'''Monastery of Saint Benedict''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Mosteiro de São Bento'') is a Catholic temple located in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]. Established on 14 July 1598, the current church was built between 1910 and 1914 by the German architect Richard Berndl. It is formed by the Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption, the [[São Bento College|College of São Bento]] and the [[School of Philosophy of São Bento]].<ref name="Ponciano2004">{{cite book|last=Ponciano|first=Levino|title=São Paulo: 450 bairros, 450 anos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOp8gus7q6IC&pg=PA160|accessdate=30 August 2012|year=2004|publisher=Senac|isbn=978-85-7359-353-2|page=160}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
Currently, around 45 monks reside in the monastery, where they dedicate their lives to the ''[[ora et labora]]'' tradition. The Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption contains a choir for the [[Liturgy of the Hours|Divine Office]] in the monastic rite, celebrated daily by the monks, and Mass in the [[Roman Rite|Roman rite]], both with [[Gregorian chant]]. In May 2007, the monastery hosted [[Pope Benedict XVI]] on his [[Visit of Benedict XVI to Brazil|first visit]] to Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-31 |title=Papa Bento XVI visitou o Brasil em 2007; veja hospedagem do papa na ocasião |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/papa-bento-xvi-visitou-o-brasil-em-2007-veja-hospedagem-do-papa-na-ocasiao/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=CNN}}</ref>
== History ==
The foundation of the Monastery of Saint Benedict dates back to July 14, 1598. According to documents from the time, [[Donatary captain|Captain-Major]] Jorge Correia granted two ''[[Sesmaria|sesmarias]]'', which would become the basis for the Benedictine temple. The land granted was located between the rivers [[Anhangabaú River|Anhangabaú]] and [[Tamanduateí River|Tamanduateí]], stretching on one side to the [[Vale do Anhangabaú|Anhangabaú Valley]] and on the other to the current [[Rua 25 de Março|25 de Março]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basílica Nossa Senhora da Assunção - Mosteiro de São Bento |url=https://www.arquisp.org.br/regiaose/paroquias/mosteiros-igrejas-historicas-oratorios-da-regiao-se/basilica-nossa-senhora-da-assuncao-mosteiro-de-sao-bento |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=ArquiSP|date=28 August 2014 }}</ref>
The monastery was founded by Friar Dom Mauro Teixeira, a disciple of [[Joseph of Anchieta|Father Joseph of Anchieta]] who met the ''[[cacique]]'' [[Tibiriçá]] and built a church in homage to [[Benedict of Nursia|Saint Benedict]] in the same location as his house. On April 15, 1600, the City Council officials validated the letter of ''sesmaria'' to Friar Mauro Teixeira.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
In 1634, the work was completed. Initially, the chapel was dedicated to Saint Benedict. Afterwards, at the request of the governor of the [[Captaincy of São Vicente]], Francisco de Sousa, the patron saint changed to [[Virgin of Montserrat|Our Lady of Montserrat]] and, in 1720, to [[Assumption of Mary|Our Lady of the Assumption]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
In 1641, after the end of the [[Iberian Union]], [[John IV of Portugal|John IV]], then [[Duke of Braganza]], was crowned King of Portugal. In São Paulo, a group of largely Castilian settlers wanted to prevent the captaincy from recognizing the new king and offered [[Amador Bueno]] the title of King of São Paulo. He declined the offer and retreated to the Monastery of Saint Benedict to protect himself from the popular fury. With the help of the monks, tensions cooled and John IV was recognized by the people of São Paulo as the new King of Portugal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aclamação de Amador Bueno |url=https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/historiadobrasil/aclamacao-amador-bueno.htm |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=UOL}}</ref>
In 1650, the structure of the monastery underwent a renovation sponsored by the ''[[Bandeirantes|bandeirante]]'' [[Fernão Dias|Fernão Dias Pais]], known as the "emerald hunter". Gratefully, the monks awarded him the privilege of being buried in the chancel of the monastery church, along with his relatives and descendants; his remains still rest in the central nave of the temple. The clay sculptures of St. Benedict and [[Scholastica|St. Scholastica]], made by Friar [[Agostinho de Jesus]] and displayed on the main altar of the church, date from the same period.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-02-20 |title=Fernão Dias Paes Leme |url=https://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/fernao-dias-paes-leme.htm#:~:text=Mesmo%20assim%20Fern%C3%A3o%20Dias%20Paes,S%C3%A3o%20Bento%20em%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo. |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=UOL}}</ref>
[[File:Oscar Pereira da Silva - 1931 - Aclamação de Amador Bueno.jpg|thumb|''[[Acclamation of Amador Bueno]]''.]]
