View source for N,N-Dimethyltryptamine

{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine}}
{{Redirect|DMT}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Infobox drug
| verifiedrevid = 623685269
| Watchedfields = changed
| drug_name = ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine
| INN = Dimethyltryptamine
| IUPAC_name = 2-(1''H''-Indol-3-yl)-''N'',''N''-dimethylethanamine
| image = DMT.svg
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| width = 200
| image2 = Dimethyltryptamine molecule spacefill.png
| width2 = 170
<!--Physiological data-->| receptors = At least 13 receptors (e.g., serotonin, sigma, trace amine-associated)
| precursor = [[Tryptophan]]
| source_tissues = Central nervous system (exact source tissues are not fully established)
| target_tissues = Central nervous system
<!--Clinical data-->| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]] (usually with an {{Abbrlink|MAOI|monoamine oxidase inhibitor}}), [[inhalation]], [[insufflation]], [[rectal (medicine)|rectal]], [[Intramuscular injection|intramuscular]], [[intravenous injection|intravenous]]<ref name="CameronOlson2018" /><ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="RodriguesAlmeidaVieira-Coelho2019" /><ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" />
| class = [[Serotonergic psychedelic]] ([[hallucinogen]])<ref name="CameronOlson2018" /><ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" />
<!--Legal status-->| legal_AU = S9
| legal_CA = Schedule III
| legal_UK = Class A
| legal_US = Schedule I
| legal_DE = Anlage I
| legal_BR = F2
| legal_BR_comment = <ref>{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=2023-07-24 |title=RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control|url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827163149/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |access-date=2023-08-27 |publisher=[[Diário Oficial da União]] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=2023-07-25}}</ref>
| legal_UN = P I
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->| bioavailability = Very low and inactive (except with an {{Abbrlink|MAOI|monoamine oxidase inhibitor}})<ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" />
| protein_bound =
| metabolism = [[Oxidative deamination]] ({{Abbrlink|MAO-A|Monoamine oxidase A}}), ''N''-[[oxidation]], ''N''-[[demethylation]], [[peroxidation]]<ref name="CameronOlson2018" /><ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" />
| metabolites = * [[Indole-3-acetic acid]] (NMT) (63–97%)<ref name="CameronOlson2018" /><ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" />
* DMT-''N''-oxide (DMT-NO) (3–28%)<ref name="CameronOlson2018" /><ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" />
* [[N-Methyltryptamine|''N''-Methyltryptamine]]<ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" />
* [[Tryptamine]]<ref name="CameronOlson2018" />
* Others<ref name="CameronOlson2018" />
| onset = * [[Inhalation]]: 10–15 seconds<ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" /><ref name="CameronOlson2018" /><ref name="RodriguesAlmeidaVieira-Coelho2019" />
* [[Intravenous]]: ≤2–5 min<ref name="CameronOlson2018" />
* [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 2–5{{nbsp}}min<ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="RodriguesAlmeidaVieira-Coelho2019" />
* [[Oral administration|Oral]] with {{Abbrlink|MAOI|monoamine oxidase inhibitor}}: ≤1{{nbsp}}hour<ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="RodriguesAlmeidaVieira-Coelho2019" />
| elimination_half-life = * Alone: 5–15{{nbsp}}min<ref name="CameronOlson2018" /><ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" />
* With an {{Abbrlink|MAOI|monoamine oxidase inhibitor}}: 1–4{{nbsp}}hours<ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" />
| duration_of_action = * [[Inhalation]]: ≤30{{nbsp}}min<ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="RodriguesAlmeidaVieira-Coelho2019" />
* [[Intravenous]]: ≤30{{nbsp}}min<ref name="RodriguesAlmeidaVieira-Coelho2019" /><ref name="Barker2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barker SA | title = Administration of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in psychedelic therapeutics and research and the study of endogenous DMT | journal = Psychopharmacology (Berl) | volume = 239 | issue = 6 | pages = 1749–1763 | date = June 2022 | pmid = 35064294 | pmc = 8782705 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-022-06065-0 | url = }}</ref>
* [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 30–60{{nbsp}}min<ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="RodriguesAlmeidaVieira-Coelho2019" />
* [[Oral administration|Oral]] with {{Abbrlink|MAOI|monoamine oxidase inhibitor}}: 4–6{{nbsp}}hours<ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="RodriguesAlmeidaVieira-Coelho2019" /><ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" />
| excretion = [[Urine]]<ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" />
<!--Identifiers-->| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 61-50-7
| ATC_prefix = None
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB01488
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = WUB601BHAA
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 28969
| PubChem = 6089
| IUPHAR_ligand = 141
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 5864
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = C08302
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 12420
| synonyms = Dimethyltryptamine; DMT; ''N'',''N''-DMT
<!--Chemical data-->| C = 12
| H = 16
| N = 2
| SMILES = CN(CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)C
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C12H16N2/c1-14(2)8-7-10-9-13-12-6-4-3-5-11(10)12/h3-6,9,13H,7-8H2,1-2H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = DMULVCHRPCFFGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
<!--Physical data-->| density = 1.099
| melting_point = 40
| boiling_point = 160
| boiling_notes = at&nbsp;{{convert|0.6|Torr|Pa|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Untersuchungen zur Trifluoracetylierung der Methylderivate von Tryptamin und Serotonin mit verschiedenen Derivatisierungsreagentien: Synthesen, Spektroskopie sowie analytische Trennungen mittels Kapillar-GC |trans-title=Trifluoracetylation of methylated derivatives of tryptamine and serotonin by different reagents: synthesis, spectroscopic characterizations, and separations by capillary gas chromatography |year=1999 |journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=397–414 | vauthors = Häfelinger G, Nimtz M, Horstmann V, Benz T |doi=10.1515/znb-1999-0319 |s2cid=101000504 }}</ref><br />also reported as<br />{{convert|80|-|135|C}} at&nbsp;{{convert|0.03|Torr|Pa|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corothie E, Nakano T | title = Constituents of the bark of Virola sebifera | journal = Planta Medica | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 184–188 | date = May 1969 | pmid = 5792479 | doi = 10.1055/s-0028-1099844 | s2cid = 43312376 }}</ref>
}}
{{Psychedelic sidebar}}
'''''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine''' ('''DMT''' or '''''N'',''N''-DMT''') is a [[substituted tryptamine]] that occurs in many plants and animals, including humans, and which is both a [[derivative (chemistry)|derivative]] and a [[structural analog]] of [[tryptamine]].<ref name="CameronOlson2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cameron LP, Olson DE | title = Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) | journal = ACS Chem Neurosci | volume = 9 | issue = 10 | pages = 2344–2357 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 30036036 | doi = 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00101 | url = }}</ref><ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carbonaro TM, Gatch MB | title = Neuropharmacology of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine | journal = Brain Research Bulletin | volume = 126 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 74–88 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27126737 | pmc = 5048497 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.016 }}</ref><ref name="RodriguesAlmeidaVieira-Coelho2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodrigues AV, Almeida FJ, Vieira-Coelho MA | title = Dimethyltryptamine: Endogenous Role and Therapeutic Potential | journal = J Psychoactive Drugs | volume = 51 | issue = 4 | pages = 299–310 | date = 2019 | pmid = 31018803 | doi = 10.1080/02791072.2019.1602291 | hdl = 10216/114373 | url = | hdl-access = free }}</ref> DMT is used as a [[psychedelic drug]] and prepared by various cultures for [[ritual]] purposes as an [[entheogen]].<ref name="McKennaTowers1984">{{cite journal | vauthors = McKenna DJ, Towers GH, Abbott F | title = Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants: tryptamine and beta-carboline constituents of ayahuasca | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 195–223 | date = April 1984 | pmid = 6587171 | doi = 10.1016/0378-8741(84)90003-5 }}</ref>
DMT has a rapid [[onset of action|onset]], intense effects, and a relatively short [[duration of action]]. For those reasons, DMT was known as the "businessman's trip" during the 1960s in the United States, as a user could access the full depth of a [[psychedelic experience]] in considerably less time than with other substances such as [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] or [[psilocybin mushroom]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haroz R, Greenberg MI | title = Emerging drugs of abuse | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 89 | issue = 6 | pages = 1259–1276 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16227062 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2005.06.008 | oclc = 610327022 }}</ref> DMT can be inhaled, ingested, or injected and its effects depend on the dose, as well as the mode of administration. When inhaled or injected, the effects last about five to fifteen minutes. Effects can last three hours or more when orally ingested along with a [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]] (MAOI), such as the [[Ayahuasca|ayahuasca brew]] of many native [[Amazon rainforest|Amazonian]] tribes.<ref name="Pickover 2005">{{cite book |title=Sex, Drugs, Einstein, and Elves: Sushi, Psychedelics, Parallel Universes, and the Quest for Transcendence | vauthors = Pickover C |year=2005 |publisher=Smart Publications |isbn=978-1-890572-17-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/sexdrugseinstein00clif }}</ref> DMT can produce vivid "projections" of [[Scholarly approaches to mysticism#Mystical experience|mystical experiences]] involving euphoria and dynamic [[pseudohallucination]]s of geometric forms.<ref name="DMT_Erowid">{{cite web |url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt.shtml |title=Erowid DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) Vault |publisher=Erowid.org |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609072438/https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
DMT is a [[functional analog (chemistry)|functional analog]] and [[structural analog]] of other psychedelic tryptamines such as [[O-acetylpsilocin|''O''-acetylpsilocin]] (4-AcO-DMT),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones NT, Wagner L, Hahn MC, Scarlett CO, Wenthur CJ | title = <i>In vivo</i> validation of psilacetin as a prodrug yielding modestly lower peripheral psilocin exposure than psilocybin | language = English | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 14 | pages = 1303365 | date = 2024-01-08 | pmid = 38264637 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1303365 | doi-access = free | pmc = 10804612 }}</ref> [[psilocybin]] (4-PO-DMT), [[psilocin]] (4-HO-DMT), NB-DMT, [[5-MeO-DMT|''O''-methylbufotenin]] (5-MeO-DMT), and [[bufotenin]] (5-HO-DMT). Parts of the structure of DMT occur within some important biomolecules like [[serotonin]] and [[melatonin]], making them structural analogs of DMT.
{{TOC limit}}
==Human consumption==
{{Globalize|section|date=December 2022}}
DMT is produced in many species of plants often in conjunction with its close chemical relatives 5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine ([[5-MeO-DMT]]) and [[bufotenin]] (5-OH-DMT).<ref name = "ISBN 0789026422"/> DMT-containing plants are commonly used in [[Shamanism#Amazonia|indigenous Amazonian shamanic practices]]. It is usually one of the main active constituents of the drink [[ayahuasca]];<ref name="RivierLindgren1972">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rivier L, Lindgren JE |title='Ayahuasca,' the South American hallucinogenic drink: An ethnobotanical and chemical investigation |journal=Economic Botany |volume=26 |issue=2 |year=1972 |pages=101–129 |issn=0013-0001 |doi=10.1007/BF02860772 |s2cid=34669901}}</ref><ref name="McKennaTowers1984"/> however, ayahuasca is sometimes brewed with plants that do not produce DMT. It occurs as the primary psychoactive [[alkaloid]] in several plants including ''[[Mimosa tenuiflora]]'', ''[[Diplopterys cabrerana]]'', and ''[[Psychotria viridis]]''. DMT is found as a minor alkaloid in snuff made from ''[[Virola]]'' bark resin in which 5-MeO-DMT is the main active alkaloid.<ref name = "ISBN 0789026422"/> DMT is also found as a minor alkaloid in bark, pods, and beans of ''[[Anadenanthera peregrina]]'' and ''[[Anadenanthera colubrina]]'' used to make [[Yopo]] and [[Anadenanthera colubrina|Vilca]] snuff, in which bufotenin is the main active alkaloid.<ref name="ISBN 0789026422">{{cite book |title=Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America |url=https://archive.org/details/anadenantheravis00torr_088 |url-access=limited | vauthors = Torres CM, Repke DB |year=2006 |publisher=Haworth Herbal |location=Binghamton, NY |isbn=978-0-7890-2642-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anadenantheravis00torr_088/page/n126 107]–122}}</ref><ref name="pmid11718320">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ott J | title = Pharmañopo-psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine | journal = Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 273–281 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11718320 | doi = 10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574 | s2cid = 5877023 | url = http://files.shroomery.org/attachments/8588382-pharmanopo_J_Ott_2001_J_Psych_Drug.pdf | access-date = 2010-11-16 | archive-date = 2011-07-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003945/http://files.shroomery.org/attachments/8588382-pharmanopo_J_Ott_2001_J_Psych_Drug.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Psilocin]] and [[psilocybin]], the main psychoactive compounds in [[psilocybin mushroom]]s, are structurally similar to DMT.
The psychotropic effects of DMT were first studied scientifically by the Hungarian chemist and psychologist [[Stephen Szára]], who performed research with volunteers in the mid-1950s. Szára, who later worked for the United States [[National Institutes of Health]], had turned his attention to DMT after his order for [[LSD]] from the Swiss company [[Sandoz Laboratories]] was rejected on the grounds that the powerful psychotropic could be dangerous in the hands of a communist country.<ref name="strassman">{{cite book|title=DMT: The Spirit Molecule. A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences|vauthors=Strassman RJ|publisher=Park Street|year=2001|isbn=978-0-89281-927-0|location=Rochester, VT|author-link=Rick Strassman|url=https://archive.org/details/dmtspiritmolecul00rick}} ({{cite web|url=http://rickstrassman.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=60|title=Chapter summaries|access-date=27 February 2012|archive-date=16 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516020600/https://www.rickstrassman.com/index.php?id=61&itemid=60&option=com_content&view=article|url-status=live}})</ref>
DMT is generally not active orally unless it is combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor such as a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA), for example, [[harmaline]].<ref name="McKennaTowers1984"/> Without a MAOI, the body quickly metabolizes orally administered DMT, and it therefore has no hallucinogenic effect unless the dose exceeds the body's monoamine oxidase's metabolic capacity. Other means of consumption such as vaporizing, injecting, or [[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflating]] the drug can produce powerful hallucinations for a short time (usually less than half an hour), as the DMT reaches the brain before it can be metabolized by the body's natural monoamine oxidase. Taking an MAOI prior to vaporizing or injecting DMT prolongs and enhances the effects.<ref name="DMT_Erowid"/>
===Clinical use research===
Existing research on clinical use of DMT mostly focuses on its effects when exogenously administered as a drug. Although the scientific consensus is that DMT is a naturally occurring molecule in humans, the effects of endogenous DMT in humans (and more broadly in mammals) is still not well understood.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jiménez JH, Bouso JC | title = Significance of mammalian N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): A 60-year-old debate | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 905–919 | date = August 2022 | pmid = 35695604 | doi = 10.1177/02698811221104054 }}</ref>
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an endogenous ligand of [[sigma-1 receptor]]s (Sig-1Rs), acts against systemic hypoxia. Research demonstrates DMT reduces the number of apoptotic and ferroptotic cells in mammalian forebrain and supports astrocyte survival in an ischemic environment. According to these data, DMT may be considered as adjuvant [[pharmacological therapy]] in the management of acute [[cerebral ischemia]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Szabó Í, Varga VÉ, Dvorácskó S, Farkas AE, Körmöczi T, Berkecz R, Kecskés S, Menyhárt Á, Frank R, Hantosi D, Cozzi NV, Frecska E, Tömböly C, Krizbai IA, Bari F, Farkas E | title = ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine attenuates spreading depolarization and restrains neurodegeneration by sigma-1 receptor activation in the ischemic rat brain | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 192 | pages = 108612 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34023338 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108612 | s2cid = 235169696 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
DMT is studied as a potential treatment for [[Parkinson's disease]] in a [[Phases of clinical research|Phase 1/2 clinical trial]].<ref>{{Cite web |vauthors=Pinto V |title=Akome Developing Psychedelic Parkinson's Therapy, Seeks US Patent |date=30 July 2021 |url=https://parkinsonsnewstoday.com/news/akome-developing-psychedelic-parkinsons-therapy-ako004-seeks-us-patent/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911123705/https://parkinsonsnewstoday.com/news/akome-developing-psychedelic-parkinsons-therapy-ako004-seeks-us-patent/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |vauthors=Jai |title=Hallucinogenics |date=30 July 2021 |url=https://hallucinogenics.store/product-category/dmt/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526041615/https://hallucinogenics.store/product-category/dmt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
SPL026 (DMT fumarate) is currently undergoing [[Phase II Clinical Trials|phase II clinical trials]] investigating its use alongside supportive psychotherapy as a potential treatment for [[major depressive disorder]].<ref>{{ClinicalTrialsGov|NCT04673383|A Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Study of Intravenous Doses of SPL026 (DMT Fumarate), a Serotonergic Psychedelic, in Healthy Subjects (Part A) and Patients With Major Depressive Disorder (Part B) }}</ref> Additionally, a safety study is underway to investigate the effects of combining [[SSRI]]s with SPL026.<ref>{{ClinicalTrialsGov|NCT05553691|An Open-Label Study Investigating the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Exploratory Efficacy of Intravenous SPL026 Drug Product (DMT Fumarate) Alone or in Combination With SSRIs in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder}}</ref>
===Neuropharmacology===
Recently, researchers discovered that ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine is a potent [[psychoplastogen]], a compound capable of promoting rapid and sustained [[neuroplasticity]] that may have wide-ranging therapeutic benefit.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ly C, Greb AC, Cameron LP, Wong JM, Barragan EV, Wilson PC, Burbach KF, Soltanzadeh Zarandi S, Sood A, Paddy MR, Duim WC, Dennis MY, McAllister AK, Ori-McKenney KM, Gray JA, Olson DE | title = Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity | journal = Cell Reports | volume = 23 | issue = 11 | pages = 3170–3182 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29898390 | pmc = 6082376 | doi = 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022 }}</ref>
Quantities of dimethyltryptamine and [[5-MeO-DMT|''O''-methylbufotenin]] were found present in the cerebrospinal fluid of humans in a psychiatric study.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corbett L, Christian ST, Morin RD, Benington F, Smythies JR | title = Hallucinogenic ''N''-methylated indolealkylamines in the cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric and control populations | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 132 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–144 | date = February 1978 | pmid = 272218 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.132.2.139 | s2cid = 37144421 }}</ref>
==Effects==
{{See also|Ayahuasca#Effects}}
===Subjective psychedelic experiences===
Subjective experiences of DMT includes profound time-dilatory, visual, auditory, tactile, and proprioceptive distortions and hallucinations, and other experiences that, by most firsthand accounts, defy verbal or visual description.<ref name="pmid8297217">{{cite journal | vauthors = Strassman RJ, Qualls CR, Uhlenhuth EH, Kellner R | title = Dose-response study of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine in humans. II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | url = https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/496497 | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 98–108 | date = February 1994 | pmid = 8297217 | doi = 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020022002 | access-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230505025912/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/496497 | url-status = live }}</ref> Examples include perceiving [[hyperbolic geometry]] or seeing [[M. C. Escher|Escher]]-like [[impossible object]]s.<ref name="Hyperbolic Geometry of DMT Experiences">{{cite speech | vauthors = Gómez Emilsson A |title=The Hyperbolic Geometry of DMT Experiences |event=Harvard Science of Psychedelics Club |date=5 October 2019 |location=Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Qualia Research Institute |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loCBvaj4eSg | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/loCBvaj4eSg| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|access-date=27 April 2020 |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Several scientific experimental studies have tried to measure subjective experiences of altered states of consciousness induced by drugs under highly controlled and safe conditions.
