View source for NEXRAD

{{Short description|Network of weather radars operated by the NWS}}
{{Infobox radar
| name        = NEXRAD
| image       = KARX NEXRAD La Crosse, Wisconsin 2.jpg
| caption     = NEXRAD Radar near [[La Crosse, Wisconsin]]
| country     = [[United States]]
| designer    =
| manufacturer =
| introdate   = {{Start date|1988}}
| number      = 159 in the US, Puerto Rico and Guam plus an additional 3 WSR-88Ds, one in Japan and two in South Korea that are not included in the network
| type        = [[Weather radar]]
| frequency   = 2,700 to 3,000 MHz ([[S band]])
| PRF         = 320 to 1,300 Hz (according to VCP)<!--pulse repetition frequency-->
| beamwidth   = 0.96° with 2.7 GHz<br/>0.88° with 3.0 GHz<!--X° (horizontal), X° (vertical)-->
| pulsewidth  = 1.57 to 4.57 μs (according to VCP)<!--pulse width-->
| RPM         = 3<!--revolutions per minute-->
| range       = 460 km for reflectivity<br/>230 km for Doppler velocity<!--{{convert|X|mi|abbr=on}}-->
| altitude    = <!--{{convert|X|m|ft|abbr=on}}-->
| diameter    = {{convert|8.54|m|ft|abbr=on}}<!--{{convert|X|m|ft|abbr=on}}-->
| height      = <!--{{convert|X|m|ft|abbr=on}}-->
| width       = <!--{{convert|X|m|ft|abbr=on}}-->
| azimuth     = 0 to 360º<!--X-Yº-->
| elevation   = -1° to +20° (operations)<br/>up to +60° (test)<!--X-Yº-->
| precision   =
| power       = 750 KW
| other names = WSR-88D
| related     =
}}
'''NEXRAD''' or '''Nexrad''' ('''Next-Generation Radar''') is a network of 159 high-resolution [[S-band]] [[pulse-Doppler radar|Doppler]] [[weather radar]]s operated by the [[National Weather Service]] (NWS), an agency of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) within the [[United States Department of Commerce]], the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) within the [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]], and the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] within the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. Its technical name is '''WSR-88D''' (''Weather Surveillance Radar, 1988, Doppler'').
NEXRAD detects [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] and [[Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric]] movement or [[wind]]. It returns [[data]] which when processed can be displayed in a [[mosaic]] map which shows patterns of precipitation and its movement. The radar system operates in two basic modes, selectable by the operator – a slow-scanning ''clear-air mode'' for analyzing air movements when there is little or no activity in the area, and a ''precipitation mode'', with a faster scan for tracking active weather. NEXRAD has an increased emphasis on [[automation]], including the use of [[algorithm]]s and automated volume scans.
==Deployment==
[[File:Wea03317 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|Testbed of the WSR-88D on display at the [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]].]]
In the 1970s, the U.S. Departments of Commerce, Defense, and Transportation, agreed that to better serve their operational needs, the existing national radar network needed to be replaced. The radar network consisted of '''[[WSR-57]]''' developed in 1957, and '''[[WSR-74]]''' developed in 1974. Neither system employed [[Doppler effect|Doppler]] technology, which provides wind speed and direction information.