In the first half of the 19th century, a law passed by the [[Empire of Brazil|imperial government]] ordered the extinction of [[Novitiate|novitiates]] in Brazil, which prevented the entry of new monks and caused the monastic community to become almost extinct. The collapse caused by the act led to plans to transfer the monastery to the public treasury. Abbot Dom Miguel Kruse, a German religious, renovated the monastery and reversed the situation. In 1903, Kruse founded the College of São Bento (''Colégio de São Bento'') for [[secondary education]] and in 1908 he created the School of Philosophy (''Faculdade de Filosofia'').<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molina |first=Sandra Rita |year=2006 |title=A morte da tradição: a Ordem do Carmo e os escravos da santa contra o Império do Brasil (1850-1889) |url=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-10072007-101211/publico/TESE_SANDRA_RITA_MOLINA.pdf |journal=USP}}</ref>
The colonial church and monastery were demolished on Kruse's initiative to build a more modern building. The current temple, designed to match the city's urbanization process, was erected between 1910 and 1922 according to a design by architect [[Richard Berndl]], a former professor at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|University of Munich]], and decorated by Benedictine Adalbert Gressnigt.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
== Architectural features ==
Overall, the building follows the [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Neo-Romanesque]] style. Most of the interior decoration was planned and executed by the monk Adelbert Gresnicht, a Dutchman who arrived in Brazil in 1913. Gresnicht came from [[Maredsous Abbey]] in Belgium and was a follower of the [[Beuron Art School]], a Benedictine institution that influenced artists such as [[Gustav Klimt]]. The Beuron Art School applied the aesthetic theory for religious art developed by the architect and sculptor [[Desiderius Lenz|Desiderius Peter Lenz]], a graduate of the Munich Art School, along with the painter [[Gabriel Wüger]] and Abbot Mauro Wolter. The theory sought, within [[ancient art]], an artistic process that allowed contact between the faithful and God. Lenz believed that the ancient peoples acquired this knowledge and used it in their temples based on a mathematical principle.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-12-14 |title=O MOSTEIRO DE SÃO BENTO DE SÃO PAULO E A ARTE BEURONENSE |url=http://bibliotecadomosteiro.com.br/o-mosteiro-de-sao-bento-de-sao-paulo-e-a-arte-beuronense/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308145124/http://bibliotecadomosteiro.com.br/o-mosteiro-de-sao-bento-de-sao-paulo-e-a-arte-beuronense/ |archive-date=2012-03-08 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Biblioteca do Mosteiro}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mosteiro de São Bento (1598-1600) |url=http://www.aprenda450anos.com.br/450anos/vila_metropole/2-1_mosteiro_saobento.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823022436/http://www.aprenda450anos.com.br/450anos/vila_metropole/2-1_mosteiro_saobento.asp |archive-date=2012-08-23 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Aprenda 450 anos}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Klency Kakazu |year=2016 |title=A pintura beuronense na basílica do mosteiro beneditino de São Paulo: 1914-1922 |url=https://repositorio.unifesp.br/items/877df20d-27b2-4d1b-b0de-a66d2d50019f |journal=UnifeSP}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Conceição |first=Rosângela |year=2018 |title=Thomaz Scheuchl, the Trajectory of a Disciple of Beuron: From the Restoration of the Cathedral of the Ascension in Satu Mare to the Paintings of Churches in Brazil |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=680568 |journal=Research in Medieval Culture and Art |volume=5 |issue=1}}</ref>
[[File:Igreja saobento sp5.jpg|thumb|Church organ.]]
Some of the medallions on the walls of the side naves were painted by Thomaz Scheuchl, a German painter. The sculptures of the 12 apostles in the [[nave]] were made between 1919 and 1922 by the Belgian sculptor and painter [[Adrien Henri Vital van Emelen]], from the [[São Paulo School of Arts and Crafts|School of Arts and Crafts]]. The sculpture ensemble located on a [[Beam (structure)|beam]] above the [[chancel]] by [[Anton Lang]] dates from 1921. The [[Altar|high altar]] is made of marble from the [[Lake Maggiore]] region in Italy. Gressnicht also designed the Basilica's [[stained glass]] windows: The Evangelists at the entrance, the death of Saint Benedict in the monks' choir in the [[transept]] and Our Lady of the Assumption on the high altar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />
The images of St. Benedict and St. Scholastica on the high altar by Friar [[Agostinho de Jesus]], the first Brazilian sculptor who lived in the monastery in the 17th century, a Crucified Christ sculpted by José Pereira Mutas from São Paulo in 1777 and the image of Our Lady of the Conception from the 18th century are the remains of the old church in the current basilica.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
=== Clock and organ ===
The clock at the Monastery of Saint Benedict was made in Germany and installed in 1921. It was regarded as the most accurate clock in São Paulo until the advent of [[Quartz clock|quartz crystal clocks]]. It features a [[carillon]] with six tuned bells that chime the full and fractional hours. The church organ dates from 1954 and is also German. It was produced by the [[Paul Walcker|Walcker]] factory and has over 6,000 pipes. It stands on the left side of the transept of the monastery church, supported by two large columns carved from [[oak]] created by [[Heinrich Waderé]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-05 |title=O Grande Órgão do Mosteiro de São Bento de São Paulo |url=https://culturageralsaibamais.wordpress.com/2010/04/05/o-grande-orgao-do-mosteiro-de-sao-bento-de-sao-paulo/#:~:text=Uma%20das%20maiores%20maravilhas%20da,%C3%A9%20o%20Grande%20%C3%93rg%C3%A3o%20Walcker.&text=Este%20magn%C3%ADfico%20e%20harmonioso%20instrumento,da%20cidade%20de%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo. |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Cultura Geral Saiba Mais}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-03 |title=Mosteiro de São Bento promove live especial com um concerto de órgão |url=https://amauryjr.blog.bol.uol.com.br/2020/05/03/mosteiro-de-sao-bento-promove-live-especial-com-um-concerto-de-orgao/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Blog Amaury Junior}}</ref>
== Conservation and restoration ==
[[File:Andaime mosteiro.jpg|thumb|Scaffolding during restoration work on the transept.]]