[[Rick Strassman]] and his colleagues conducted a five-year-long DMT study at the [[University of New Mexico]] in the 1990s.<ref name="pmid8297216">{{cite journal | vauthors = Strassman RJ, Qualls CR | title = Dose-response study of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine in humans. I. Neuroendocrine, autonomic, and cardiovascular effects | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 85–97 | date = February 1994 | pmid = 8297216 | doi = 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020009001 }}</ref> The results provided insight about the quality of subjective psychedelic experiences. In this study participants received the DMT dosage via intravenous injection and the findings suggested that different psychedelic experiences can occur, depending on the level of dosage. Lower doses (0.01 and 0.05&nbsp;mg/kg) produced some aesthetic and emotional responses, but not hallucinogenic experiences (e.g., 0.05&nbsp;mg/kg had mild mood elevating and calming properties).<ref name="pmid8297216" /> In contrast, responses produced by higher doses (0.2 and 0.4&nbsp;mg/kg) researchers labeled as "hallucinogenic" that elicited "intensely colored, rapidly moving display of visual images, formed, abstract or both". Comparing to other sensory modalities, the most affected was the visual. Participants reported visual hallucinations, fewer auditory hallucinations and specific physical sensations progressing to a sense of bodily dissociation, as well as  experiences of euphoria, calm, fear, and anxiety.<ref name="pmid8297216" /> These dose-dependent effects match well with anonymously posted "trip reports" online, where users report "breakthroughs" above certain doses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DMT – How and Why to Get Off|url=https://users.aalto.fi/~saarit2/deoxy/gz_howy.htm|access-date=2021-03-24|website=users.aalto.fi|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126233623/https://users.aalto.fi/%7Esaarit2/deoxy/gz_howy.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = St John G |date=2018|title=The Breakthrough Experience: DMT Hyperspace and its Liminal Aesthetics |journal=Anthropology of Consciousness|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=57–76|doi=10.1111/anoc.12089|issn=1556-3537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=DMT – Erowid Exp – 'Break Through'|url=https://erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=86700|access-date=2021-03-24|website=erowid.org|archive-date=2021-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323022931/https://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=86700|url-status=live}}</ref>
Strassman also stressed the importance of the context where the drug has been taken. He claimed that DMT has no beneficial effects of itself, rather the context when and where people take it plays an important role.<ref name="strassman" /><ref name="pmid8297216" />
It appears that DMT can induce a state or feeling wherein the person believes to "communicate with other intelligent lifeforms" (see "[[#Reported encounters with external entities|machine elves]]"). High doses of DMT produce a state that involves a sense of "another intelligence" that people sometimes describe as "super-intelligent", but "emotionally detached".<ref name="pmid8297216" />
A 1995 study by Adolf Dittrich and Daniel Lamparter found that the DMT-induced altered state of consciousness (ASC) is strongly influenced by habitual rather than situative factors. In the study, researchers used three dimensions of the [[APZ questionnaire]] to examine ASC. The first dimension, oceanic boundlessness (OB), refers to [[ego death|dissolution of ego boundaries]] and is mostly associated with positive emotions.<ref name="Dittrich">{{cite journal| vauthors = Lamparter D, Dittrich A |title=Intraindividuelle Stabilität von ABZ unter sensorischer Deprivation, ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamin (DMT) und Stickoxydul | trans-title = Intra-individual stability of ABZ under sensory deprivation, ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and nitric oxide |journal= Jahrbuch des Europäischen Collegiums für Bewusstseinsstudien | trans-journal = Yearbook of the European College for the Study of Consciousness | language = de |date=1995|pages=33–44}}</ref> The second dimension, anxious ego-dissolution (AED), represents a disordering of thoughts and decreases in autonomy and self-control. Last, visionary restructuralization (VR) refers to auditory/visual illusions and hallucinations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vollenweider FX | title = Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 265–279 | date = December 2001 | doi = 10.31887/DCNS.2001.3.4/fxvollenweider | pmid = 22033605 | pmc = 3181663 }}</ref> Results showed strong effects within the first and third dimensions for all conditions, especially with DMT, and suggested strong intrastability of elicited reactions independently of the condition for the OB and VR scales.<ref name="Dittrich" />
====Reported encounters with external entities====
{{Anchor|Machine elves}}
Entities perceived during DMT inebriation have been represented in diverse forms of psychedelic art. The term ''machine elf'' was coined by ethnobotanist [[Terence McKenna]] for the entities he encountered in DMT "hyperspace", also using terms like ''fractal elves'', or ''self-transforming machine elves''.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Strassman R |title= DMT: the Spirit Molecule: A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of near-Death and Mystical Experiences |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-89281-927-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dmtspiritmolecul00rick/page/187 187–188, also pp.173–174] |quote=I had expected to hear about some of these types of experiences once we began giving DMT. I was familiar with Terence McKenna's tales of the "self-transforming machine elves" he encountered after smoking high doses of the drug. Interviews conducted with twenty experienced DMT smokers before beginning the New Mexico research also yielded some tales of similar meetings with such entities. Since most of these people were from California, I admittedly chalked up these stories to some kind of West Coast eccentricity |url=https://archive.org/details/dmtspiritmolecul00rick/page/187 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Invisible Landscape: Mind, Hallucinogens and the I Ching | vauthors = Oeric ON, McKenna T |year=1975 | publisher = Seabury Press | isbn = 978-0-8164-9249-7 }}</ref> McKenna first encountered the "machine elves" after smoking DMT in Berkeley in 1965. His subsequent speculations regarding the hyperdimensional space in which they were encountered have inspired a great many artists and musicians, and the meaning of DMT entities has been a subject of considerable debate among participants in a networked cultural underground, enthused by McKenna's effusive accounts of DMT hyperspace.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = St John G | chapter = Chapters 4, 8, and 12 |title=Mystery School in Hyperspace: A Cultural History of DMT |date=2015 |publisher= North Atlantic Books / Evolver Editions |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=978-1-58394-732-6}}</ref> [[Cliff Pickover]] has also written about the "machine elf" experience, in the book ''Sex, Drugs, Einstein, & Elves''.<ref name="Pickover 2005" /> Strassman noted similarities between self-reports of his DMT study participants' encounters with these "entities", and mythological descriptions of figures such as [[living creatures (Bible)|Ḥayyot haq-Qodesh]] in ancient religions, including both angels and demons.<ref name="Prophecy 2014">{{cite book | title = DMT and the Soul of Prophecy: A New Science of Spiritual Revelation in the Hebrew Bible | vauthors = Strassman R | publisher = Simon and Schuster | date = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-62055-168-4 }}</ref> Strassman also argues for a similarity in his study participants' descriptions of mechanized wheels, gears and machinery in these encounters, with those described in visions of encounters with the [[Living creatures (Bible)|Living Creatures]] and [[Ophanim]] of the Hebrew Bible, noting they may stem from a common [[Neuropsychopharmacology|neuropsychopharmacological]] experience.<ref name="Prophecy 2014"/>
Strassman argues that the more positive of the "external entities" encountered in DMT experiences should be understood as analogous to certain forms of angels: {{blockquote|The medieval Jewish philosophers whom I rely upon for understanding the [[Hebrew Bible]] text and its concept of prophecy portray angels as God's intermediaries. That is, they perform a certain function for God. Within the context of my DMT research, I believe that the beings that volunteers see could be conceived of as angelic – that is, previously invisible, incorporeal spiritual forces that are engarbed or enclothed in a particular form – determined by the psychological and spiritual development of the volunteers – bringing a particular message or experience to that volunteer.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://boingboing.net/2011/05/03/strassman.html | title = Interview: Dr. Rick Strassman | vauthors = Solomon A | date = 3 May 2011 | work = Boing Boing | access-date = 11 November 2018 | archive-date = 26 May 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240526041615/https://boingboing.net/2011/05/03/strassman.html | url-status = live }}</ref>}}
Strassman's experimental participants also note that some other entities can subjectively resemble creatures more like insects and aliens.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Strassman R |title=DMT: the Spirit Molecule: A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-89281-927-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dmtspiritmolecul00rick/page/206 206–208] |url=https://archive.org/details/dmtspiritmolecul00rick/page/206 }}</ref> As a result, Strassman writes these experiences among his experimental participants "also left me feeling confused and concerned about where the spirit molecule was leading us. It was at this point that I began to wonder if I was getting in over my head with this research."<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Strassman R |title=DMT: the Spirit Molecule: A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of near-Death and Mystical Experiences |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-89281-927-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dmtspiritmolecul00rick/page/202 202] |url=https://archive.org/details/dmtspiritmolecul00rick/page/202 }}</ref>
Hallucinations of strange creatures had been reported by Stephen Szara in a 1958 study in psychotic patients, in which he described how one of his subjects under the influence of DMT had experienced "strange creatures, dwarves or something" at the beginning of a DMT trip.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redicecreations.com/article.php?id=12496 |title=Causal Multiplicity: The Science Behind Schizophrenia |date=10 September 2010 |vauthors=Hanks MA |access-date=18 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020944/http://www.redicecreations.com/article.php?id=12496 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingalienworlds.com/uploads/5/7/9/9/57999785/dmt_research_1956_edge_time_arg_dpl_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324035110/http://www.buildingalienworlds.com/uploads/5/7/9/9/57999785/dmt_research_1956_edge_time_arg_dpl_final.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-24 |url-status=live |title=DMT research from 1956 to the edge of time |date=15 December 2015 | vauthors = Gallimore AR, Luke DP }}</ref>
Other researchers of the entities seemingly encountered by DMT users describe them as "entities" or "beings" in humanoid as well as animal form, with descriptions of "little people" being common (non-human [[gnomes]], elves, [[imps]], etc.).<ref name="Gallimore">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallimore, A |title=Evolutionary Implications of the Astonishing Psychoactive Effects of ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) |journal=[[Journal of Scientific Exploration]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=455–503 |date=2013 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277281153 |access-date=2016-08-15 |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526041619/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277281153_ESSAY_Building_Alien_Worlds-_The_Neuropsychological_and_Evolutionary_Implications_of_the_Astonishing_Psychoactive_Effects_of_NN-Dimethyltryptamine_DMT |url-status=live }}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=New study offers a detailed glimpse into the otherworldly encounters produced by the psychedelic drug DMT |url=https://www.psypost.org/2022/02/new-study-offers-a-detailed-glimpse-into-the-otherworldly-encounters-produced-by-the-psychedelic-drug-dmt-62617 |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=PsyPost |language=en-US }}</ref> Strassman and others have speculated that this form of hallucination may be the cause of [[alien abduction]] and extraterrestrial encounter experiences, which may occur through [[Endogeny (biology)|endogenously]]-occurring DMT.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Luke DP |year=2011 |title=Discarnate entities and dimethyltryptamine (DMT): Psychopharmacology, phenomenology and ontology |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/70007742/Discarnate-Entities |journal=Journal of the Society for Psychical Research |volume=75 |number=902 |pages=26–42 |access-date=2017-09-10 |archive-date=2016-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409215620/https://www.scribd.com/doc/70007742/Discarnate-Entities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luke DP |year=2012 |title=Psychoactive substances and paranormal phenomena: A comprehensive review |journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies |volume=31 |pages=97–156 |doi=10.24972/ijts.2012.31.1.97 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Likening them to descriptions of rattling and chattering auditory phenomena described in encounters with the [[Angels in Judaism#Angelic hierarchy|Hayyoth]] in the [[Book of Ezekiel]], Rick Strassman notes that participants in his studies, when reporting encounters with the alleged entities, have also described loud auditory hallucinations, such as one subject reporting typically "the elves laughing or talking at high volume, chattering, twittering".<ref name="Prophecy 2014"/>
====Near-death experience====
A 2018 study found significant relationships between a DMT experience and a [[near-death experience]] (NDE).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Timmermann C, Roseman L, Williams L, Erritzoe D, Martial C, Cassol H, Laureys S, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R | title = DMT Models the Near-Death Experience | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | volume = 9 | pages = 1424 | year = 2018 | pmid = 30174629 | pmc = 6107838 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01424 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A 2019 large-scale study pointed that [[ketamine]], ''[[Salvia divinorum]]'', and DMT (and other classical psychedelic substances) may be linked to [[near-death experience]]s due to the semantic similarity of reports associated with the use of psychoactive compounds and NDE narratives, but the study concluded that with the current data it is neither possible to corroborate nor refute the hypothesis that the release of an endogenous ketamine-like neuroprotective agent underlies NDE phenomenology.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Martial C, Cassol H, Charland-Verville V, Pallavicini C, Sanz C, Zamberlan F, Vivot RM, Erowid F, Erowid E, Laureys S, Greyson B, Tagliazucchi E | title = Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports | journal = Consciousness and Cognition | volume = 69 | pages = 52–69 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30711788 | doi = 10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011 | s2cid = 73432875 | hdl = 2268/231971 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
===Physiological response===
According to a dose-response study in human subjects, dimethyltryptamine administered [[intravenously]] slightly elevated blood pressure, heart rate, pupil diameter, and rectal temperature, in addition to elevating blood concentrations of ''beta''-[[endorphin]], [[corticotropin]], [[cortisol]], and [[prolactin]]; [[growth hormone]] blood levels rise equally in response to all doses of DMT, and [[melatonin]] levels were unaffected."<ref name="pmid8297216" />
===Conjecture regarding endogenous production and effects===
In the 1950s, the endogenous production of psychoactive agents was considered to be a potential explanation for the hallucinatory symptoms of some psychiatric diseases; this is known as the transmethylation hypothesis.<ref name="pmid13152519">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffer A, Osmond H, Smythies J | title = Schizophrenia; a new approach. II. Result of a year's research | journal = The Journal of Mental Science | volume = 100 | issue = 418 | pages = 29–45 | date = January 1954 | pmid = 13152519 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.100.418.29 }}</ref> Several speculative and yet untested hypotheses suggest that [[endogenous]] DMT is produced in the human brain and is involved in certain psychological and neurological states.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/dmt-the-psychedelic-drug-produced-in-your-brain | title=DMT: The psychedelic drug 'produced in your brain' | publisher=SBS | date=8 November 2013 | access-date=27 March 2014 | archive-date=27 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927161206/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/dmt-the-psychedelic-drug-produced-in-your-brain | url-status=live }}</ref> DMT is naturally occurring in small amounts in rat brains, human cerebrospinal fluid, and other tissues of humans and other mammals.<ref name="pmid16095048" /><ref name="pmid289421" /><ref name="pmid20877" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104240746&sc=fb&cc=fp |title=The God Chemical: Brain Chemistry And Mysticism |newspaper=NPR.org |publisher=NPR |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108195911/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104240746&sc=fb&cc=fp |url-status=live }}</ref> Further, mRNA for the enzyme necessary for the production of DMT, [[INMT]], are expressed in the human cerebral cortex, choroid plexus, and pineal gland, suggesting an endogenous role in the human brain.<ref name = "Dean_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dean JG, Liu T, Huff S, Sheler B, Barker SA, Strassman RJ, Wang MM, Borjigin J | title = Biosynthesis and Extracellular Concentrations of ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Mammalian Brain | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 9333 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31249368 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-45812-w | pmc = 6597727 | bibcode = 2019NatSR...9.9333D | doi-access = free }}</ref> In 2011, Nicholas Cozzi of the [[University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health]], and three other researchers, concluded that INMT, an enzyme that is associated with the biosynthesis of DMT and endogenous hallucinogens is present in the non-human primate ([[rhesus macaque]]) pineal gland, retinal ganglion neurons, and spinal cord.<ref name="Cozzi N.V., Mavlyutov T.A., Thompson M.A., Ruoho A.E. 2011 840.19" /> Neurobiologist Andrew Gallimore (2013) suggested that while DMT might not have a modern neural function, it may have been an ancestral neuromodulator once secreted in psychedelic concentrations during [[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM sleep]], a function now lost.<ref name="Gallimore" />