The Joint Doppler Operational Project (JDOP) was formed in 1976 at the [[National Severe Storms Laboratory]] (NSSL) to study the usefulness of using [[Weather radar|Doppler weather radar]] to identify severe and tornadic [[thunderstorm]]s. Tests over the next three years, conducted by the National Weather Service and the Air Weather Service agency of the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]], found that Doppler radar provided much improved early detection of severe thunderstorms. A [[working group]] that included the JDOP published a paper providing the concepts for the development and operation of a national weather radar network. In 1979, the NEXRAD Joint System Program Office (JSPO) was formed to move forward with the development and deployment of the proposed NEXRAD radar network. That year, the NSSL completed a formal report on developing the NEXRAD system.<ref name="wsr-88d">{{cite journal|title=The WSR-88D and the WSR-88D Operational Support Facility|author=Timothy D. Crum|author2=Ron L. Alberty|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|page=74.9|year=1993|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074<1669:twatwo>2.0.co;2|volume=74|issue=9|bibcode = 1993BAMS...74.1669C |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234705|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="stormwarning1">{{cite book|title=Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado|author=Nancy Mathis|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Touchstone]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/stormwarningstor00math/page/92 92–94]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7432-8053-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/stormwarningstor00math/page/92}}</ref>
When the proposal was presented to the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]], two options were considered to build the radar systems: allow corporate bids to build the systems based on the schematics of the previously developed prototype radar or seek [[Independent contractor|contractors]] to build their own systems using predetermined specifications. The JSPO group opted to select a contractor to develop and produce the radars that would be used for the national network. Radar systems developed by [[Raytheon]] and [[Unisys]] were tested during the 1980s. However, it took four years to allow the prospective contractors to develop their proprietary models. Unisys was selected as the contractor, and was awarded a full-scale production contract in January 1990.<ref name="wsr-88d"/><ref name="stormwarning1"/>
{| align="right"
|[[Image:NEXRAD map.jpg|thumb|x150px|NEXRAD sites within the Contiguous U.S.]]
|[[Image:NEXRAD NON-CONTIGUOUS.jpg|x150px|thumb|NEXRAD sites in Alaska, Hawaii, U.S. territories, and military bases.]]
|}
Installation of an operational prototype was completed in the fall of 1990 in [[Norman, Oklahoma]]. The first installation of a WSR-88D for operational use in daily forecasting was in [[Sterling, Virginia]] on June 12, 1992. The last system deployed as part of the installation program was installed in [[North Webster, Indiana]] on August 30, 1997. In 2011, the new [[Langley Hill Doppler radar|Langley Hill NEXRAD]] was added at Langley Hill, Washington to better cover the Pacific Coast of that area;<ref name=Banse2011>{{citation|title=New Weather Radar Heralds More Accurate And Timely Storm Warnings|date=September 29, 2011|author=Tom Banse|publisher=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=140938772}}</ref> other radars also filled gaps in coverage at [[Evansville, Indiana]] and [[Ft. Smith, Arkansas]], following the initial installations.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} The site locations were strategically chosen to provide overlapping coverage between radars in case one failed during a [[severe weather]] event. Where possible, they were co-located with NWS Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs) to permit quicker access by maintenance technicians.<ref name="installation dates">{{cite web|title=WSR-88D Radar, Tornado Warnings and Tornado Casualties|url=http://www.economics.noaa.gov/library/documents/benefits_of_weather_and_climate_forecasts/wsr-88d-radar-tornado_warnings_casualties.pdf|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112155546/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/library/documents/benefits_of_weather_and_climate_forecasts/wsr-88d-radar-tornado_warnings_casualties.pdf|archive-date=2006-11-12}}</ref>
The NEXRAD radars incorporated a number of improvements over the radar systems that were previously in use. The new system provided Doppler velocity, improving [[tornado]] prediction ability by detecting rotation present within the storm at different scan angles. It provided improved resolution and sensitivity, enabling operators to see features such as [[cold front]]s, [[thunderstorm]] [[gust front]]s, and [[mesoscale meteorology|mesoscale]] to even storm scale features of thunderstorms that had never been visible on radar. The NEXRAD radars also provided volumetric scans of the atmosphere allowing operators to examine the vertical structure of storms and could act as [[wind profiler]]s by providing detailed wind information for several kilometers above the radar site. The radars also had a much increased range allowing detection of weather events at much greater distances from the radar site.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Overview of NEXRAD Products Available via UCAR's Unidata Program|url=http://sysu1.wsicorp.com/unidata/intro.html|publisher=Weather Services International|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420195322/http://sysu1.wsicorp.com/unidata/intro.html|archive-date=2008-04-20}}</ref>
WSR-88D development, maintenance, and training are coordinated by the NEXRAD [[Radar Operations Center]] (ROC) located on the grounds of the [[University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport]] (KOUN) in Norman, Oklahoma.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Radar Operations Center (ROC)|url=https://www.weather.gov/roc/|website=Radar Operations Center|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>
The [[University of Louisiana at Monroe]] in [[Monroe, Louisiana]] operates a "WSR-88D clone" radar that is used by local National Weather Service offices in [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]], [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] and [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]] to fill gaps in NEXRAD coverage in northeastern Louisiana, southeastern Arkansas and western Mississippi. However, the radar's status as being part of the NEXRAD network is disputed.