In 2006, the Monastery of Saint Benedict underwent restoration work to accommodate [[Pope Benedict XVI]] during his visit to Brazil. At the time, the most intensive work occurred in the school chapel, inaugurated in 1937 and closed for 20 years due to leaks, which destroyed a large part of the mural paintings by the monk Thomaz Scheuchl. The wooden ceiling, carved with stars, was cleaned and the faces and silhouettes of biblical characters were partly recreated. Four murals narrating the [[Parable of the Prodigal Son]], florets with musical angels and 14 altar paintings have been restored.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-11 |title=Mosteiro de São Bento vive frenesi de restauros |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/acontece/ac1103200701.htm |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Folha de S. Paulo}}</ref>
Between 2011 and 2013, the 12 images of the apostles, the chapel of the [[Eucharist|Blessed Sacrament]], the side chapels and the organ with 6,000 pipes, which was installed in 1954 during the celebrations of São Paulo's fourth centenary, were restored. The six panels in the chancel depicting scenes from the life of Mary, the sacred sculptures and the images of St. Benedict and St. Scholastica, sculpted in 1650 by Agostinho de Jesus, were also restored. In 2016, the Crucified Christ, made of [[Cedrus|cedar]] by José Pereira Mutas in 1777, was restored after being damaged by pollution and grease from people's hands. The wall where the sculpture is located was also recovered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-27 |title=Igreja do mosteiro de São Bento tem maior restauro em 1 século |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/igreja-do-mosteiro-de-sao-bento-tem-maior-restauro-em-1-seculo?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=eda_veja_audiencia_institucional&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA6KWvBhAREiwAFPZM7nRJWkCUqpIInM8mfF-SS2dgZBM1k1UsRKn9TKVPmrD7goMxn8m9WRoCDw8QAvD_BwE |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Veja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandra |first=Alana |date=2014-04-21 |title=Restauração de igreja preserva arte de monges e escravos |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/cultura/noticia/2014-04/monge-destaca-importancia-cultural-de-recuperacao-de-igreja-do-seculo-17-0 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Agência Brasil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Veiga |first=Edison |date=2016-03-26 |title='Crucificado' de 1777 do Mosteiro de São Bento é restaurado |url=https://www.estadao.com.br/sao-paulo/edison-veiga/crucificado-de-1777-do-mosteiro-de-sao-bento-e-restaurado/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Estadão}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Welter |first=Roseane |date=2022-08-12 |title=Basílica Abacial Nossa Senhora da Assunção: Há 100 anos, um itinerário de fé aos peregrinos na região central da cidade |url=https://osaopaulo.org.br/sao-paulo/basilica-abacial-nossa-senhora-da-assuncao-ha-100-anos-um-itinerario-de-fe-aos-peregrinos-na-regiao-central-da-cidade/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=O São Paulo}}</ref>
== College and School of São Bento ==
[[File:Mosteiro igreja saobento.jpg|thumb|The basilica, the monastery in the center and the college on the left.]]