==Adverse effects==
===Acute adverse psychological reaction===
DMT may trigger psychological reactions, known colloquially as a "[[bad trip]]", such as intense fear, paranoia, anxiety, [[panic attacks]], and [[substance-induced psychosis]], particularly in predisposed individuals.<ref name="pmid29366418" /><ref name="pmid28868040">{{cite journal | title = Novel Psychoactive Substances-Recent Progress on Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action for Selected Drugs | journal = Front Psychiatry | pmid = 28868040 | vauthors = Zurina H, Oliver B, Darshan S, Suresh N, Vicknasingam K, Erich S, Johannes K, Borid Q, and Christian M | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00152 | date = 18 August 2017 | volume = 8 | page = 152 | pmc = 5563308 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
===Addiction and dependence liability===
DMT, like other serotonergic psychedelics, is considered to be non-addictive with low abuse potential.<ref name="pmid8297217" />  A study examining [[substance use disorder]] for [[Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM-IV]] reported that almost no hallucinogens produced dependence, unlike psychoactive drugs of other classes such as [[stimulants]] and [[depressant]]s.<ref name="pmid29366418">{{cite journal | journal = Current Neuropharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–15 | title = Ayahuasca: Psychological and Physiologic Effects, Pharmacology and Potential Uses in Addiction and Mental Illness | doi = 10.2174/1570159X16666180125095902 | issn = 1875-6190 | vauthors = Jonathan H, Jaime H, Serdar D, and Glen B | year = 2019 | url = https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/88194 | pmid = 29366418 | pmc = 6343205 | access-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230505000155/https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/88194 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Society for the Study of Addiction | vauthors = Jon M, James L, and Erich L | date = September 1994 | title = The generalizability of the dependence syndrome across substances: an examination of some properties of the proposed DSM-IV dependence criteria | volume = 89 | issue = 9 | pages = 1105–1113 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb02787.x | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb02787.x | pmid = 7987187 | access-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-date = 2024-05-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240526041617/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb02787.x | url-status = live }}</ref> At present, there have been no studies that report [[Drug_withdrawal|drug withdrawal syndrome]] with termination of DMT, and dependence potential of DMT and the risk of sustained psychological disturbance may be minimal when used infrequently; however, the physiological dependence potential of DMT and ayahuasca has not yet been documented convincingly.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robert G | title = Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids | journal = Addiction | volume = 102 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–34 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17207120 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01652.x | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01652.x | access-date = 2023-05-07 | archive-date = 2024-05-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240526041617/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01652.x | url-status = live }}</ref>
===Tolerance===
Unlike other classical psychedelics, [[drug tolerance|tolerance]] does not seem to develop to the subjective effects of DMT.<ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="Halberstadt2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halberstadt AL | title = Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens | journal = Behav Brain Res | volume = 277 | issue = | pages = 99–120 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25036425 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016 | pmc = 4642895 | url = }}</ref> Studies report that DMT did not exhibit tolerance upon repeated administration of twice a day sessions, separated by 5 hours, for 5 consecutive days; [[Field_research|field reports]] suggests a [[Refractory_period_(physiology)|refractory period]] of only 15 to 30 minutes, while the [[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|plasma levels]] of DMT was nearly undetectable 30 minutes after intravenous administration.<ref name="Halberstadt2015" /><ref name="pmid8731519">{{cite journal | journal = [[Biological_Psychiatry_(journal)|Biological Psychiatry]] | doi = 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00200-6 | vauthors = Rick S, Clifford Q, Laura B | pages = 784–795 | title = Differential tolerance to biological and subjective effects of four closely spaced doses of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans | volume = 39 | issue = 9 | date = 1 May 1996 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006322395002006 | pmid = 8731519 | s2cid = 3220559 | access-date = 4 May 2023 | archive-date = 4 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230504023040/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006322395002006 | url-status = live }}</ref> Another study of four closely spaced DMT infusion sessions with 30 minute intervals also suggests no tolerance buildup to the psychological effects of the compound, while heart rate responses and [[Neuroendocrinology|neuroendocrine]] effects were diminished with repeated administration.<ref name="Halberstadt2015" /><ref name="pmid8731519" /> A fully hallucinogenic dose of DMT did not demonstrate cross-tolerance to human subjects who are highly tolerant to [[LSD]];<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Psychopharmacologia |vauthors=Rosenberg D, Isbell H, Miner E, and Logan C |doi=10.1007/BF00413244 |date=7 August 1963 |title=The effect of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in human subjects tolerant to lysergic acid diethylamide |volume=5 |issue=3 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00413244 |pages=223–224 |pmid=14138757 |s2cid=32950588 |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504011825/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00413244 |url-status=live }}</ref> researches suggest that DMT exhibits unique pharmacological properties compared to other classical psychedelics.<ref name="pmid8731519" />
===Long-term use===
There have been no serious adverse effects reported on long-term use of DMT, apart from acute cardiovascular events.<ref name="pmid28868040" /> Repeated and one-time administration of DMT produces marked changes in the cardiovascular system,<ref name="pmid28868040" /> with an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure; although the changes were not statistically significant, a robust trend towards significance was observed for systolic blood pressure at high doses.<ref name="pmid11292011">{{cite journal | title = Subjective effects and tolerability of the South American psychoactive beverage Ayahuasca in healthy volunteers | journal = Psychopharmacology | pmid = 11292011 | doi = 10.1007/s002130000606 | date = February 2001 | vauthors = Jordi R, Antoni F, Gloria U, Adelaida M, Rosa A, Maria M, James C, and Mandel B | volume = 154 | issue = 1 | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002130000606 | pages = 85–95 | s2cid = 5556065 | access-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230505014511/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002130000606 | url-status = live }}</ref>
===Drug-interactions===
DMT is inactive when ingested orally due to metabolism by [[Monoamine_oxidase|MAO]], and DMT-containing drinks such as ayahuasca have been found to contain [[monoamine oxidase inhibitors|MAOI]]s, in particular, [[harmine]] and [[harmaline]].<ref name="pmid11292011" /> Life-threatening lethalities such as [[serotonin syndrome]] (SS) may occur when MAOIs are combined with certain [[Serotonin|serotonergic]] medications such as [[SSRI]] antidepressants.<ref name="pmid9924842" /><ref name="pmid29366418" /> Serotonin syndrome has also been reported with [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s, opiates, [[analgesic]], and [[antimigraine drug]]s; it is advised to exercise caution when an individual had used [[dextromethorphan]] (DXM), [[MDMA]], [[ginseng]], or ''[[Hypericum perforatum|St. John's wort]]'' recently.<ref name="pmid29366418" />
Chronic use of SSRIs, [[Tricyclic_antidepressant|TCA]]s, and MAOIs diminish subjective effects of psychedelics due to presumed SSRI-induced 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors downregulation and MAOI-induced 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor desensitization.<ref name="9780192678522-drug-interaction">{{cite book | title = Psychedelics as Psychiatric Medications | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7lazEAAAQBAJ | date = 7 March 2023 | vauthors = David N, David C | isbn = 9780192678522 | chapter = Drug-interaction with psychotropic drugs | access-date = 21 May 2023 | archive-date = 21 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230521000115/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lazEAAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}</ref>{{rp|145}} The interaction between psychedelics and [[antipsychotic]]s and [[anticonvulsant]] are not well documented, however reports reveal that co-use of psychedelics with [[mood stabilizer]]s such as [[Lithium_(medication)|lithium]] may provoke [[seizure]] and [[Dissociative_disorder|dissociative effects]] in individuals with [[bipolar disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Drug and Alcohol Dependence | doi = 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109586 | volume = 239 | date = 1 October 2022 | vauthors = Otto S, Simon G, Richard C, Walter O, Distin L, Peter H | pmid = 35981469 | pmc = 9627432 | title = Prevalence and associations of classic psychedelic-related seizures in a population-based sample| page = 109586 }}</ref><ref name="9780192678522-drug-interaction" />{{rp|146}}
==Routes of administration==
===Inhalation===
[[File:N,N-DMT Freebase and Vape cartridge.jpg|thumb|[[Free base]] DMT extracted from ''[[Mimosa hostilis]]'' root bark (left); vape cartridge made with freebase DMT extract (right)]]
A standard dose for vaporized DMT is 20–60&nbsp;milligrams, depending highly on the efficiency of vaporization as well as body weight and personal variation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt_dose.shtml|title=DMT Dosage|website=[[Erowid]]|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185707/https://erowid.org/chemicals/dmt/dmt_dose.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>{{medical citation needed | date = June 2023}} In general, this is inhaled in a few successive breaths, but lower doses can be used if the user can inhale it in fewer breaths (ideally one). The effects last for a short period of time, usually 5 to 15 minutes, dependent on the dose. The onset after inhalation is very fast (less than 45 seconds) and peak effects are reached within a minute. In the 1960s, DMT was known as a "businessman's trip" in the US because of the relatively short duration (and rapid onset) of action when inhaled.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haroz R, Greenberg MI | title = Emerging drugs of abuse | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 89 | issue = 6 | pages = 1259–1276 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16227062 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2005.06.008 | quote = Use of DMT was first encountered in the United States in the 1960s, when it was known as a 'businessman's trip' because of the rapid onset of action when smoked (2 to 5 minutes) and short duration of action (20 minutes to 1 hour). | oclc = 610327022 }}</ref> DMT can be inhaled using a [[bong]], typically when sandwiched between layers of plant matter, using a specially designed pipe, or by using an [[e-cigarette]] once it has been dissolved in propylene glycol and/or vegetable glycerin.<ref>{{Cite web|vauthors=Power M|date=5 June 2020|title=I Sell DMT Vape Pens So People Can 'Break Through' at Their Own Speed|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/akzgbz/i-sell-dmt-vape-pens-so-people-can-break-through-at-their-own-speed|access-date=12 July 2020|website=Vice.com|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712192852/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/akzgbz/i-sell-dmt-vape-pens-so-people-can-break-through-at-their-own-speed|url-status=live}}</ref> Some users have also started using vaporizers meant for cannabis extracts ("wax pens") for ease of temperature control when vaporizing crystals. A DMT-infused smoking blend is called [[Changa (drug)|Changa]], and is typically used in pipes or other utensils meant for smoking dried plant matter.{{cn|date=June 2023}}
===Intravenous injection===
In a study conducted from 1990 through 1995, [[University of New Mexico]] psychiatrist [[Rick Strassman]] found that some volunteers injected with high doses of DMT reported experiences with perceived [[Extraterrestrial life in culture|alien]] entities. Usually, the reported entities were experienced as the inhabitants of a perceived independent reality that the subjects reported visiting while under the influence of DMT.<ref name="strassman" />
In 2023, a study investigated a novel method of DMT administration involving a bolus injection paired with a constant-rate infusion, with the goal of extending the DMT experience.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luan LX, Eckernäs E, Ashton M, Rosas FE, Uthaug MV, Bartha A, Jagger S, Gascon-Perai K, Gomes L, Nutt DJ, Erritzøe D, Carhart-Harris RL, Timmermann C | title = Psychological and physiological effects of extended DMT | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–67 | date = January 2024 | pmid = 37897244 | pmc = 10851633 | doi = 10.1177/02698811231196877 }}</ref>
===Oral===
{{See also|Ayahuasca|Pharmahuasca}}
[[File:Aya-preparation.jpg|thumb|Ayahuasca preparation]]
DMT is broken down by the enzyme [[monoamine oxidase]] through a process called [[deamination]], and is quickly inactivated orally unless combined with a [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]] (MAOI).<ref name="McKennaTowers1984"/> The traditional South American beverage [[ayahuasca]] is derived by boiling ''[[Banisteriopsis caapi]]'' with leaves of one or more plants containing DMT, such as ''[[Psychotria viridis]]'', ''[[Psychotria carthagenensis]]'', or ''[[Diplopterys cabrerana]]''.<ref name="McKennaTowers1984"/> The ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' contains [[harmala alkaloids]],<ref name="pmid9924842">{{cite journal | vauthors = Callaway JC, Grob CS | title = Ayahuasca preparations and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a potential combination for severe adverse interactions | journal = Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 367–269 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9924842 | doi = 10.1080/02791072.1998.10399712 | url = http://www.mimosahostilis.com/files/Ayahuasca%20and%20SSRI%20Interactions.pdf | access-date = 10 April 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120201144245/http://www.mimosahostilis.com/files/Ayahuasca%20and%20SSRI%20Interactions.pdf | archive-date = 1 February 2012 }}</ref> a highly active reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A ([[Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A|RIMA]]s),<ref name="BergströmWesterberg1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bergström M, Westerberg G, Långström B | title = <sup>11</sup>C-harmine as a tracer for monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A): in vitro and in vivo studies | journal = Nuclear Medicine and Biology | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 287–293 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9257326 | doi = 10.1016/S0969-8051(97)00013-9 }}</ref> rendering the DMT orally active by protecting it from [[deamination]].<ref name="McKennaTowers1984"/> A variety of different recipes are used to make the brew depending on the purpose of the ayahuasca session,<ref name="Andritzky1989">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andritzky W | title = Sociopsychotherapeutic functions of ayahuasca healing in Amazonia | journal = Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 77–89 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2656954 | doi = 10.1080/02791072.1989.10472145 | url = http://www.lila.info/document_view.phtml?document_id=8 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080226052014/http://www.lila.info/document_view.phtml?document_id=8 | archive-date = 26 February 2008 }}</ref> or local availability of ingredients. Two common sources of DMT in the western US are [[reed canary grass]] (''[[Phalaris arundinacea]]'') and [[Harding grass]] (''[[Phalaris aquatica]]''). These invasive grasses contain low levels of DMT and other alkaloids but also contain [[gramine]], which is toxic and difficult to separate. In addition, [[Mimosa tenuiflora|Jurema]] (''[[Mimosa tenuiflora]]'') shows evidence of DMT content: the pink layer in the inner rootbark of this small tree contains a high concentration of ''N'',''N''-DMT.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
Taken orally with an [[Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A|RIMA]], DMT produces a long-lasting (over three hours), slow, deep metaphysical experience similar to that of [[psilocybin mushrooms]], but more intense.<ref name=Peru>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirasalak.com/Peru.html |title=Hell and back |vauthors=Salak K |publisher=National Geographic Adventure |access-date=2008-10-31 |archive-date=2019-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911140217/http://www.kirasalak.com/Peru.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The intensity of orally administered DMT depends on the type and dose of MAOI administered alongside it. When ingested with 120&nbsp;mg of [[harmine]] (a [[Reversible inhibition of monoamine oxidase|RIMA]] and member of the [[Harmala alkaloid|harmala alkaloids]]), 20&nbsp;mg of DMT was reported to have psychoactive effects by author and [[Ethnobotany|ethnobotanist]] [[Jonathan Ott]]. Ott reported that to produce a visionary state, the threshold oral dose was 30&nbsp;mg DMT alongside 120&nbsp;mg [[harmine]].<ref name="ott1998" /> This is not necessarily indicative of a standard dose, as dose-dependent effects may vary due to individual variations in drug metabolism.