==Radar properties==
A standard WSR-88D operates in the [[S band]], at a frequency of around 2800&nbsp;MHz, with a typical gain around 53&nbsp;dB using a center-fed parabolic antenna. The pulse repetition frequency (PRF) varies from 318 to 1300&nbsp;Hz with a maximum power output of 700&nbsp;kW at Klystron output, although dependent on the volume coverage pattern (VCP) selected by the operator. All NEXRADs have a dish diameter of 9.1&nbsp;m (30&nbsp;ft) and an aperture diameter of 8.5&nbsp;m (28&nbsp;ft). Using the predetermined VCPs, NEXRADs have a traditional elevation minimum and maximum ranging from 0.1 to 19.5 degrees, although the non-operational minimum and maximum spans from −1 to +45 degrees. Unlike its predecessor, the [[WSR-74]], the antenna can not be manually steered by the operator. WSR-88D Level I data is the recorded output of the digital receiver.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prather |first1=Michael J. |last2=Saxion |first2=Darcy S. |title=WSR-88D: Technology Evolution of Level I Data Recording |url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/PublicDocs/Publications/Level_1_Paper.pdf |website=NOAA NWS Radar Operations Center |access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref> Spatial resolution varies with data type and scan angle – level III data has a resolution of 1&nbsp;km x 1 degree in azimuth, while super-res level II, (implemented in 2008 nationwide), has a resolution of 250m by 0.5 degrees in azimuth below 2.4 degrees in elevation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88D/Engineering/NEXRADTechInfo.aspx|title=NEXRAD Technical Information|website=www.roc.noaa.gov|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
==Scan strategies==
The NEXRAD radar system continually refreshes its three-dimensional database via one of several predetermined scan patterns. These patterns have differing PRFs to fit the respective use, but all have a constant resolution. Since the system samples the atmosphere in three dimensions, there are many variables that can be changed, depending on the desired output. With all traditional VCPs, the antenna scans at a maximum of 19.5 degrees in elevation, and a minimum of .5, with some coastal sites scanning as low as .2 or lower. Due to the incomplete elevation coverage, a phenomenon known as "The Cone of Silence" is present with all NEXRAD radars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/Engineering/NEXRADTechInfo.aspx|title=NEXRAD Technical Information|website=www.roc.noaa.gov|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> The term describes the lack of coverage directly above the radar sites.
There are currently seven Volume Coverage Patterns (VCP) available to NWS meteorologists, with an eighth in the process of replacing one of the existing seven. Each VCP is a predefined set of instructions that control antenna rotation speed, elevation angle, transmitter pulse repetition frequency and pulse width. The radar operator chooses from the VCPs based on the type of weather occurring:
* Clear Air or Light Precipitation: VCP 31, 32, and 35
* Shallow Precipitation: VCP 35, 112, and 215
* Non-Tropical Convection: VCP 12, 212, and 215
* Tropical System Convection: VCP 212, 215, 112, and 121<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/notification/tin15-49wsr-88dbuild18.htm|title=Technical Implementation Notice 15–49 National Weather Service Headquarters Washington DC|date=Oct 22, 2015|access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88D/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/New_VCP_Paradigm_Public_Oct_2015.pdf|title=WSR-88D Volume Coverage Pattern (VCP) Improvement Initiatives|date=Oct 22, 2015|publisher=National Weather Service|access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 100%; font-size: normal;"
!VCP
!Scan time (min)
!Elevation scans
!Elevation angles (°)
!Usage
!SAILS available?