Founded in 1903 as the Gymnasium of São Bento (''Gymnasio de São Bento''), the school was the initiative of Abbot Dom Miguel Kruse. The inauguration occurred on St. Benedict's Day, March 21, and the first school year began on February 15, 1903. From 1906 onwards, it housed a [[boarding school]] and, in 1908, it shared space with the School of Philosophy. In 1943, it was renamed College of São Bento. Since the 1970s, it has also provided education for girls.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2009-12-15 |title=Conheça o Colégio de São Bento de São Paulo |url=https://culturageralsaibamais.wordpress.com/2009/12/15/conheca-o-colegio-de-sao-bento-de-sao-paulo/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Cultura Geral Saiba Mais}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Romão |first=Ira |date=2023-07-02 |title=Colégio de São Bento completa 120 anos alicerçado nos valores beneditinos |url=https://osaopaulo.org.br/sao-paulo/colegio-de-sao-bento-completa-120-anos-alicercado-nos-valores-beneditinos/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=O São Paulo}}</ref>
In 1908, the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, the first free faculty of philosophy in Brazil, was founded. At first, it had an affiliation with the [[Université catholique de Louvain|University of Louvain]] in Belgium. In 1940, after the creation of national legislation for higher education, the faculty's programs were recognized by the [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education]] (''Ministério da Educação -'' MEC). In 1946, at the request of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Paulo|Archdiocese of São Paulo]], the school joined the original nucleus of the [[Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo]] (''Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo -'' PUC), but philosophy courses remained within the monastery. In 1999, the monastery asked the MEC to authorize the implementation of the [[Academic degree]] in Philosophy, which was approved in December 2001. The [[Bachelor's degree]] in Philosophy gained authorization on October 23, 2013 and began its activities in February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=História da Faculdade de São Bento |url=https://www.faculdadedesaobento.com.br/historia-da-faculdade |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Faculdade São Bento}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferreira |first=Alexandre Marcos |title=A criação da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciência e Letras da USP - um estudo sobre o início da formação de pesquisadores e professores de matemática e física em São Paulo |url=https://www.13snhct.sbhc.org.br/resources/anais/10/1344217546_ARQUIVO_TextoFinal-AlexandreM.M.P.Ferreira.pdf |journal=SBHC}}</ref>
== Related services ==
In 1999, the Monastery of Saint Benedict started selling cakes, breads, jams and cookies, whose recipes were stored for centuries in the abbey's archives. It also houses a library with over 100,000 titles, one of the oldest in the city of São Paulo. The collection contains 581 titles published before the 19th century, including six rare [[Incunable|incunabula]], the oldest is a [[New Testament]] dated 1496. It also contains a collection of tiny manuscripts with spines less than a centimeter long, which contain a biblical passage or a prayer, as well as rare editions of books that were banned by the Catholic Church. Access to the collection is restricted to monks and students, but researchers and scholars can apply for special permission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biblioteca do Mosteiro |url=https://culturageralsaibamais.wordpress.com/biblioteca/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Cultura Geral Saiba Mais|date=20 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Veiga |first=Edison |date=2017-09-11 |title=As boas novas da divina padaria do Mosteiro São Bento |url=https://www.estadao.com.br/sao-paulo/as-boas-novas-da-divina-padaria-do-mosteiro-sao-bento/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Estadão}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Veiga |first=Edison |date=2016-03-29 |title=Os livros censurados do Mosteiro de São Bento |url=https://www.estadao.com.br/sao-paulo/edison-veiga/os-livros-censurados-do-mosteiro-de-sao-bento/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Estadão}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Araújo |first=André de |year=2008 |title=Dos livros e da leitura no Claustro: elementos de história monástica, de história cultural e de bibliográfia histórica para estudo da Biblioteca-Livraria do Mosteiro de São Bento de São Paulo (Sécs. XVI-XVIII) |url=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-10022009-124405/publico/DISSERTACAO_ANDRE_ARAUJO.pdf |journal=USP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padaria |url=https://www.mosteirodesaobentosp.com.br/padaria |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Mosteiro de São Bento}}</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center">
File:SantaGertrudis.jpg|[[Gertrude the Great|Saint Gertrude]]
File:SantaAnna.jpg|[[Saint Anne]]
File:ApostoloJacobusMaior.jpg|[[James the Great]]
File:ApostoloPaulus.jpg|[[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]]
File:ApostoloPetrus.jpg|[[Saint Peter]]
File:Monasterio de São Bento, São Paulo, Brazil 06.jpg|Inside the church
File:Monasterio de São Bento, São Paulo, Brazil 01.jpg|Inside the church
File:São Bento Monastery, São Paulo, Brazil.jpg|Inside the church
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Largo São Bento]]
* Tourism in the city of São Paulo
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Mosteiro de São Bento (São Paulo)}}
*[https://www.mosteirodesaobentosp.com.br/ Official website] (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]])
{{Visitor attractions in São Paulo (city)}}
{{Authority control}}{{Portal bar|Brazil|Architecture|Religion}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mosteiro de Sao Bento (Sao Paulo)}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in São Paulo]]
[[Category:1598 establishments in South America]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1914]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in São Paulo]]
[[Category:Churches in São Paulo]]