==History==
{{See also|Ayahuasca#History}}
Naturally occurring substances (of both vegetable and animal origin) containing DMT have been used in South America since pre-Columbian times.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miller MJ, Albarracin-Jordan J, Moore C, Capriles JM | title = Chemical evidence for the use of multiple psychotropic plants in a 1,000-year-old ritual bundle from South America | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 116 | issue = 23 | pages = 11207–11212 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31061128 | pmc = 6561276 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1902174116 | bibcode = 2019PNAS..11611207M | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/05/06/ayahuasca-sacred-bundle/|title=Ayahuasca fixings found in 1,000-year-old Andean sacred bundle|vauthors=Anwar Y|date=6 May 2019|website=Berkeley News|language=en-US|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512172214/https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/05/06/ayahuasca-sacred-bundle/|url-status=live}}</ref>
DMT was first synthesized in 1931 by Canadian chemist Richard Helmuth Fredrick Manske.<ref name="Manske R.H.F. 1931 592–600">{{cite journal|year=1931|title=A synthesis of the methyltryptamines and some derivatives|url=http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?calyLang=eng&journal=cjr&volume=5&year=&issue=5&msno=cjr31-097|journal=Canadian Journal of Research|volume=5|issue=5|pages=592–600|doi=10.1139/cjr31-097| vauthors = Manske RH |bibcode=1931CJRes...5..592M}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="bdmxab">{{cite journal|date=November 1977|title=DMT: the fifteen minute trip|url=http://jeremybigwood.net/JBsPUBS/DMT/|journal=Head|volume=2|issue=4|pages=56–61| vauthors = Bigwood J, Ott J |access-date=28 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060127003553/http://jeremybigwood.net/JBsPUBS/DMT/|archive-date=27 January 2006}}</ref> In general, its discovery as a natural product is credited to Brazilian chemist and [[microbiologist]] Oswaldo Gonçalves de Lima, who isolated an alkaloid he named ''nigerina'' (nigerine) from the root bark of ''[[Mimosa tenuiflora]]'' in 1946.<ref name="bdmxab" /><ref name="strassman" /><ref name="ott1996">{{cite book |title=Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History | vauthors = Ott J |author-link=Jonathan Ott |edition=2nd, densified |year=1996 |publisher=Natural Products |location=Kennewick, WA |isbn=978-0-9614234-9-0}}</ref> However, in a careful review of the case [[Jonathan Ott]] shows that the [[empirical formula]] for nigerine determined by Gonçalves de Lima, which notably contains an atom of oxygen, can match only a partial, "impure" or "contaminated" form of DMT.<ref name="ott1998">{{cite book |vauthors=Ott J |author-link1=Jonathan Ott |veditors=Müller-Ebeling C |title=Special: Psychoactivity |series=Yearbook for Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness |volume=6/7 (1997/1998) |year=1998 |publisher=VWB |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-86135-033-0 |chapter=Pharmahuasca, anahuasca and vinho da jurema: human pharmacology of oral DMT plus harmine |chapter-url=https://www.erowid.org/references/texts/show/7105docid6446 |access-date=2010-11-29 |archive-date=2018-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031212537/https://www.erowid.org/references/texts/show/7105docid6446 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was only in 1959, when Gonçalves de Lima provided American chemists a sample of ''Mimosa tenuiflora'' roots, that DMT was unequivocally identified in this plant material.<ref name="ott1998" /><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Pachter IJ, Zacharias DE, Ribeiro O |title=Indole alkaloids of ''Acer saccharinum'' (the silver maple), ''Dictyoloma incanescens'', ''Piptadenia colubrina'', and ''Mimosa hostilis'' |journal=Journal of Organic Chemistry |date=September 1959 |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=1285–1287 |doi=10.1021/jo01091a032}}</ref> Less ambiguous is the case of isolation and formal identification of DMT in 1955 in seeds and pods of ''[[Anadenanthera peregrina]]'' by a team of American chemists led by Evan Horning (1916–1993).<ref name="ott1998" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fish MS, Johnson NM, Horning EC |date=November 1955 |title=Piptadenia alkaloids. Indole bases of ''P. peregrina'' (L.) Benth. and related species |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=72 |issue=22 |pages=5892–5895 |doi=10.1021/ja01627a034|bibcode=1955JAChS..77.5892F }}</ref> Since 1955, DMT has been [[#Endogenous DMT|found in a number of organisms]]: in at least fifty plant species belonging to ten [[Family (biology)|families]],<ref name="ott1994">{{cite book|title=Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangæan Entheogens| vauthors = Ott J |publisher=Natural Products|year=1994|isbn=978-0-9614234-5-2|edition=1st|location=[[Kennewick, WA]], USA|pages=81–83|oclc=32895480|author-link=Jonathan Ott}}</ref> and in at least four animal species, including one [[gorgonian]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|year=1978|title=Chemistry of Mediterranean gorgonians: simple indole derivatives from ''Paramuricea chamaeleon''|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C|volume=61|issue=2|pages=361–362|doi=10.1016/0306-4492(78)90070-9| vauthors = Cimino G, De Stefano S }}</ref> and three mammalian species (including humans).{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
In terms of a scientific understanding, the hallucinogenic properties of DMT were not uncovered until 1956 by Hungarian chemist and psychiatrist [[Stephen Szára|Stephen Szara]]. In his paper "Dimethyltryptamin: Its Metabolism in Man;
the Relation of its Psychotic Effect to the Serotonin Metabolism", Szara employed synthetic DMT, synthesized by the method of Speeter and Anthony, which was then administered to 20 volunteers by intramuscular injection. Urine samples were collected from these volunteers for the identification of DMT metabolites.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Szara S | title = Dimethyltryptamin: its metabolism in man; the relation to its psychotic effect to the serotonin metabolism | journal = Experientia | volume = 12 | issue = 11 | pages = 441–442 | date = November 1956 | pmid = 13384414 | doi = 10.1007/bf02157378 | s2cid = 7775625 }}</ref> This is considered to be the converging link between the chemical structure DMT to its cultural consumption as a psychoactive and religious sacrament.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McKenna DJ, Callaway JC, Grob CS | year = 1998 | title = The scientific investigation of Ayahuasca: a review of past and current research | journal = The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research | volume = 1 | issue = 65–77| pages = 195–223 }}</ref>
Another historical milestone is the discovery of DMT in plants frequently used by Amazonian natives as additive to the vine ''[[Banisteriopsis caapi]]'' to make [[ayahuasca]] decoctions. In 1957, American chemists Francis Hochstein and Anita Paradies identified DMT in an "aqueous extract" of leaves of a plant they named ''Prestonia amazonicum'' [''sic''] and described as "commonly mixed" with ''B. caapi''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hochstein FA, Paradies AM |year=1957 |title=Alkaloids of ''Banisteria caapi'' and ''Prestonia amazonicum'' |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=79 |issue=21 |pages=5735–5736 |doi=10.1021/ja01578a041 |bibcode=1957JAChS..79.5735H }}</ref> The lack of a proper botanical identification of ''[[Prestonia amazonica]]'' in this study led American [[ethnobotany|ethnobotanist]] [[Richard Evans Schultes]] (1915–2001) and other scientists to raise serious doubts about the claimed plant identity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schultes RE, Raffauf RF |year=1960 |title=''Prestonia'': An Amazon narcotic or not? |journal=Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=109–122 |doi=10.5962/p.168526 |s2cid=91123988 |issn=0006-8098 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31906#page/126/mode/1up |doi-access=free |access-date=2018-01-14 |archive-date=2018-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810224847/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31906#page/126/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pmid14337385">{{cite journal | vauthors = Poisson J | title = Note on "Natem", A Toxic Peruvian Beverage, and ITS Alkaloids | language = fr | journal = Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises | volume = 23 | pages = 241–244 | date = April 1965 | pmid = 14337385 | trans-title = Note on "Natem", a toxic Peruvian beverage, and its alkaloids }}</ref> The mistake likely led the writer [[William S. Burroughs|William Burroughs]] to regard the DMT he experimented with in Tangier in 1961 as "Prestonia".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mystery School in Hyperspace: A Cultural History of DMT| vauthors = St John G |publisher=North Atlantic Books / Evolver|year=2015|isbn=978-1-58394-732-6|location=Berkeley, CA.|pages=29}}</ref> Better evidence was produced in 1965 by French pharmacologist Jacques Poisson, who isolated DMT as a sole alkaloid from leaves, provided and used by [[Aguaruna people|Aguaruna]] Indians, identified as having come from the vine ''[[Diplopterys cabrerana]]'' (then known as ''Banisteriopsis rusbyana'').<ref name="pmid14337385" /> Published in 1970, the first identification of DMT in the plant ''[[Psychotria viridis]]'',<ref name="ott1996" /> another common additive of ayahuasca, was made by a team of American researchers led by pharmacologist Ara der Marderosian.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Der Marderosian AH, Kensinger KM, Chao JM, Goldstein FJ |year=1970 |title=The use and hallucinatory principles of a psychoactive beverage of the Cashinahua tribe (Amazon basin) |journal=Drug Dependence |volume=5 |pages=7–14 |issn=0070-7368 |oclc=1566975}}</ref> Not only did they detect DMT in leaves of ''P. viridis'' obtained from [[Kaxinawá]] [[indigenous people]], but they also were the first to identify it in a sample of an ayahuasca decoction, prepared by the same indigenous people.<ref name="ott1996" />
==Chemistry==
[[File:D-Tryp.jpg|thumb|DMT crystals]]
=== Appearance and form ===
DMT is commonly handled and stored as a [[fumaric acid | hemifumarate]],<ref name="erowid.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal06.shtml|title=Erowid Online Books: "TIHKAL" – #6 DMT|website=Erowid.org|access-date=2015-09-10|archive-date=2015-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916005755/https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal06.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pmid32608093">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cozzi NV, Daley PF | title = Synthesis and characterization of high-purity ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine hemifumarate for human clinical trials | journal = Drug Testing and Analysis | volume = 12 | issue = 10 | pages = 1483–1493 | date = October 2020 | doi = 10.1002/dta.2889| pmid = 32608093 | s2cid = 220290037 }}</ref> as other DMT acid salts are extremely [[Hygroscopy|hygroscopic]] and will not readily crystallize. Its [[Freebase (chemistry)|freebase]] form, although less stable than DMT hemifumarate, is favored by recreational users choosing to vaporize the chemical as it has a lower boiling point.<ref name="erowid.org" />
DMT is a [[lipophilic]] [[chemical compound|compound]], with an experimental [[partition coefficient|log P]] of 2.57.<ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brito-da-Costa AM, Dias-da-Silva D, Gomes NG, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Madureira-Carvalho Á | title = Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Ayahuasca Alkaloids N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Harmine, Harmaline and Tetrahydroharmine: Clinical and Forensic Impact | journal = Pharmaceuticals (Basel) | volume = 13 | issue = 11 | date = October 2020 | page = 334 | pmid = 33114119 | pmc = 7690791 | doi = 10.3390/ph13110334 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref>
=== Synthesis ===
==== Biosynthesis ====
[[Image:DMT biosynthetic pathway.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|left|Biosynthetic pathway for ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine]]
Dimethyltryptamine is an [[indole alkaloid]] derived from the [[shikimate]] pathway. Its [[biosynthesis]] is relatively simple and summarized in the adjacent picture. In plants, the parent amino acid [[L-tryptophan|{{sc|L}}-tryptophan]] is produced endogenously where in animals {{sc|L}}-tryptophan is an [[essential amino acid]] coming from diet. No matter the source of {{sc|L}}-tryptophan, the biosynthesis begins with its [[decarboxylation]] by an [[aromatic amino acid decarboxylase]] (AADC) [[enzyme]] (step 1). The resulting decarboxylated tryptophan [[Analog (chemistry)|analog]] is [[tryptamine]]. Tryptamine then undergoes a [[transmethylation]] (step 2): the enzyme [[tryptamine-N-methyltransferase|indolethylamine-''N''-methyltransferase]] (INMT) [[Catalysis|catalyzes]] the transfer of a [[methyl group]] from [[Cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactor]] [[S-adenosyl-methionine|''S''-adenosylmethionine]] (SAM), via [[nucleophilic]] attack, to tryptamine. This reaction transforms SAM into [[S-adenosylhomocysteine|''S''-adenosylhomocysteine]] (SAH), and gives the intermediate product [[N-methyltryptamine|''N''-methyltryptamine]] (NMT).<ref name="pmid13685339">{{cite journal | vauthors = Axelrod J | title = Enzymatic formation of psychotomimetic metabolites from normally occurring compounds | journal = Science | volume = 134 | issue = 3475 | pages = 343 | date = August 1961 | pmid = 13685339 | doi = 10.1126/science.134.3475.343 | bibcode = 1961Sci...134..343A | s2cid = 39122485 }}</ref><ref name="pmid779022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosengarten H, Friedhoff AJ | title = A review of recent studies of the biosynthesis and excretion of hallucinogens formed by methylation of neurotransmitters or related substances | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 90–105 | year = 1976 | pmid = 779022 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/2.1.90 | doi-access = free }}</ref> NMT is in turn transmethylated by the same process (step 3) to form the end product ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine. Tryptamine transmethylation is regulated by two products of the reaction: SAH,<ref name="pmid6792104">{{Cite book | vauthors = Barker SA, Monti JA, Christian ST |title=International Review of Neurobiology Volume 22 |chapter=N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An Endogenous Hallucinogen |volume=22 |pages=83–110 |year=1981 |pmid=6792104 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60291-3 |isbn=978-0-12-366822-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid4756800">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin RL, Narasimhachari N, Himwich HE | title = Inhibition of indolethylamine-''N''-methyltransferase by ''S''-adenosylhomocysteine | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 751–759 | date = September 1973 | pmid = 4756800 | doi = 10.1016/0006-291X(73)91487-3 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9852119">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thompson MA, Weinshilboum RM | title = Rabbit lung indolethylamine ''N''-methyltransferase. cDNA and gene cloning and characterization | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 273 | issue = 51 | pages = 34502–34510 | date = December 1998 | pmid = 9852119 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.51.34502 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and DMT<ref name="pmid6792104" /><ref name="pmid9852119" /> were shown ''ex vivo'' to be among the most potent inhibitors of rabbit INMT activity.
This transmethylation mechanism has been repeatedly and consistently proven by [[Isotope labeling|radiolabeling]] of SAM methyl group with [[carbon-14]] ((<sup>14</sup>C-CH<sub>3</sub>)SAM).<ref name="pmid13685339" /><ref name="pmid6792104" /><ref name="pmid9852119" /><ref name="pmid14361">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mandel LR, Prasad R, Lopez-Ramos B, Walker RW | title = The biosynthesis of dimethyltryptamine in vivo | journal = Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–58 | date = January 1977 | pmid = 14361 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10552930">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thompson MA, Moon E, Kim UJ, Xu J, Siciliano MJ, Weinshilboum RM | title = Human indolethylamine ''N''-methyltransferase: cDNA cloning and expression, gene cloning, and chromosomal localization | journal = Genomics | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 285–297 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 10552930 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1999.5960 | url = http://crfdl.org:1111/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/307/Thompson99humanINMT.pdf?sequence=1 | format = PDF }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
==== Laboratory synthesis ====
DMT can be synthesized through several possible pathways from different starting materials. The two most commonly encountered synthetic routes are through the reaction of [[indole]] with [[oxalyl chloride]] followed by reaction with [[dimethylamine]] and reduction of the [[carbonyl]] functionalities with [[lithium aluminium hydride]] to form DMT.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal06.shtml|title=Erowid Online Books: "TIHKAL" – #6 DMT|website=erowid.org|access-date=2018-02-02|archive-date=2018-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421022519/https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal06.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The second commonly encountered route is through the ''N'',''N''-dimethylation of tryptamine using [[formaldehyde]] followed by reduction with [[sodium cyanoborohydride]] or [[sodium triacetoxyborohydride]]. [[Sodium borohydride]] can be used but requires a larger excess of reagents and lower temperatures due to it having a higher selectivity for carbonyl groups as opposed to [[imines]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bosch J, Roca T, Armengol M, Fernández-Forner D |title=Synthesis of 5-(sulfamoylmethyl)indoles |journal=Tetrahedron |date=4 February 2001 |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=1041–1048 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4020(00)01091-7 }}</ref>  Procedures using sodium cyanoborohydride and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (presumably created ''in situ'' from cyanoborohydride though this may not be the case due to the presence of water or [[methanol]]) also result in the creation of cyanated tryptamine and [[Beta-carboline|''beta''-carboline]] byproducts of unknown toxicity while using sodium borohydride in absence of acid does not.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brandt SD, Moore SA, Freeman S, Kanu AB | title = Characterization of the synthesis of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine by reductive amination using gas chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry | journal = Drug Testing and Analysis | volume = 2 | issue = 7 | pages = 330–338 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20648523 | doi = 10.1002/dta.142 }}</ref> Bufotenine, a plant extract, can also be synthesized into DMT.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moreira LA, Murta MM, Gatto CC, Fagg CW, dos Santos ML | title = Concise synthesis of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine starting with bufotenine from Brazilian Anadenanthera ssp | journal = Natural Product Communications | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 581–584 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25973481 | doi = 10.1177/1934578X1501000411 | s2cid = 34076965 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Alternatively, an excess of [[methyl iodide]] or [[Methyl p-toluenesulfonate|methyl ''p''-toluenesulfonate]] and [[sodium carbonate]] can be used to over-methylate tryptamine, resulting in the creation of a [[quaternary ammonium salt]], which is then dequaternized (demethylated) in [[ethanolamine]] to yield DMT. The same two-step procedure is used to synthesize other ''N'',''N''-dimethylated compounds, such as 5-MeO-DMT.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hyperlab.info/inv/index.php?lang=en&act=ST&f=17&t=913&st=120 | title=Hyperlab.info -> Мелатонин и 5-MeO-DMT | access-date=2023-09-27 | archive-date=2023-09-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010145/https://hyperlab.info/inv/index.php?lang=en&act=ST&f=17&t=913&st=120 | url-status=live }}</ref>
===Clandestine manufacture===
[[File:Dmt1234.jpg|right|thumb|DMT during various stages of purification]]
In a clandestine setting, DMT is not typically synthesized due to the lack of availability of the starting materials, namely [[tryptamine]] and [[oxalyl chloride]]. Instead, it is more often extracted from plant sources using a nonpolar hydrocarbon solvent such as [[naphtha]] or [[heptane]], and a [[Base (chemistry)|base]] such as [[sodium hydroxide]].{{cn | date = June 2023}}
Alternatively, an [[acid–base extraction]] is sometimes used instead.
A variety of plants contain DMT at sufficient levels for being viable sources,<ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /> but specific plants such as ''[[Mimosa tenuiflora]], [[Acacia acuminata]]'' and ''[[Acacia confusa]]'' are most often used.
The chemicals involved in the extraction are commonly available. The plant material may be illegal to procure in some countries. The end product (DMT) is illegal in most countries.