|-
|12
|4.2<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="3" |14
| rowspan="3" |0.5, 0.9, 1.3, 1.8, 2.4, 3.1, 4, 5.1, 6.4, 8, 10, 12.5, 15.6, 19.5
|Severe weather, including tornadoes, located closer to the radar (within 85 miles for storms traveling up to 55 MPH, but shorter distances for faster-moving precipitation)
| rowspan="2" |Yes (up to three per volume scan)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/MESO-SAILS_Intial_Description_v02_Feb_2014.pdf|title=MESO-SAILS (Multiple Elevation Scan Option for SAILS) Initial Description Document|publisher=National Weather Service|access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|212
|4.5<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/vcp_max|title=NWS JetStream MAX - Doppler Radar Volume Coverage Patterns (VCPs)|last=US Department of Commerce|first=NOAA|website=www.weather.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>
|Severe weather, including tornadoes, over 70 miles away from the radar, or widespread severe convection. Best VCP for MRLE use. Completion time for VCP 212 + 1 SAILS scan is similar to VCP 12 + 2 SAILS scans
|-
|112
|5.5<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88D/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/Theory_ConOps_VCP112.pdf|title=Theory and Concept of Operations for Multi-PRF Dealiasing Algorithm's VCP 112|date=March 19, 2019|website=National Weather Service|access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>
|Variant of VCP 212 designed for tropical systems and strong, non-severe wind shear events. Uses a combination of MPDA and SZ-2 to form a contiguous velocity display.<ref name=":3" /> MRLE use is not possible with this VCP
|Yes (up to one per volume scan)
|-
|215
|6<ref name=":2" />
|15
|0.5, 0.9, 1.3, 1,8, 2.4, 3.1, 4, 5.1, 6.4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16.7, 19.5
|General-purpose precipitation, including tropical systems capable of producing tornadoes. Most vertical resolution of any VCP
|Yes (up to one per volume scan)
|-
|121
|6
|9
|0.5, 1.5, 2.4, 3.4, 4.3, 6, 9.9, 14.6, 19.5
|Legacy VCP, originally designed for tropical systems. Has significant gaps in vertical resolution above 6°. Scan strategy ensures 20 rotations in six minutes, heavily wearing antenna mechanical components. Similar completion time to VCP 215. To be replaced by VCP 112
|No
|-
|31
| rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" |5
| rowspan="2" |0.5, 1.5, 2.4, 3.4, 4.3
|Long-pulse clear air mode designed for maximum sensitivity. Excellent for detecting light snow or subtle boundaries. Prone to detecting ground clutter. May be prone to detecting [[virga]]
|No
|-
|32
|Short-pulse clear air mode designed for clear air or isolated light rain and/or wintry precipitation. Ideal to use when no precipitation is in the radar range, to reduce wear on antenna mechanical components
|No
|-
|35
|7<ref name=":2" />
|7
|0.5, 0.9, 1.3, 1,8, 2.4, 3.1, 4, 5.1, 6.4
|Short-pulse clear air VCP designed for scattered to widespread light to moderate precipitation from non-convective cloudforms, especially [[Nimbostratus cloud|nimbostratus]]. Not recommended for convection, except for pop-up thundershowers produced by [[Cumulus congestus cloud]]s located 30 miles or more away from the radar
|Yes (up to one per volume scan)
|}
The specific VCP currently in use at each NEXRAD site is available.<ref>{{cite web |title=Current VCP in use for each Site |url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/branches/operations-branch/current-vcps.php |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=www.roc.noaa.gov}}</ref>
==Enhancements==
===Super resolution===
Deployed from March to August 2008 with all level II data,<ref>{{cite web|title=RPG SW BUILD 10.0 – INCLUDES REPORTING FOR SW 41 RDA|url=http://www.roc.noaa.gov/ssb/cm/csw_notes/Completion.aspx?ID=2689|website=Radar Operations Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> the Super Resolution upgrade permitted the capability of the radar to produce much higher resolution data. Under legacy resolution, the WSR-88D provides reflectivity data at {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} by 1 degree to {{convert|460|km|abbr=on}} range, and velocity data at {{convert|0.25|km|mi|abbr=on}} by 1 degree to a range of {{convert|230|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Super Resolution provides reflectivity data with a sample size of {{convert|0.25|km|mi|abbr=on}} by 0.5 degree, and increase the range of Doppler velocity data to {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Initially, the increased resolution is only available in the lower scan elevations. Super resolution makes a compromise of slightly decreased [[noise reduction]] for a large gain in resolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Build10FAQ<!-- Bot generated title -->|url=http://www.roc.noaa.gov/NWS_Level_2/BuildInfo/Build10FAQ.aspx|website=Radar Operations Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704071034/http://www.roc.noaa.gov/NWS_Level_2/BuildInfo/Build10FAQ.aspx|archive-date=2008-07-04}}</ref>
The improvement in [[azimuthal]] resolution increases the range at which tornadic mesoscale rotations can be detected. This allows for faster lead time on warnings and extends the useful range of the radar. The increased resolution (in both azimuth and range) increases the detail of such rotations, giving a more accurate representation of the storm. Along with providing better detail of detected precipitation and other mesoscale features, Super Resolution also provides additional detail to aid in other severe storm analysis. Super Resolution extends the range of velocity data and provides it faster than before, also allowing for faster lead time on potential tornado detection and subsequent warnings.<ref>{{cite web|title=NEXRAD Product Improvement – Current Status of WSR-88D Open Radar Data Acquisition (ORDA) Program and Plans For The Future|url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/85593.pdf|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref>
===Dual polarization===
{{See also|Joint Polarization Experiment}}
{| align="right"
| [[File:Non-Polarimetric Radar.gif|thumb|Non-Polarimetric Radar]]
| [[File:Polarimetric Radar.gif|thumb|Polarimetric Radar]]
|}
WSR-88D sites across the nation have been upgraded to [[Weather radar#Polarization|polarimetric radar]], which adds a vertical [[Polarization (waves)|polarization]] to the traditional horizontally polarized radar waves, in order to more accurately discern what is reflecting the signal. This so-called [[dual polarization]] allows the radar to distinguish between rain, hail, and snow, something the horizontally polarized radars cannot accurately do. Early trials showed that rain, [[ice pellets]], snow, hail, birds, insects, and [[ground clutter]] all have different signatures with dual polarization, which could mark a significant improvement in forecasting [[winter storm]]s and severe thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Polarimetric Radar Page<!-- Bot generated title -->|url=http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~schuur/radar.html|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma]]|access-date=2003-09-09|archive-date=2018-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822213754/http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~schuur/radar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The deployment of the dual polarization capability (Build 12) to NEXRAD sites began in 2010 and was completed by the summer of 2013. The radar at [[Vance Air Force Base]] in [[Enid, Oklahoma]] was the first operational WSR-88D modified to utilize dual polarization technology. The modified radar went into operation on March 3, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Technical Implementation Notice 10–22 Amended|url=http://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88D/PublicDocs/DualPol/DualPol_030711.pdf|website=Radar Operations Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=March 7, 2011}}</ref>
=== AVSET ===
When the NEXRAD system was initially implemented, the radar automatically scanned all scan angles in a Volume Coverage Pattern, even if the highest scan angles were free of precipitation. As a result, in many cases when severe weather was farther from the radar site, forecasters could not provide as timely severe weather warnings as possible. The Automated Volume Scan Evaluation and Termination (AVSET) algorithm<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/Automated_VCP_Evaluation_and_Termination_Update_2012.pdf|title=Automated Volume Scan Evaluation and Termination (AVSET)|website=National Weather Service|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> helps solve this problem by immediately ending the volume scan when precipitation returns at higher scan angles drop below a set threshold (around 20 dBZ). This can often allow for more volume scans per hour, improving severe weather detection without the need for hardware upgrades<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thevane.gawker.com/this-one-little-programming-tweak-will-save-thousands-o-1592764166 |title=This One Little Programming Tweak Will Save Thousands of Lives |date=June 18, 2014 |website=The Vane |publisher=[[Gawker|Gawker Media, LLC]] |author=Dennis Mersereau |access-date=June 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619184002/http://thevane.gawker.com/this-one-little-programming-tweak-will-save-thousands-o-1592764166 |archive-date=June 19, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/Images/NewTechnology/20111116_rah_avset_experience.pdf|title=Use of AVSET at RAH during the 16 November 2011 Tornado Event|website=National Weather Service|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> AVSET was initially deployed in RPG build 12.3, in Fall of 2011.