===Evidence in mammals===
Published in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' in 1961, [[Julius Axelrod]] found an ''N''-[[methyltransferase]] enzyme capable of mediating biotransformation of tryptamine into DMT in a rabbit's lung.<ref name="pmid13685339" /> This finding initiated a still ongoing scientific interest in endogenous DMT production in humans and other mammals.<ref name="pmid779022" /><ref name="pmid16095048">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kärkkäinen J, Forsström T, Tornaeus J, Wähälä K, Kiuru P, Honkanen A, Stenman UH, Turpeinen U, Hesso A | title = Potentially hallucinogenic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor ligands bufotenine and dimethyltryptamine in blood and tissues | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 189–199 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 16095048 | doi = 10.1080/00365510510013604 | s2cid = 20005294 }}</ref> From then on, two major complementary lines of evidence have been investigated: localization and further characterization of the ''N''-methyltransferase enzyme, and [[Analytical chemistry|analytical studies]] looking for endogenously produced DMT in body fluids and tissues.<ref name="pmid779022" />
In 2013, researchers reported DMT in the [[pineal gland]] [[microdialysis|microdialysate]] of rodents.<ref name="pmid23881860">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barker SA, Borjigin J, Lomnicka I, Strassman R | title = LC/MS/MS analysis of the endogenous dimethyltryptamine hallucinogens, their precursors, and major metabolites in rat pineal gland microdialysate | journal = Biomedical Chromatography | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | pages = 1690–1700 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 23881860 | doi = 10.1002/bmc.2981 | url = https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/101767/1/bmc2981.pdf | hdl = 2027.42/101767 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 2018-04-20 | archive-date = 2024-05-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240526042116/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/101767/1/bmc2981.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
A study published in 2014 reported the biosynthesis of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the human melanoma cell line SK-Mel-147 including details on its metabolism by peroxidases.<ref name="pmid24508833">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gomes MM, Coimbra JB, Clara RO, Dörr FA, Moreno AC, Chagas JR, Tufik S, Pinto E, Catalani LH, Campa A | title = Biosynthesis of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in a melanoma cell line and its metabolization by peroxidases | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 88 | issue = 3 | pages = 393–401 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24508833 | doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.035 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
It is assumed that more than half of the amount of DMT produced by the acidophilic cells of the pineal gland is secreted before and during death,{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} the amount being 2.5–3.4&nbsp;mg/kg. However, this claim by Strassman has been criticized by David Nichols who notes that DMT does not appear to be produced in any meaningful amount by the pineal gland. Removal or calcification of the pineal gland does not induce any of the symptoms caused by removal of DMT. The symptoms presented are consistent solely with reduction in melatonin, which is the pineal gland's known function. Nichols instead suggests that dynorphin and other endorphins are responsible for the reported euphoria experienced by patients during a [[near-death experience]].<ref name= "pmid29095071">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nichols, DE | title = ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine and the pineal gland: Separating fact from myth | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–36 | date = Nov 2017 |pmid =29095071 |doi = 10.1177/0269881117736919 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
In 2014, researchers demonstrated the [[Immunomodulation|immunomodulatory]] potential of DMT and [[5-MeO-DMT]] through the [[Sigma-1 receptor]] of human immune cells. This immunomodulatory activity may contribute to significant anti-inflammatory effects and tissue regeneration.<ref name="pmid25171370">{{cite journal | vauthors = Szabo A, Kovacs A, Frecska E, Rajnavolgyi E | title = Psychedelic ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine modulate innate and adaptive inflammatory responses through the sigma-1 receptor of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 8 | pages = e106533 | date = 29 August 2014 | pmid = 25171370 | pmc = 4149582 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0106533 | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...9j6533S | doi-access = free }}</ref>
====Endogenous DMT====
''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a psychedelic compound identified endogenously in mammals, is biosynthesized by aromatic {{sc|L}}-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and indolethylamine-''N''-methyltransferase (INMT). Studies have investigated brain expression of INMT transcript in rats and humans, coexpression of INMT and AADC mRNA in rat brain and periphery, and brain concentrations of DMT in rats. INMT transcripts were identified in the cerebral cortex, pineal gland, and choroid plexus of both rats and humans via ''in situ'' hybridization. Notably, INMT mRNA was colocalized with AADC transcript in rat brain tissues, in contrast to rat peripheral tissues where there existed little overlapping expression of INMT with AADC transcripts. Additionally, extracellular concentrations of DMT in the cerebral cortex of normal behaving rats, with or without the pineal gland, were similar to those of canonical monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin. A significant increase of DMT levels in the rat visual cortex was observed following induction of experimental cardiac arrest, a finding independent of an intact pineal gland. These results show for the first time that the rat brain is capable of synthesizing and releasing DMT at concentrations comparable to known monoamine neurotransmitters and raise the possibility that this phenomenon may occur similarly in human brains.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dean JG, Liu T, Huff S, Sheler B, Barker SA, Strassman RJ, Wang MM, Borjigin J | title = Biosynthesis and Extracellular Concentrations of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Mammalian Brain | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 9333 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31249368 | pmc = 6597727 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-45812-w | bibcode = 2019NatSR...9.9333D }}</ref>
The first claimed detection of [[Endogeny (biology)|endogenous]] DMT in mammals was published in June 1965: German researchers F. Franzen and H. Gross report to have evidenced and quantified DMT, along with its [[structural analog]] bufotenin (5-HO-DMT), in human blood and urine.<ref name="pmid5839067">{{cite journal | vauthors = Franzen F, Gross H | title = Tryptamine, ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine, ''N'',''N''-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-methoxytryptamine in human blood and urine | journal = Nature | volume = 206 | issue = 988 | pages = 1052 | date = June 1965 | pmid = 5839067 | doi = 10.1038/2061052a0 | quote = After the elaboration of sufficiently selective and quantitative procedures, which are discussed elsewhere, we were able to study the occurrence of tryptamine, ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine, ''N'',''N''-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in normal human blood and urine. [...] In 11 of 37 probands ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine was demonstrated in blood (...). In the urine 42.95&nbsp;±&nbsp;8.6&nbsp;μg of dimethyltryptamine/24&nbsp;h were excreted. | bibcode = 1965Natur.206.1052F | s2cid = 4226040 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In an article published four months later, the method used in their study was strongly criticized, and the credibility of their results challenged.<ref name="pmid5860629">{{cite journal | vauthors = Siegel M | title = A sensitive method for the detection of ''N'',''N''-dimethylserotonin (bufotenin) in urine; failure to demonstrate its presence in the urine of schizophrenic and normal subjects | journal = Journal of Psychiatric Research | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 205–211 | date = October 1965 | pmid = 5860629 | doi = 10.1016/0022-3956(65)90030-0 }}</ref>
Few of the analytical methods used prior to 2001 to measure levels of endogenously formed DMT had enough sensitivity and selectivity to produce reliable results.<ref name="pmid11232854">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barker SA, Littlefield-Chabaud MA, David C | title = Distribution of the hallucinogens ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine in rat brain following intraperitoneal injection: application of a new solid-phase extraction LC-APcI-MS-MS-isotope dilution method | journal = Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Sciences and Applications | volume = 751 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–47 | date = February 2001 | pmid = 11232854 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-4347(00)00442-4 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11763413">{{cite journal | vauthors = Forsström T, Tuominen J, Karkkäinen J | title = Determination of potentially hallucinogenic N-dimethylated indoleamines in human urine by HPLC/ESI-MS-MS | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation | volume = 61 | issue = 7 | pages = 547–556 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11763413 | doi = 10.1080/003655101753218319 | s2cid = 218987277 }}</ref> [[Gas chromatography]], preferably coupled to [[mass spectrometry]] ([[GC-MS]]), is considered a minimum requirement.<ref name="pmid11763413" /> A study published in 2005<ref name="pmid16095048" /> implements the most sensitive and selective method ever used to measure endogenous DMT:<ref name="pmid20523750">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shen HW, Jiang XL, Yu AM | title = Development of a LC-MS/MS method to analyze 5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine and bufotenine, and application to pharmacokinetic study | journal = Bioanalysis | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–95 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 20523750 | pmc = 2879651 | doi = 10.4155/bio.09.7 }}</ref> [[High-performance liquid chromatography|liquid chromatography]]–[[tandem mass spectrometry]] with [[electrospray ionization]] (LC-ESI-MS/MS) allows for reaching limits of detection (LODs) 12 to 200 fold lower than those attained by the best methods employed in the 1970s. The data summarized in the table below are from studies conforming to the abovementioned requirements (abbreviations used: CSF = [[cerebrospinal fluid]]; LOD = [[limit of detection]]; ''n'' = number of samples; ng/L and ng/kg = nanograms (10<sup>−9</sup> g) per litre, and nanograms per kilogram, respectively):
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width:70%;"
|+ align="bottom" | '''DMT''' in body fluids and tissues ''(NB: units have been harmonized)''
! style="background:azure; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;" | Species
! style="background:azure; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:60px;" | Sample
! style="background:azure; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:400px;" | Results
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:oldLace; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:30px;" | Human
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace; width:60px;" | [[Blood serum]]
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace; width:400px;" | < LOD (''n'' = 66)<ref name="pmid16095048" />
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace; width:60px;" | [[Blood plasma]]
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace; width:400px;" | < LOD (''n'' = 71)<ref name="pmid16095048" /> &nbsp;♦&nbsp; < LOD (''n'' = 38); 1,000 & 10,600&nbsp;ng/L (''n'' = 2)<ref name="pmid4517484">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wyatt RJ, Mandel LR, Ahn HS, Walker RW, Vanden Heuvel WJ | title = Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric isotope dilution determination of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine concentrations in normals and psychiatric patients | journal = Psychopharmacologia | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 265–270 | date = July 1973 | pmid = 4517484 | doi = 10.1007/BF00422516 | s2cid = 42469897 }}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace; width:60px;" | Whole blood
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace; width:400px;" | < LOD (''n'' = 20); 50–790&nbsp;ng/L (''n'' = 20)<ref name="pmid803203">{{cite journal | vauthors = Angrist B, Gershon S, Sathananthan G, Walker RW, López-Ramos B, Mandel LR, Vandenheuvel WJ | title = Dimethyltryptamine levels in blood of schizophrenic patients and control subjects | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–32 | date = May 1976 | pmid = 803203 | doi = 10.1007/BF00428697 | s2cid = 5850801 }}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace; width:60px;" | Urine
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace; width:400px;" | < 100&nbsp;ng/L (''n'' = 9)<ref name="pmid16095048" /> &nbsp;♦&nbsp; < LOD (''n'' = 60); 160–540&nbsp;ng/L (''n'' = 5)<ref name="pmid11763413" /> &nbsp;♦&nbsp; Detected in ''n'' = 10 by GC-MS<ref name="pmid271509">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oon MC, Rodnight R | title = A gas chromatographic procedure for determining N, N-dimethyltryptamine and N-monomethyltryptamine in urine using a nitrogen detector | journal = Biochemical Medicine | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 410–419 | date = December 1977 | pmid = 271509 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2944(77)90077-1 }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace;"
| style="width:60px;" | Feces
| style="width:400px;" | < 50&nbsp;ng/kg (n&nbsp;= 12); 130&nbsp;ng/kg (''n'' = 1)<ref name="pmid16095048" />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace;"
| style="width:60px;" | Kidney
| style="width:400px;" | 15&nbsp;ng/kg (''n'' = 1)<ref name="pmid16095048" />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace;"
| style="width:60px;" | Lung
| style="width:400px;" | 14&nbsp;ng/kg (''n'' = 1)<ref name="pmid16095048" />
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace; width:60px;" | [[Lumbar puncture|Lumbar]] CSF
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:oldLace; width:400px;" | 100,370&nbsp;ng/L (''n'' = 1); 2,330–7,210&nbsp;ng/L (''n'' = 3); 350 & 850&nbsp;ng/L (''n'' = 2)<ref name="pmid289421">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smythies JR, Morin RD, Brown GB | title = Identification of dimethyltryptamine and O-methylbufotenin in human cerebrospinal fluid by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 549–556 | date = June 1979 | pmid = 289421 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" style="background:#dcdcdc; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:30px;" | Rat
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:#dcdcdc; width:60px;" | Kidney
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:#dcdcdc; width:400px;" | 12 &amp; 16&nbsp;ng/kg (''n'' = 2)<ref name="pmid16095048" />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; background:#dcdcdc;"
| style="width:60px;" | Lung
| style="width:400px;" | 22 & 12&nbsp;ng/kg (''n'' = 2)<ref name="pmid16095048" />
|- style="vertical-align:middle; background:#dcdcdc;"
| style="width:60px;" | Liver
| style="width:400px;" | 6 & 10&nbsp;ng/kg (''n'' = 2)<ref name="pmid16095048" />
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:#dcdcdc; width:60px;" | Brain
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:#dcdcdc; width:400px;" | 10 &amp; 15&nbsp;ng/kg (''n'' = 2)<ref name="pmid16095048" /> &nbsp;♦ &nbsp;Measured in [[Synaptic vesicle|synaptic vesicular]] [[Fractionation|fraction]]<ref name="pmid20877">{{cite journal | vauthors = Christian ST, Harrison R, Quayle E, Pagel J, Monti J | title = The in vitro identification of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in mammalian brain and its characterization as a possible endogenous neuroregulatory agent | journal = Biochemical Medicine | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 164–183 | date = October 1977 | pmid = 20877 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2944(77)90088-6 }}</ref>
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; background:honeyDew; width:30px;" | Rabbit
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:honeyDew; width:60px;" | Liver
| style="vertical-align:middle; background:honeyDew; width:400px;" | < 10&nbsp;ng/kg (''n'' = 1)<ref name="pmid16095048" />
|}
A 2013 study found DMT in [[Microdialysis|microdialysate]] obtained from a rat's pineal gland, providing evidence of endogenous DMT in the mammalian brain.<ref name="pmid23881860" /> In 2019 experiments showed that the rat brain is capable of synthesizing and releasing DMT. These results raise the possibility that this phenomenon may occur similarly in human brains.<ref name = "Dean_2019" />
===Detection in body fluids===
DMT may be measured in blood, plasma or urine using chromatographic techniques as a diagnostic tool in clinical poisoning situations or to aid in the medicolegal investigation of suspicious deaths. In general, blood or plasma DMT levels in recreational users of the drug are in the 10–30 μg/L range during the first several hours post-ingestion.{{Citation needed|reason=Such precise values range needs one or more reliable sources|date=January 2012}} Less than 0.1% of an oral dose is eliminated unchanged in the 24-hour urine of humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Callaway JC, Raymon LP, Hearn WL, McKenna DJ, Grob CS, Brito GS, Mash DC | title = Quantitation of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids in human plasma after oral dosing with ayahuasca | journal = Journal of Analytical Toxicology | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 492–497 | date = October 1996 | pmid = 8889686 | doi = 10.1093/jat/20.6.492 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Baselt R | title = Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man | edition = 9th | publisher = Biomedical Publications | location = Seal Beach, CA | date = 2011 | pages = 525–526 | isbn = 978-0-9626523-8-7 }}</ref>{{Clarify|date=March 2014|reason=unclear language, eliminated unchanged?}}
====INMT====
Before techniques of [[molecular biology]] were used to localize [[indolethylamine N-methyltransferase|indolethylamine ''N''-methyltransferase]] (INMT),<ref name="pmid9852119" /><ref name="pmid10552930" /> characterization and localization went on a par: samples of the biological material where INMT is hypothesized to be active are subject to [[enzyme assay]]. Those enzyme assays are performed either with a radiolabeled methyl donor like (<sup>14</sup>C-CH<sub>3</sub>)SAM to which known amounts of unlabeled substrates like tryptamine are added<ref name="pmid779022" /> or with addition of a radiolabeled substrate like (<sup>14</sup>C)NMT to demonstrate [[in vivo]] formation.<ref name="pmid6792104" /><ref name="pmid14361" /> As qualitative determination of the radioactively tagged product of the enzymatic reaction is sufficient to characterize INMT existence and activity (or lack of), analytical methods used in INMT assays are not required to be as sensitive as those needed to directly detect and quantify the minute amounts of endogenously formed DMT. The essentially qualitative method [[thin layer chromatography]] (TLC) was thus used in a vast majority of studies.<ref name="pmid779022" /> Also, robust evidence that INMT can catalyze transmethylation of tryptamine into NMT and DMT could be provided with [[Isotopic dilution|reverse isotope dilution analysis]] coupled to [[mass spectrometry]] for rabbit<ref name="pmid5150167">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mandel LR, Rosenzweig S, Kuehl FA | title = Purification and substrate specificity of indoleamine-''N''-methyl transferase | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 712–716 | date = March 1971 | pmid = 5150167 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90158-4 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1056183">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin R, Narasimhachari N | title = ''N''-Methylation of 1-methyltryptamines by indolethylamine ''N''-methyltransferase | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 24 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 1239–1240 | date = June 1975 | pmid = 1056183 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(75)90071-4 }}</ref> and human<ref name="pmid5034200">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mandel LR, Ahn HS, VandenHeuvel WJ | title = Indoleamine-''N''-methyl transferase in human lung | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 21 | issue = 8 | pages = 1197–1200 | date = April 1972 | pmid = 5034200 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(72)90113-X }}</ref> lung during the early 1970s.
Selectivity rather than sensitivity proved to be a challenge for some TLC methods with the discovery in 1974–1975 that incubating rat blood cells or brain tissue with (<sup>14</sup>C-CH<sub>3</sub>)SAM and NMT as substrate mostly yields tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives,<ref name="pmid779022" /><ref name="pmid6792104" /><ref name="pmid1067427">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosengarten H, Meller E, Freidhoff AJ | title = Possible source of error in studies of enzymatic formation of dimethyltryptamine | journal = Journal of Psychiatric Research | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 23–30 | year = 1976 | pmid = 1067427 | doi = 10.1016/0022-3956(76)90006-6 }}</ref> and negligible amounts of DMT in brain tissue.<ref name="pmid779022" /> It is indeed simultaneously realized that the TLC methods used thus far in almost all published studies on INMT and DMT biosynthesis are incapable to resolve DMT from those tetrahydro-β-carbolines.<ref name="pmid779022" /> These findings are a blow for all previous claims of evidence of INMT activity and DMT biosynthesis in avian<ref name="pmid5793241">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morgan M, Mandell AJ | title = Indole(ethyl)amine ''N''-methyltransferase in the brain | journal = Science | volume = 165 | issue = 3892 | pages = 492–493 | date = August 1969 | pmid = 5793241 | doi = 10.1126/science.165.3892.492 | bibcode = 1969Sci...165..492M | s2cid = 43317224 }}</ref> and mammalian brain,<ref name="pmid5279043">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mandell AJ, Morgan M | title = Indole(ethyl)amine ''N''-methyltransferase in human brain | journal = Nature | volume = 230 | issue = 11 | pages = 85–87 | date = March 1971 | pmid = 5279043 | doi = 10.1038/newbio230085a0 }}</ref><ref name="pmid4703789">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saavedra JM, Coyle JT, Axelrod J | title = The distribution and properties of the nonspecific ''N''-methyltransferase in brain | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 743–752 | date = March 1973 | pmid = 4703789 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb00035.x | s2cid = 42038762 }}</ref> including [[in vivo]],<ref name="pmid5059565">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saavedra JM, Axelrod J | title = Psychotomimetic ''N''-methylated tryptamines: formation in brain in vivo and in vitro | journal = Science | volume = 175 | issue = 4028 | pages = 1365–1366 | date = March 1972 | pmid = 5059565 | doi = 10.1126/science.175.4028.1365 | url = http://crfdl.org:1111/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/392/1733285.pdf?sequence=1 | format = PDF | bibcode = 1972Sci...175.1365S | s2cid = 30864349 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="pmid4725358">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu PH, Boulton AA | title = Distribution and metabolism of tryptamine in rat brain | journal = Canadian Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 51 | issue = 7 | pages = 1104–1112 | date = July 1973 | pmid = 4725358 | doi = 10.1139/o73-144 }}</ref> as they all relied upon use of the problematic TLC methods:<ref name="pmid779022" /> their validity is doubted in replication studies that make use of improved TLC methods, and fail to evidence DMT-producing INMT activity in rat and human brain tissues.<ref name="pmid963555">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boarder MR, Rodnight R | title = Tryptamine-''N''-methyltransferase activity in brain tissue: a re-examination | journal = Brain Research | volume = 114 | issue = 2 | pages = 359–364 | date = September 1976 | pmid = 963555 | doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90680-6 | s2cid = 36334101 }}</ref><ref name="pmid823298">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gomes UR, Neethling AC, Shanley BC | title = Enzymatic N-methylation of indoleamines by mammalian brain: fact or artefact? | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 701–705 | date = September 1976 | pmid = 823298 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb10397.x | s2cid = 6043841 }}</ref> Published in 1978, the last study attempting to evidence [[in vivo]] INMT activity and DMT production in brain (rat) with TLC methods finds biotransformation of radiolabeled tryptamine into DMT to be real but "insignificant".<ref name="pmid279646">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stramentinoli G, Baldessarini RJ | title = Lack of enhancement of dimethyltryptamine formation in rat brain and rabbit lung in vivo by methionine or ''S''-adenosylmethionine | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 1015–1020 | date = October 1978 | pmid = 279646 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb00141.x | s2cid = 26099031 }}</ref> Capability of the method used in this latter study to resolve DMT from tetrahydro-β-carbolines is questioned later.<ref name="pmid6792104"/>
To localize INMT, a qualitative leap is accomplished with use of modern techniques of [[molecular biology]], and of [[immunohistochemistry]]. In humans, a gene encoding INMT is determined to be located on [[Chromosome 7 (human)|chromosome 7]].<ref name="pmid10552930" /> [[Northern blot|Northern blot analyses]] reveal INMT [[messenger RNA]] (mRNA) to be highly expressed in rabbit lung,<ref name="pmid9852119" /> and in human [[thyroid]], [[adrenal gland]], and lung.<ref name="pmid10552930" /><ref name="UniProtO95050">{{cite web|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O95050|title=INMT – Indolethylamine ''N''-methyltransferase – ''Homo sapiens'' (Human) – INMT gene & protein|website=Uniprot.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2018-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920111803/https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O95050|url-status=live}}</ref> Intermediate levels of expression are found in human heart, skeletal muscle, trachea, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, testis, prostate, placenta, [[lymph node]], and spinal cord.<ref name="pmid10552930" /><ref name="UniProtO95050" /> Low to very low levels of expression are noted in rabbit brain,<ref name="pmid10552930" /> and human [[thymus]], liver, [[spleen]], kidney, colon, ovary, and [[bone marrow]].<ref name="pmid10552930" /><ref name="UniProtO95050" /> INMT mRNA expression is absent in human peripheral blood [[White blood cell|leukocytes]], whole brain, and in tissue from seven specific brain regions (thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, amygdala, substantia nigra, and corpus callosum).<ref name="pmid10552930" /><ref name="UniProtO95050" /> [[Immunohistochemistry]] showed INMT to be present in large amounts in [[Goblet cell|glandular epithelial cells]] of small and large intestines. In 2011, immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of INMT in primate nervous tissue including retina, spinal cord motor neurons, and pineal gland.<ref name="Cozzi N.V., Mavlyutov T.A., Thompson M.A., Ruoho A.E. 2011 840.19">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cozzi NV, Mavlyutov TA, Thompson MA, Ruoho AE | title = Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase expression in primate nervous tissue. | journal = Society for Neuroscience Abstracts | date = 2011 | volume = 37 | pages = 840.19 |url=http://www.neurophys.wisc.edu/~cozzi/Indolethylamine%20N-methyltransferase%20expression%20in%20primate%20nervous%20tissue.pdf |access-date=20 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913184820/http://www.neurophys.wisc.edu/~cozzi/Indolethylamine%20N-methyltransferase%20expression%20in%20primate%20nervous%20tissue.pdf|archive-date=13 September 2012|url-status=dead }}</ref> A 2020 study using [[in-situ hybridization]], a far more accurate tool than the northern blot analysis, found mRNA coding for INMT expressed in the human cerebral cortex, choroid plexus, and pineal gland.<ref name = "Dean_2019" />
==Pharmacology==
===Pharmacodynamics===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:small;"
|+ {{Nowrap|Activities of DMT}}
|-
! [[Biological target|Target]] !! [[Affinity (pharmacology)|Affinity]] (K<sub>i</sub>, nM)
|-
| [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub>]]
| 75–>10,000 (K<sub>i</sub>)<br />75–>10,000 ({{Abbrlink|EC<sub>50</sub>|Half-maximal effective concentration}})<br />97–100% ({{Abbrlink|E<sub>max</sub>|Maximal efficacy}})
|-
| [[5-HT1B receptor|5-HT<sub>1B</sub>]]
| 129–>10,000
|-
| [[5-HT1D receptor|5-HT<sub>1D</sub>]]
| 39–270
|-
| [[5-HT1E receptor|5-HT<sub>1E</sub>]]
| 456–517
|-
| [[5-HT1F receptor|5-HT<sub>1F</sub>]]
| {{Abbr|ND|No data}}
|-
| [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]]
| 53–2323 (K<sub>i</sub>)<br />22–983 ({{Abbr|EC<sub>50</sub>|half-maximal effective concentration}})<br />23–105% ({{Abbr|E<sub>max</sub>|Maximal efficacy}})
|-
| [[5-HT2B receptor|5-HT<sub>2B</sub>]]
| 101–184 (K<sub>i</sub>)<br />3,400 ({{Abbrlink|EC<sub>50</sub>|Half-maximal effective concentration}})
|-
| [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT<sub>2C</sub>]]
| 33–424 (K<sub>i</sub>)<br />49–104 ({{Abbr|EC<sub>50</sub>|half-maximal effective concentration}})<br />85–98% ({{Abbr|E<sub>max</sub>|Maximal efficacy}})
|-
| [[5-HT3 receptor|5-HT<sub>3</sub>]]
| >10,000
|-
| [[5-HT5A receptor|5-HT<sub>5A</sub>]]
| 611–2,135
|-
| [[5-HT6 receptor|5-HT<sub>6</sub>]]
| 68–487
|-
| [[5-HT7 receptor|5-HT<sub>7</sub>]]
| 88–206
|-
| [[Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor|α<sub>1A</sub>]]
| 1,300–1,745
|-
| [[Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor|α<sub>1B</sub>]]
| 974
|-
| [[Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2A</sub>]]
| 1,561–2,100
|-
| [[Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2B</sub>]]
| 258
|-
| [[Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2C</sub>]]
| 259
|-
| [[Beta-1 adrenergic receptor|β<sub>1</sub>]]–[[Beta-2 adrenergic receptor|β<sub>2</sub>]]
| >10,000
|-
| [[Dopamine receptor D1|D<sub>1</sub>]]
| 271–6,000
|-
| [[Dopamine receptor D2|D<sub>2</sub>]]
| 3,000–>10,000
|-
| [[Dopamine receptor D3|D<sub>3</sub>]]
| 6,300–>10,000
|-
| [[Dopamine receptor D4|D<sub>4</sub>]]
| >10,000
|-
| [[Dopamine receptor D5|D<sub>5</sub>]]
| >10,000
|-
| [[Histamine H1 receptor|H<sub>1</sub>]]
| 220
|-
| [[Histamine H2 receptor|H<sub>2</sub>]]–[[Histamine H4 receptor|H<sub>4</sub>]]
| >10,000
|-
| [[Muscarinic acetylcholine M1 receptor|M<sub>1</sub>]]–[[Muscarinic acetylcholine M5 receptor|M<sub>5</sub>]]
| >10,000
|-
| [[TAAR1|TAAR<sub>1</sub>]]
| 2,200–3,300 (rodent)
|-
| [[Sigma-1 receptor|σ<sub>1</sub>]]
| 5,209
|-
| [[Sigma-2 receptor|σ<sub>2</sub>]]
| >10,000
|-
| [[Imidazoline I1 receptor|I<sub>1</sub>]]
| 650
|-
| {{Abbrlink|SERT|Serotonin transporter}}
| 3,742–6,000 (K<sub>i</sub>)<br />3,100 ({{Abbrlink|IC<sub>50</sub>|Half-maximal inhibitory concentration}})<br />114 ({{Abbr|EC<sub>50</sub>|Half-maximal effective concentration}})
|-
| {{Abbrlink|NET|Norepinephrine transporter}}
| 6,500–>10,000 (K<sub>i</sub>)<br />3,900 ({{Abbr|IC<sub>50</sub>|Half-maximal inhibitory concentration}})<br />4,166 ({{Abbr|EC<sub>50</sub>|Half-maximal effective concentration}})
|-
| {{Abbrlink|DAT|Dopamine transporter}}
| >10,000–22,000 (K<sub>i</sub>)<br />52,000 ({{Abbr|IC<sub>50</sub>|Half-maximal inhibitory concentration}})<br />>10,000 ({{Abbr|EC<sub>50</sub>|Half-maximal effective concentration}})
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="2" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;" | '''Notes:''' The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. Proteins human unless otherwise specified. '''Refs:''' <ref name="PDSPKiDatabase">{{cite web | title=PDSP Database | website=UNC | url=https://pdspdb.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?testDDRadio=testDDRadio&testLigandDD=1271&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query | language=zu | access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="BindingDB">{{cite web | last=Liu | first=Tiqing | title=BindingDB BDBM50026868 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine::2-(3-indolyl)ethyldimethylamine::3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)indole::3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]indole::CHEMBL12420::DMT::N,N-dimethyl-1H-indole-3-ethylamine::N,N-dimethyltryptamine::US20240166618, Compound DMT::WO2023019367, Compound DMT | website=BindingDB | url=https://www.bindingdb.org/rwd/bind/chemsearch/marvin/MolStructure.jsp?monomerid=50026868 | access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="CameronOlson2018" /><ref name="RickliMoningHoener2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rickli A, Moning OD, Hoener MC, Liechti ME | title = Receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens | journal = European Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 26 | issue = 8 | pages = 1327–1337 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27216487 | doi = 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001 | s2cid = 6685927 | url = http://edoc.unibas.ch/53326/1/20170117174852_587e4af45b658.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Ray2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ray TS | title = Psychedelics and the human receptorome | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = e9019 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20126400 | pmc = 2814854 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0009019 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2010PLoSO...5.9019R | url = }}</ref><ref name="BloughLandavazoDecker2014" /><ref name="KozellEshlemanSwanson2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kozell LB, Eshleman AJ, Swanson TL, Bloom SH, Wolfrum KM, Schmachtenberg JL, Olson RJ, Janowsky A, Abbas AI | title = Pharmacologic Activity of Substituted Tryptamines at 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A Receptor (5-HT2AR), 5-HT2CR, 5-HT1AR, and Serotonin Transporter | journal = J Pharmacol Exp Ther | volume = 385 | issue = 1 | pages = 62–75 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 36669875 | pmc = 10029822 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.122.001454 | url = }}</ref>
|}
DMT binds non-[[binding selectivity|selectively]] with [[affinity (pharmacology)|affinities]] below 0.6&nbsp;μmol/L to the following [[serotonin receptor]]s: [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub>]],<ref name="pmid19881490">{{cite journal | vauthors = Keiser MJ, Setola V, Irwin JJ, Laggner C, Abbas AI, Hufeisen SJ, Jensen NH, Kuijer MB, Matos RC, Tran TB, Whaley R, Glennon RA, Hert J, Thomas KL, Edwards DD, Shoichet BK, Roth BL | title = Predicting new molecular targets for known drugs | journal = Nature | volume = 462 | issue = 7270 | pages = 175–181 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19881490 | pmc = 2784146 | doi = 10.1038/nature08506 | bibcode = 2009Natur.462..175K }}</ref><ref name="pmid1828347">{{cite journal | vauthors = Deliganis AV, Pierce PA, Peroutka SJ | title = Differential interactions of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) with 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptors | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 41 | issue = 11 | pages = 1739–1744 | date = June 1991 | pmid = 1828347 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90178-8 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2540505">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pierce PA, Peroutka SJ | title = Hallucinogenic drug interactions with neurotransmitter receptor binding sites in human cortex | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 97 | issue = 1 | pages = 118–122 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2540505 | doi = 10.1007/BF00443425 | s2cid = 32936434 }}</ref> [[5-HT1B receptor|5-HT<sub>1B</sub>]],<ref name="pmid19881490" /><ref name="pmid20126400">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ray TS | title = Psychedelics and the human receptorome | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = e9019 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20126400 | pmc = 2814854 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0009019 | bibcode = 2010PLoSO...5.9019R | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[5-HT1D receptor|5-HT<sub>1D</sub>]],<ref name="pmid19881490" /><ref name="pmid2540505" /><ref name="pmid20126400" /> [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]],<ref name="pmid19881490" /><ref name="pmid2540505" /><ref name="pmid20126400" /><ref name="pmid9768567">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith RL, Canton H, Barrett RJ, Sanders-Bush E | title = Agonist properties of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine at serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptors | journal = Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 323–330 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 9768567 | doi = 10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00110-5 | s2cid = 27591297 | url = http://crfdl.org:1111/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/17/Agonist%20Properties%20of%20N,N-Dimethyltryptaminenext%20term%20at%20Ser.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[5-HT2B receptor|5-HT<sub>2B</sub>]],<ref name="pmid19881490" /><ref name="pmid20126400" /> [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT<sub>2C</sub>]],<ref name="pmid19881490" /><ref name="pmid20126400" /><ref name="pmid9768567" /> [[5-HT6 receptor|5-HT<sub>6</sub>]],<ref name="pmid19881490" /><ref name="pmid20126400" /> and [[5-HT7 receptor|5-HT<sub>7</sub>]].<ref name="pmid19881490" /><ref name="pmid20126400" /> An [[agonist]] action has been determined at 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>,<ref name="pmid1828347" /> 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>.<ref name="pmid19881490" /><ref name="pmid20126400" /><ref name="pmid9768567" /> Its [[intrinsic activity|efficacies]] at other serotonin receptors remain to be determined. Of special interest will be the determination of its efficacy at human 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor as two ''in vitro'' assays evidenced DMT's high affinity for this receptor: 0.108&nbsp;μmol/L<ref name="pmid20126400" /> and 0.184&nbsp;μmol/L.<ref name="pmid19881490" /> This may be of importance because chronic or frequent uses of serotonergic drugs showing preferential high affinity and clear agonism at 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor have been causally linked to [[valvular heart disease]].<ref name="pmid19505264">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothman RB, Baumann MH | title = Serotonergic drugs and valvular heart disease | journal = Expert Opinion on Drug Safety | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 317–329 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19505264 | pmc = 2695569 | doi = 10.1517/14740330902931524 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17202450">{{cite journal|author1-link=Bryan Roth | vauthors = Roth BL | title = Drugs and valvular heart disease | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 356 | issue = 1 | pages = 6–9 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17202450 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp068265 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Urban JD, Clarke WP, von Zastrow M, Nichols DE, Kobilka B, Weinstein H, Javitch JA, Roth BL, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Miller KJ, Spedding M, Mailman RB | title = Functional selectivity and classical concepts of quantitative pharmacology | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 320 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–13 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 16803859 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.106.104463 | s2cid = 447937 | url = https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/xs55mf307 | access-date = 2019-07-12 | archive-date = 2020-04-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200428163253/https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/xs55mf307 | url-status = live }}</ref>