===SAILS and MESO-SAILS===
{{Main|MESO-SAILS}}
One of the primary weaknesses of the WSR-88D radar system was the lack of frequency of base (0.5 degree) scans, especially during severe weather. Forecasters, and TV viewers at home, often had access to images that were four or five minutes old, and therefore had inaccurate information. TV viewers at home could be lulled into a false sense of security that a tornado was farther away from them than it really was, endangering residents in the storm's path. The Supplemental Adaptive Intra-Volume Low-Level Scan (SAILS) technique, deployed with Build 14 in the first half of 2014, allows operators the option to run an additional base scan during the middle of a typical volume scan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/Supplemental_Adaptive_Intra_Volume_Low_Level_Scan_Description_Document_Final.pdf|title=Supplemental Adaptive Intra-Volume Low-Level Scan (SAILS)|date=October 30, 2012|website=National Weather Service|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> With one SAILS cut active on VCP 212, base scans occur about once every two and a half minutes, with more frequent updates if AVSET terminates the volume scan early.
Multiple Elevation Scan Option for Supplemental Adaptive Intra-Volume Low-Level Scan (MESO-SAILS) is an enhancement to SAILS, which allows the radar operator to run one, two or three additional base scans during the course of a volume scan, per the operators request.<ref name=":0" /> During June 2013, the Radar Operations Center first tested SAILSx2, which adds two additional low-level scans per volume. It was executed for approximately 4.5 hours and during the testing, an Electronics Technician observed the pedestal/antenna assembly's behavior. No excessive wear was noted. Two days later, SAILSx3 was executed, which added 3 additional low-level scans to a volume. During this 1.5 hour test of SAILSx3, a ROC Radar Hardware Engineer accompanied the ROC Electronics Technician to observe the antenna/pedestal assembly. Again, no excessive wear was noted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/MESO-SAILS_Description_Briefing_Jan_2014.pdf|title=Multiple Elevation Scan Option for SAILS (MESO-SAILS)|last=Chrisman|first=Joe|date=January 2014|website=National Weather Service|access-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> MESO-SAILS was deployed with Build 16.1, in spring of 2016.
=== MRLE ===
'''Mid-Volume Rescan of Low-Level Elevations''' (colloquially known as '''M.R.L.E.''') is a dynamic scanning option for the [[WSR-88D]] derived from [[MESO-SAILS]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/Supplemental_Adaptive_Intra_Volume_Low_Level_Scan_Description_Document_Final.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119232850/https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/Supplemental_Adaptive_Intra_Volume_Low_Level_Scan_Description_Document_Final.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-19 }}</ref> a separate scanning option implemented in NEXRAD RPG 14.0, in the Spring of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/DQ_QLCS_MRLE_June_2016.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-04-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427030703/https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/DQ_QLCS_MRLE_June_2016.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-27 }}</ref>
During [[quasi-linear convective system]]s (QLCS), colloquially known as squall lines, the detection of [[mesovortices]], which generate at 4,000 to 8,000 feet above ground level,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/AbtDerechos/papers/Atkins2_2009.pdf|title=Bow Echo Mesovortices. Part II: Their Genesis|last1=Atkins|first1= N. T.|last2= Laurent|first2= M. St|date=May 2009|website=Monthly Weather Review|access-date=February 18, 2017}}</ref> is not always possible with SAILS cuts, as the base 0.5 degree scan travels below the formation of mesovortices at closer distances to the radar. '''MRLE''' consecutively scans either the two, three or four lowest scan angles during the middle of a typical volume scan, allowing more frequent surveillance of mesovortex formation during QLCS events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/MRLE_General_Description_Doc_May_2016_V01.pdf|title=General Description Document Mid-Volume Rescan of Low-Level Elevations (MRLE)|date=May 12, 2016|website=National Weather Service|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> MRLE will be deployed on a non-operational basis in RPG 18.0 in spring of 2018, with possible operational deployment with RPG 19.0, if proven useful or of importance.
Deployment was anticipated by the [[Radar Operations Center]] to commence in October 2017, along with the RPG 18.0 build, on a non-operational basis. The scanning option will only be available for use with Volume Coverage Patterns 21, 12, 212, and additionally 215.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88d/NewRadarTechnology/NewTechDefault.aspx |title=New Radar Technology |website=Roc.noaa.gov |access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref> If proven to be significant in terms of warning dissemination, MRLE will deploy operationally nationwide with RPG 18.0, planned for 2018.