It has also been shown to possess affinity for the [[dopamine]] [[D1 receptor|D<sub>1</sub>]], [[α1-adrenergic receptor|α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic]], [[α2-adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic]], [[Imidazoline receptor|imidazoline-1]], and [[sigma-1 receptor|σ<sub>1</sub>]] [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]].<ref name="pmid2540505" /><ref name="pmid20126400" /><ref name="pmid16962229">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burchett SA, Hicks TP | title = The mysterious trace amines: protean neuromodulators of synaptic transmission in mammalian brain | journal = Progress in Neurobiology | volume = 79 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 223–246 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16962229 | doi = 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.07.003 | s2cid = 10272684 | url = http://www.mimosahostilis.com/files/The%20mysterious%20trace%20amines%20%20protean%20neuromodulato.pdf | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all | oclc = 231983957 | archive-date = 1 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120201112618/http://www.mimosahostilis.com/files/The%20mysterious%20trace%20amines%20%20protean%20neuromodulato.pdf }}</ref> Converging lines of evidence established activation of the σ<sub>1</sub> receptor at concentrations of 50–100&nbsp;μmol/L.<ref name="pmid19213917">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fontanilla D, Johannessen M, Hajipour AR, Cozzi NV, Jackson MB, Ruoho AE | title = The hallucinogen ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous sigma-1 receptor regulator | journal = Science | volume = 323 | issue = 5916 | pages = 934–937 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19213917 | pmc = 2947205 | doi = 10.1126/science.1166127 | bibcode = 2009Sci...323..934F }}</ref> Its efficacies at the other receptor binding sites are unclear. It has also been shown ''in vitro'' to be a [[substrate (biochemistry)|substrate]] for the cell-surface [[serotonin transporter]] (SERT) expressed in human platelets, and the rat [[vesicular monoamine transporter 2]] (VMAT2), which was transiently expressed in [[fall armyworm]] Sf9 cells. DMT inhibited SERT-mediated serotonin uptake into platelets at an average concentration of 4.00 ± 0.70&nbsp;μmol/L and VMAT2-mediated serotonin uptake at an average concentration of 93 ± 6.8&nbsp;μmol/L.<ref name="pmid19756361">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cozzi NV, Gopalakrishnan A, Anderson LL, Feih JT, Shulgin AT, Daley PF, Ruoho AE | title = Dimethyltryptamine and other hallucinogenic tryptamines exhibit substrate behavior at the serotonin uptake transporter and the vesicle monoamine transporter | journal = Journal of Neural Transmission | volume = 116 | issue = 12 | pages = 1591–1599 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19756361 | doi = 10.1007/s00702-009-0308-8 | s2cid = 15928043 | url = http://www.neurophys.wisc.edu/~cozzi/Hallucinogenic%20tryptamines%20as%20SERT%20and%20VMAT2%20substrates.%20%20Cozzi.%20%20J.%20Neural%20Transm.,%20116,%201591-1599%20(2009).pdf | access-date = 20 November 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100617172010/http://www.neurophys.wisc.edu/~cozzi/Hallucinogenic%20tryptamines%20as%20SERT%20and%20VMAT2%20substrates.%20%20Cozzi.%20%20J.%20Neural%20Transm.,%20116,%201591-1599%20(2009).pdf | archive-date = 17 June 2010 }}</ref> In addition, DMT is a potent [[serotonin releasing agent]] with an {{Abbrlink|EC<sub>50</sub>|half-maximal effective concentration}} value of 114{{nbsp}}nM.<ref name="BloughLandavazoDecker2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blough BE, Landavazo A, Decker AM, Partilla JS, Baumann MH, Rothman RB | title = Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes | journal = Psychopharmacology (Berl) | volume = 231 | issue = 21 | pages = 4135–4144 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 24800892 | pmc = 4194234 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-014-3557-7 | url = }}</ref>
As with other so-called "classical hallucinogens",<ref name="nida1994">{{cite book | vauthors = Glennon RA | veditors = Lin GC, Glennon RA |title=Hallucinogens: An Update |chapter-url=http://crfdl.org:1111/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/288/hallucinogens%20an%20update.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725203539/http://crfdl.org:1111/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/288/hallucinogens%20an%20update.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-25 |url-status=live |series=NIDA Research Monograph Series |volume=146 |year=1994 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse |location=Rockville, MD |page=4 |chapter=Classical hallucinogens: an introductory overview}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a large part of DMT psychedelic effects can be attributed to a [[functionally selective]] activation of the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<ref name="pmid8297216" /><ref name="pmid19881490" /><ref name="pmid17977517">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fantegrossi WE, Murnane KS, Reissig CJ | title = The behavioral pharmacology of hallucinogens | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–33 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 17977517 | pmc = 2247373 | doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.018 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14761703">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nichols DE | title = Hallucinogens | journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 101 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–181 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14761703 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9875725">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vollenweider FX, Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen MF, Bäbler A, Vogel H, Hell D | title = Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action | journal = NeuroReport | volume = 9 | issue = 17 | pages = 3897–3902 | date = December 1998 | pmid = 9875725 | doi = 10.1097/00001756-199812010-00024 | s2cid = 37706068 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8788488">{{cite journal | vauthors = Strassman RJ | title = Human psychopharmacology of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine | journal = Behavioural Brain Research | volume = 73 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 121–124 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8788488 | doi = 10.1016/0166-4328(96)00081-2 | s2cid = 4047951 | url = http://crfdl.org:1111/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/373/Beh_Brain_Res_96.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="pmid6513725">{{cite journal | vauthors = Glennon RA, Titeler M, McKenney JD | title = Evidence for 5-HT<sub>2</sub> involvement in the mechanism of action of hallucinogenic agents | journal = Life Sciences | volume = 35 | issue = 25 | pages = 2505–2511 | date = December 1984 | pmid = 6513725 | doi = 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90436-3 }}</ref> DMT concentrations eliciting 50% of its maximal effect (half maximal effective concentration = [[EC50|EC<sub>50</sub>]]) at the human 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor ''in vitro'' are in the 0.118–0.983&nbsp;μmol/L range.<ref name="pmid19881490" /><ref name="pmid20126400" /><ref name="pmid9768567" /><ref name="pmid9023266">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roth BL, Choudhary MS, Khan N, Uluer AZ | title = High-affinity agonist binding is not sufficient for agonist efficacy at 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptors: evidence in favor of a modified ternary complex model | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 280 | issue = 2 | pages = 576–83 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9023266 | url = http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/280/2/576.full.pdf | access-date = 2010-11-29 | archive-date = 2024-05-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240526042118/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/280/2/576.full.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> This range of values coincides well with the range of concentrations measured in blood and plasma after administration of a fully psychedelic dose (see [[#Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetics]]).
DMT is one of the only psychedelics that isn't known to produce tolerance to its hallucinogenic effects.<ref name="Halberstadt2015" /><ref name="JiménezBouso2022" /> The lack of tolerance with DMT may be related to the fact that, unlike other psychedelics such as LSD and [[DOI (drug)|DOI]], DMT does not [[receptor downregulation|desensitize]] serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors ''[[in vitro]]''.<ref name="Halberstadt2015" /><ref name="SmithCantonBarrett1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith RL, Canton H, Barrett RJ, Sanders-Bush E | title = Agonist properties of N,N-dimethyltryptamine at serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors | journal = Pharmacol Biochem Behav | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 323–330 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 9768567 | doi = 10.1016/s0091-3057(98)00110-5 | url = }}</ref> This may be due to the fact that DMT is a [[biased agonist]] of the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor.<ref name="JiménezBouso2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jiménez JH, Bouso JC | title = Significance of mammalian N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): A 60-year-old debate | journal = J Psychopharmacol | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 905–919 | date = August 2022 | pmid = 35695604 | doi = 10.1177/02698811221104054 | url = }}</ref><ref name="BloughLandavazoDecker2014" /> More specifically, DMT activates the [[Gq protein|G<sub>q</sub>]] [[cell signaling|signaling pathway]] of the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor without significantly recruiting [[β-arrestin2]].<ref name="JiménezBouso2022" /><ref name="BloughLandavazoDecker2014" /> Activation of β-arrestin2 is linked to [[receptor downregulation]] and [[tachyphylaxis]].<ref name="JiménezBouso2022" /><ref name="BarksdaleDossFonzo2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barksdale BR, Doss MK, Fonzo GA, Nemeroff CB | title = The mechanistic divide in psychedelic neuroscience: An unbridgeable gap? | journal = Neurotherapeutics | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = e00322 | date = March 2024 | pmid = 38278658 | doi = 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00322 | pmc = 10963929 | url = }}</ref><ref name="WallachCaoCalkins2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wallach J, Cao AB, Calkins MM, Heim AJ, Lanham JK, Bonniwell EM, Hennessey JJ, Bock HA, Anderson EI, Sherwood AM, Morris H, de Klein R, Klein AK, Cuccurazzu B, Gamrat J, Fannana T, Zauhar R, Halberstadt AL, McCorvy JD | title = Identification of 5-HT2A receptor signaling pathways associated with psychedelic potential | journal = Nat Commun | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 8221 | date = December 2023 | pmid = 38102107 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-023-44016-1 | pmc = 10724237 | url = }}</ref> Similarly to DMT, [[5-MeO-DMT]] is a biased agonist of the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, with minimal β-arrestin2 recruitment, and likewise has been associated with little tolerance to its hallucinogenic effects.<ref name="ErmakovaDunbarRucker2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ermakova AO, Dunbar F, Rucker J, Johnson MW | title = A narrative synthesis of research with 5-MeO-DMT | journal = J Psychopharmacol | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 273–294 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 34666554 | doi = 10.1177/02698811211050543 | pmc = 8902691 | url = }}</ref><ref name="BloughLandavazoDecker2014" />
As DMT has been shown to have slightly better efficacy (EC<sub>50</sub>) at human serotonin 2C receptor than at the 2A receptor,<ref name="pmid20126400" /><ref name="pmid9768567" /> 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> is also likely implicated in DMT's overall effects.<ref name="pmid14761703" /><ref name="pmid20165943">{{cite journal | vauthors = Canal CE, Olaghere da Silva UB, Gresch PJ, Watt EE, Sanders-Bush E, Airey DC | title = The serotonin 2C receptor potently modulates the head-twitch response in mice induced by a phenethylamine hallucinogen | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 209 | issue = 2 | pages = 163–174 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20165943 | pmc = 2868321 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-010-1784-0 }}</ref> Other receptors such as 5-HT<sub>1A</sub><ref name="pmid2540505" /><ref name="pmid14761703" /><ref name="pmid8788488" /> and σ<sub>1</sub><ref name="pmid19213917" /><ref name="pmid19278957">{{cite journal | vauthors = Su TP, Hayashi T, Vaupel DB | title = When the endogenous hallucinogenic trace amine ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine meets the sigma-1 receptor | journal = Science Signaling | volume = 2 | issue = 61 | pages = pe12 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19278957 | pmc = 3155724 | doi = 10.1126/scisignal.261pe12 }}</ref> may also play a role.
In 2009, it was hypothesized that DMT may be an [[endogenous ligand]] for the σ<sub>1</sub> receptor.<ref name="pmid19213917" /><ref name="pmid19278957" /> The concentration of DMT needed for σ<sub>1</sub> activation ''in vitro'' (50–100&nbsp;μmol/L) is similar to the behaviorally active concentration measured in [[mouse brain]] of approximately 106&nbsp;μmol/L<ref name="pmid6798607">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morinan A, Collier JG | title = Effects of pargyline and SKF-525A on brain ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine concentrations and hyperactivity in mice | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–183 | year = 1981 | pmid = 6798607 | doi = 10.1007/BF00432184 | s2cid = 43576890 }}</ref> This is minimally 4 orders of magnitude higher than the average concentrations measured in rat brain tissue or human plasma under basal conditions (see [[#Endogenous DMT|Endogenous DMT]]), so σ<sub>1</sub> receptors are likely to be activated only under conditions of high local DMT concentrations. If DMT is stored in synaptic vesicles,<ref name="pmid19756361" /> such concentrations might occur during vesicular release. To illustrate, while the ''average'' concentration of serotonin in brain tissue is in the 1.5–4&nbsp;μmol/L range,<ref name="pmid20723248" /><ref name="pmid16146432" /> the concentration of serotonin in synaptic vesicles was measured at 270 mM.<ref name="pmid11086995">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bruns D, Riedel D, Klingauf J, Jahn R | title = Quantal release of serotonin | journal = Neuron | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 205–220 | date = October 2000 | pmid = 11086995 | doi = 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00097-0 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0029-D137-5 | s2cid = 6364237 }}</ref> Following vesicular release, the resulting concentration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft, to which serotonin receptors are exposed, is estimated to be about 300&nbsp;μmol/L. Thus, while ''in vitro'' receptor binding affinities, efficacies, and average concentrations in tissue or plasma are useful, they are not likely to predict DMT concentrations in the vesicles or at synaptic or intracellular receptors. Under these conditions, notions of receptor selectivity are moot, and it seems probable that most of the receptors identified as targets for DMT (see above) participate in producing its psychedelic effects.
In September 2020, an ''[[in vitro]]'' and ''[[in vivo]]'' study found that DMT present in the ayahuasca infusion promotes [[neurogenesis]], meaning it helps with generating [[Neuron|neurons]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morales García JA, Calleja Conde J, López Moreno JA, Alonso Gil S, Sanz San Cristobal M, Riba J, Pérez Castillo A | title = ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine compound found in the hallucinogenic tea ayahuasca, regulates adult neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo | journal = Translational Psychiatry | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 331 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32989216 | doi = 10.1038/s41398-020-01011-0 | pmc = 7522265 }}</ref>
===Pharmacokinetics===
DMT peak level concentrations (''C''<sub>max</sub>) measured in whole blood after intramuscular (IM) injection (0.7&nbsp;mg/kg, ''n'' = 11)<ref name="pmid4607811">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaplan J, Mandel LR, Stillman R, Walker RW, VandenHeuvel WJ, Gillin JC, Wyatt RJ | title = Blood and urine levels of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine following administration of psychoactive dosages to human subjects | journal = Psychopharmacologia | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 239–245 | year = 1974 | pmid = 4607811 | doi = 10.1007/BF00421376 | s2cid = 12346844 }}</ref> and in plasma following intravenous (IV) administration (0.4&nbsp;mg/kg, ''n'' = 10)<ref name="pmid8297216" /> of fully psychedelic doses are in the range of around 14 to 154&nbsp;μg/L and 32 to 204&nbsp;μg/L, respectively.
The corresponding [[molar concentration]]s of DMT are therefore in the range of 0.074–0.818&nbsp;μmol/L in whole blood and 0.170–1.08&nbsp;μmol in plasma. However, several studies have described active transport and accumulation of DMT into rat and dog brains following peripheral administration.<ref name="pmid6812592">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barker SA, Beaton JM, Christian ST, Monti JA, Morris PE | title = Comparison of the brain levels of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine and ''alpha'',''alpha'',''beta'',''beta''-tetradeutero-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine following intraperitoneal injection. The in vivo kinetic isotope effect | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 31 | issue = 15 | pages = 2513–2516 | date = August 1982 | pmid = 6812592 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90062-4 }}</ref><ref name="pmid41604">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sangiah S, Gomez MV, Domino EF | title = Accumulation of ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine in rat brain cortical slices | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 925–936 | date = December 1979 | pmid = 41604 }}</ref><ref name="pmid3472526">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sitaram BR, Lockett L, Talomsin R, Blackman GL, McLeod WR | title = In vivo metabolism of 5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine and ''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine in the rat | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 36 | issue = 9 | pages = 1509–1512 | date = May 1987 | pmid = 3472526 | doi = 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90118-3 }}</ref><ref name="pmid3866749">{{cite journal | vauthors = Takahashi T, Takahashi K, Ido T, Yanai K, Iwata R, Ishiwata K, Nozoe S | title = <sup>11</sup>C-labeling of indolealkylamine alkaloids and the comparative study of their tissue distributions | journal = The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes | volume = 36 | issue = 12 | pages = 965–969 | date = December 1985 | pmid = 3866749 | doi = 10.1016/0020-708X(85)90257-1 }}</ref><ref name="pmid3489620">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yanai K, Ido T, Ishiwata K, Hatazawa J, Takahashi T, Iwata R, Matsuzawa T | title = In vivo kinetics and displacement study of a carbon-11-labeled hallucinogen, ''N'',''N''-[<sup>11</sup>C]dimethyltryptamine | journal = European Journal of Nuclear Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 141–146 | year = 1986 | pmid = 3489620 | doi = 10.1007/BF00276707 | s2cid = 20030999 }}</ref>
Similar active transport, and accumulation processes likely occur in human brains and may concentrate DMT in brain by several-fold or more (relatively to blood), resulting in local concentrations in the micromolar or higher range. Such concentrations would be commensurate with serotonin brain tissue concentrations, which have been consistently determined to be in the 1.5–4&nbsp;μmol/L range.<ref name="pmid20723248">{{cite journal | vauthors = Best J, Nijhout HF, Reed M | title = Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in terminals: a mathematical model | journal = Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 34 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20723248 | pmc = 2942809 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4682-7-34 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid16146432">{{cite journal | vauthors = Merrill MA, Clough RW, Jobe PC, Browning RA | title = Brainstem seizure severity regulates forebrain seizure expression in the audiogenic kindling model | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 46 | issue = 9 | pages = 1380–1388 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16146432 | doi = 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.39404.x | s2cid = 23783863 | url = http://assets0.pubget.com/pdf/16146432.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181031214030/http://assets0.pubget.com/pdf/16146432.pdf | archive-date = 31 October 2018 }}</ref>
Closely coextending with peak psychedelic effects, mean time to reach peak concentrations (''T''<sub>max</sub>) was determined to be 10–15 minutes in whole blood after IM injection,<ref name="pmid4607811" /> and 2 minutes in plasma after IV administration.<ref name="pmid8297216" /> When taken orally mixed in an [[ayahuasca]] [[decoction]], and in [[Freeze-drying|freeze-dried]] ayahuasca [[Capsule (pharmacy)#Two-piece gel encapsulation|gel caps]], DMT ''T''<sub>max</sub> is considerably delayed: 107.59&nbsp;±&nbsp;32.5 minutes,<ref name="pmid10404423">{{cite journal | vauthors = Callaway JC, McKenna DJ, Grob CS, Brito GS, Raymon LP, Poland RE, Andrade EN, Andrade EO, Mash DC | title = Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 243–256 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 10404423 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00168-8 | url = http://wiki.dmt-nexus.com/w/images/2/26/Pharmacokinetics_of_hoasca_in_healthy_humans.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and 90–120 minutes,<ref name="pmid12660312">{{cite journal | vauthors = Riba J, Valle M, Urbano G, Yritia M, Morte A, Barbanoj MJ | title = Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 306 | issue = 1 | pages = 73–83 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12660312 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.103.049882 | s2cid = 6147566 }}</ref> respectively.
The pharmacokinetics for vaporizing DMT have not been studied or reported.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
Due to its [[lipophilicity]], DMT easily crosses the [[blood–brain barrier]] and enters the [[central nervous system]].<ref name="Brito-da-CostaDias-da-SilvaGomes2020" />
==Society and culture==
=== Legal status ===
==== International law ====
{{Main|Convention on Psychotropic Substances}}
Internationally DMT is illegal to possess without authorisation, exemption or license, but ayahuasca and DMT brews and preparations are lawful. DMT is controlled by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances at the international level. The Convention makes it illegal to possess, buy, purchase, sell, to retail and to dispense without a licence.
==== By country and continent ====
{{See also|Legal status of ayahuasca by country}}
In some countries, ayahuasca is a forbidden or controlled or regulated substance, while in other countries it is not a controlled substance or its production, consumption, and sale, is allowed to various degrees.
===== Asia =====
* [[Israel]] – DMT is an illegal substance; production, trade and possession are prosecuted as crimes.<ref name="judge">{{cite news |date=6 August 2013 |title=Judge's son arrested for importing 2kg of hallucinogenic drug |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4414356,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812064720/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4414356,00.html |archive-date=12 August 2017 |access-date=11 August 2017 |work=[[Ynetnews]] |publisher=[[Yediot Ahronot]] |location=[[Tel Aviv]] |quote=Son of [[Central District (Israel)|central district]] judge arrested for allegedly importing DMT – LSD like drug – from [[Netherlands|Holland]]. [...] The suspect denies the allegations against him and claims he did not know the substance was on the list of illegal drugs. |vauthors=Senyor E}}</ref>
* [[India]] – DMT is illegal to produce, transport, trade in or possess with a minimum prison or jail punishment of ten years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE GOD DRUG- DMT |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/opinion/THE-GOD-DRUG-DMT.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921184859/http://www.mangaloretoday.com/opinion/THE-GOD-DRUG-DMT.html |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=10 August 2020 |website=Mangaloretoday.com}}</ref>
===== Europe =====
* [[France]] – DMT, along with most of its plant sources, is classified as a ''stupéfiant'' ([[narcotic]]).
* [[Germany]] – DMT is prohibited as a class I drug.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz – BtMG) Anlage I (zu § 1 Abs. 1) (nicht verkehrsfähige Betäubungsmittel) |url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113610/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2018-08-25 |website=gesetze-im-internet.de}}</ref>
*[[Republic of Ireland]] – DMT is an illegal Schedule 1 drug under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act (Ireland)|Misuse of Drugs Acts]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Man fined for having drug used in Amazon |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/man-fined-for-having-drug-used-in-amazon-458558.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064142/https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/man-fined-for-having-drug-used-in-amazon-458558.html |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=Irishexaminer.com}}</ref> An attempt in 2014 by a member of the [[Santo Daime]] church to gain a religious exemption to import the drug failed.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 December 2017 |title=Sect leader spared jail for importing hallucinogenic drug for religious 'sacrament' |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/courts/sect-leader-spared-jail-for-importing-hallucinogenic-drug-for-religious-sacrament-36377897.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129124337/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/courts/sect-leader-spared-jail-for-importing-hallucinogenic-drug-for-religious-sacrament-36377897.html |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019 |website=Independent.ie}}</ref>
* [[Latvia]] — DMT is prohibited as a Schedule I drug.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem |url=https://likumi.lv/ta/id/121086-noteikumi-par-latvija-kontrolejamajam-narkotiskajam-vielam-psihotropajam-vielam-un-prekursoriem#piel1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123947/https://likumi.lv/ta/id/121086-noteikumi-par-latvija-kontrolejamajam-narkotiskajam-vielam-psihotropajam-vielam-un-prekursoriem#piel1 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |access-date=13 February 2019 |website=Likumi.lv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Regulations Regarding Narcotic Substances, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors to be Controlled in Latvia |url=https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/121086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124007/https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/121086 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |access-date=13 February 2019 |website=likumi.lv}}</ref>
* [[Netherlands]] – The drug is banned as it is classified as a List 1 Drug per the [[Opium Law]]. Production, trade and possession of DMT are prohibited.
* [[Russia]] – Classified as a Schedule I narcotic, including its derivatives (see [[sumatriptan]] and [[zolmitriptan]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Постановление Правительства РФ от 30 June 1998 N 681 "Об утверждении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации" (с изменениями и дополнениями) |url=http://base.garant.ru/12112176/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420064645/http://base.garant.ru/12112176/ |archive-date=20 April 2013 |access-date=5 December 2016 |website=Base.garant.ru}}</ref>
* [[Serbia]] –  DMT, along with stereoisomers and salts is classified as List 4 (Psychotropic substances) substance according to Act on Control of Psychoactive Substances.
* [[Sweden]] – DMT is considered a Schedule 1 drug. The Swedish supreme court concluded in 2018 that possession of processed plant material containing a significant amount of DMT is illegal. However, possession of unprocessed such plant material was ruled legal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling |url=https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2011-10.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145222/https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2011-10.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HÖGSTA DOMSTOLENS DOM Mål nr meddelad i Stockholm den 13 December 2018 |url=https://www.domstol.se/globalassets/filer/domstol/hogstadomstolen/avgoranden/20182/b-1605-18.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309130030/https://www.domstol.se/globalassets/filer/domstol/hogstadomstolen/avgoranden/20182/b-1605-18.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-09 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Domstol.se}}</ref>
* [[United Kingdom]] – DMT is classified as a [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971|Class A drug]].
* [[Belgium]] – DMT cannot be possessed, sold, purchased or imported. Usage is not specifically prohibited, but since usage implies possession one could be prosecuted that way.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wetgeving rond LSD en tripmiddelen |url=https://www.druglijn.be/drugs-abc/lsd-en-tripmiddelen/wetgeving |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420154514/https://www.druglijn.be/drugs-abc/lsd-en-tripmiddelen/wetgeving |archive-date=2019-04-20 |access-date=2019-04-20 |website=Druglijn.be}}</ref>
===== North America =====
* [[Canada]] – DMT is classified as a [[Controlled Drugs and Substances Act|Schedule III]] drug under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, but is legal for religious groups to use.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2019 |title=Health Canada allows more religious groups to import psychedelic ayahuasca |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/health-canada-allows-more-religious-groups-to-import-psychedelic-ayahuasca-1.4414145 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421212418/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/health-canada-allows-more-religious-groups-to-import-psychedelic-ayahuasca-1.4414145 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Ctvnews.ca |vauthors=O'Brien C}}</ref> In 2017 the [[Santo Daime]] Church Céu do Montréal received religious exemption to use [[Ayahuasca]] as a sacrament in their rituals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2017 |title=How Our Santo Daime Church Received Religious Exemption to Use Ayahuasca in Canada |url=https://chacruna.net/how-ayahuasca-church-received-religious-exemption-canada/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404141006/https://chacruna.net/how-ayahuasca-church-received-religious-exemption-canada/ |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=1 May 2019 |website=Chacruna.net |language=en-US |vauthors=Rochester J}}</ref>
*[[United States]] – DMT is classified in the United States as a [[List of Schedule I drugs (US)|Schedule I]] drug under the [[Controlled Substances Act|Controlled Substances Act of 1970]].
In December 2004, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] lifted a stay, thereby allowing the [[Brazil]]-based [[União do Vegetal]] (UDV) church to use a decoction containing DMT in their Christmas services that year. This decoction is a tea made from boiled leaves and vines, known as [[hoasca]] within the UDV, and [[ayahuasca]] in different cultures. In ''[[Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal]]'', the Supreme Court heard arguments on 1 November 2005, and unanimously ruled in February 2006 that the U.S. federal government must allow the UDV to import and consume the tea for religious ceremonies under the 1993 [[Religious Freedom Restoration Act]].
In September 2008, the three [[Santo Daime]] churches filed suit in federal court to gain legal status to import DMT-containing [[ayahuasca]] tea. The case, ''[[Santo Daime|Church of the Holy Light of the Queen]] v. Mukasey'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Church of the Holy Light of the Queen v. Mukasey |url=http://csp.org/society/docs/SantoDaimeAshland20090318.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003151720/http://csp.org/society/docs/SantoDaimeAshland20090318.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> presided over by U.S. District Judge [[Owen M. Panner]], was ruled in favor of the Santo Daime church. As of 21 March 2009, a federal judge says members of the church in [[Ashland, Oregon|Ashland]] can import, distribute and brew ayahuasca. Panner issued a permanent injunction barring the government from prohibiting or penalizing the sacramental use of "Daime tea". Panner's order said activities of The Church of the Holy Light of the Queen are legal and protected under [[freedom of religion]]. His order prohibits the federal government from interfering with and prosecuting church members who follow a list of regulations set out in his order.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Church of the Holy Light of the Queen v. Mukasey|vol=|reporter=|opinion=|pinpoint=|court=D. Ore.|date=2009|quote=permanently enjoins Defendants from prohibiting or penalizing the sacramental use of Daime tea by Plaintiffs during Plaintiffs' religious ceremonies|url=http://www.bialabate.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/161-31909-permanent-injunction.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025832/http://www.bialabate.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/161-31909-permanent-injunction.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-07-23}}</ref>
===== Oceania =====
* [[New Zealand]] – DMT is classified as a Class A drug under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1975]].<ref>{{cite news |author-link2=New Zealand Press Association |date=19 May 2011 |title=Rare drug bound for Blenheim |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/marlborough-express/news/5025678/Rare-drug-bound-for-Blenheim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024072226/http://www.stuff.co.nz/marlborough-express/news/5025678/Rare-drug-bound-for-Blenheim |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |newspaper=Marlborough Express |publisher=[[Fairfax New Zealand]] |location=[[Blenheim, New Zealand]] |vauthors=Berry M, ((NZPA))}}</ref><ref name="NZMoDA">{{cite web |date=1 May 2012 |title=Schedule 1: Class A controlled drugs |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/DLM436576.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302164159/http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/DLM436576.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |website=Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 |publisher=[[Parliamentary Counsel Office (New Zealand)|Parliamentary Counsel Office/Te Tari Tohutohu Pāremata]] |ref=NZMoDA |location=[[Wellington]], N.Z.}}</ref>
* [[Australia]] – DMT is listed as a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in [[Australia]] under the [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons|Poisons Standard]] (October 2015).<ref name="Poisons Standard">{{cite web |date=30 September 2015 |title=Poisons Standard October 2015 |url=https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119074606/https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534/ |archive-date=2016-01-19 |access-date=2016-01-06 |work=comlaw.gov.au}}</ref> A Schedule 9 drug is outlined in the [[Poisons Act 1964]] as "Substances which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of the CEO."<ref>{{cite web |date=1964 |title=Poisons Act |url=http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument:26063P/$FILE/Poisons%20Act%201964%20-%20%5B09-f0-04%5D.pdf?OpenElement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222191725/http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument%3A26063P/%24FILE/Poisons%20Act%201964%20-%20%5B09-f0-04%5D.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=22 December 2015 |work=slp.wa.gov.au}}</ref>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Between 2011 and 2012, the [[Australian federal government]] was considering changes to the [[Criminal law of Australia|Australian Criminal Code]] that would classify any plants containing any amount of DMT as "controlled plants".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 June 2010 |title=Consultation on implementation of model drug schedules for Commonwealth serious drug offenses |url=http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Consultationsreformsandreviews_ConsultationonimplementationofmodeldrugschedulesforCommonwealthseriousdrugoffences |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107074102/http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Consultationsreformsandreviews_ConsultationonimplementationofmodeldrugschedulesforCommonwealthseriousdrugoffences |archive-date=7 November 2011 |publisher=[[Attorney-General's Department (Australia)|Australian Government, Attorney-General's Department]]}}</ref> DMT itself was already controlled under current laws. The proposed changes included other similar blanket bans for other substances, such as a ban on any and all plants containing [[mescaline]] or [[ephedrine]]. The proposal was not pursued after political embarrassment on realisation that this would make the official [[List of Australian floral emblems|Floral Emblem of Australia]], [[Acacia pycnantha]] (Golden Wattle), illegal.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} The Therapeutic Goods Administration and federal authority had considered a motion to ban the same, but this was withdrawn in May 2012 (as DMT may still hold potential entheogenic value to native and/or religious people).<ref>{{cite journal |date=August 2012 |title=AUSSIE DMT BAN |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/79564875/aussie-dmt-ban |url-status=dead |journal=American Herb Association Quarterly Newsletter |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216060822/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/79564875/aussie-dmt-ban |archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1981]] 6.0&nbsp;g (3/16 oz) of DMT is considered enough to determine a court of trial and 2.0&nbsp;g (1/16 oz) is considered intent to sell and supply.<ref>{{cite web |title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1981 (2015) |url=http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument:28280P/$FILE/Misuse%20Of%20Drugs%20Act%201981%20-%20%5B06-e0-00%5D.pdf?OpenElement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222180141/http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument%3A28280P/%24FILE/Misuse%20Of%20Drugs%20Act%201981%20-%20%5B06-e0-00%5D.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=22 December 2015 |work=slp.wa.gov.au}}</ref>
===Black market===
[[Construction of electronic cigarettes|Electronic cigarette cartridges]] filled with DMT started to be sold on the black market in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Black L |title=New on the Black Market: Vape Pens Full of DMT |url=https://www.thestranger.com/features/2018/08/15/30763161/new-on-the-black-market-vape-pens-full-of-dmt |work=The Stranger |language=en |access-date=2020-02-29 |archive-date=2020-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229091407/https://www.thestranger.com/features/2018/08/15/30763161/new-on-the-black-market-vape-pens-full-of-dmt |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Dimethyltryptamine-N-oxide|Dimethyltryptamine-''N''-oxide]]
* [[Psychedelic drug]]
* [[List of psychoactive plants]]
* [[MPMI (drug)|MPMI]]
* [[Serotonergic psychedelic]]
* [[Psychoplastogen]]
* [[Alexander Shulgin]]
* [[SN-22]]
* [[Rick Strassman]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Dimethyltryptamine}}
* [https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal06.shtml DMT chapter from ''TiHKAL'']
{{Hallucinogens}}
{{Tryptamines}}
{{Neurotransmitters}}
{{Serotonin receptor modulators}}
{{Monoamine releasing agents}}
{{Sigma receptor modulators}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dimethyltryptamine}}
[[Category:5-HT2A agonists]]
[[Category:Ayahuasca]]
[[Category:Biased ligands]]
[[Category:Dimethylamino compounds]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Experimental antidepressants]]
[[Category:Experimental anxiolytics]]
[[Category:Experimental hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamines]]
[[Category:Serotonin receptor agonists]]
[[Category:Serotonin releasing agents]]
[[Category:Sigma agonists]]
[[Category:Tryptamine alkaloids]]