====Concept====
[[File:QLCS.png|thumb|Spin-up tornado associated with a [[quasi-linear convective system|QLCS]] as seen from a nearby [[Doppler weather radar]], which often goes unseen.]]
The concept of MRLE derives from the need of more frequent low-level scans during [[quasi-linear convective system]]s (QLCSs). During QLCSs, it is not uncommon for brief and otherwise un-noticeable [[mesovortices]] to spawn at points along the line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/AbtDerechos/papers/Atkins2_2009.pdf |title=mwr2650 1514..1532 |website=Spc.noaa.gov |access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref> Due to untimely radar data and time being taken to complete the entire volume, these vortices often spawn without warning or prior notice. With MRLE, the operator has the choice between 2 and 4 low-level scans. Unlike [[MESO-SAILS]], which scans at one angle and can only do up to 3 low-level scans per volume, MRLE scans at 4 possible angles, and can cut into a volume up to 4 times, depending on the operators choice. The angles are as follows, alongside their respective scan frequencies:
*MRLEx2 = 0.5° and 0.9° elevations
*MRLEx3 = 0.5°, 0.9° and 1.3° elevations
*MRLEx4 = 0.5°, 0.9°, 1.3° and 1.8° elevations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/MRLE_General_Description_Doc_May_2016_V01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125213140/https://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/PublicDocs/NewTechnology/MRLE_General_Description_Doc_May_2016_V01.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-25 }}</ref>
The operator can not use MESO-SAILS alongside MRLE simultaneously. If one is selected while the other is active, the NEXRAD algorithms will automatically set the other "off".
=== Service Life Extension Program ===
Started on March 13, 2013, the SLEP, or Service Life Extension Program, is an extensive effort to keep and maintain the current NEXRAD network in working order for as long as possible. These improvements include Signal Processor upgrades, Pedestal upgrades, Transmitter upgrades, and shelter upgrades. The program is anticipated to be finished by 2022, which coincides with the beginnings of a nationwide implementation of Multi-function Phased Array Radars (see below).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88D/SLEP/SLEP.aspx|title=Service Life Extension Program (SLEP)|website=www.roc.noaa.gov|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
==Coverage gaps==
[[File:WSR-88DCONUSCoverage1000.jpg|thumb|NEXRAD coverage below 10,000 feet]]
WSR-88D has coverage gaps below 10,000 feet (or no coverage at all) in many parts of the continental United States, often for terrain or budgetary reasons, or remoteness of the area. Such notable gaps include most of [[Alaska]]; several areas of [[Oregon]], including the central and southern coast and much of the area east of the Cascade Mountains; many portions of the [[Rocky Mountains]]; [[Pierre, South Dakota]]; portions of [[North Texas|northern Texas]]; large portions of the [[Nebraska panhandle]]; the [[Four Corners]] region; the area around the [[Northwest Angle]] in Minnesota; an area near the Connecticut River in [[Vermont]]; and areas near the borders of the [[Oklahoma Panhandle|Oklahoma]] and [[Texas Panhandle]]s. Notably, many of these gaps lie in [[tornado alley]]. At least one tornado has gone undetected by WSR-88D as a result of such a coverage gap – an EF1 tornado in [[Lovelady, Texas]] in April 2014. As a result of the coverage gap, initial reports of tornadic activity were treated with skepticism by the local National Weather Service forecast office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/images/hgx/NWA_2014_FINAL.pdf|title=Lovelady, Texas: A Case Study of a Tornadic Cell in a Sparse Radar Coverage Environment|website=NWS Southern Region Headquarters|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref><ref name="Nick Wiltgen">{{cite news|url=http://www.weather.com/storms/tornado/news/east-texas-lovelady-tornado-radar-hole-20140416|title=The Tornado East Texas Never Saw Coming – And Why They May Not See The Next One|date=April 16, 2014|publisher=The Weather Company|author=Nick Wiltgen|website=[[The Weather Channel]]}}</ref>
Coverage gaps can also be caused during radar outages, especially in areas with little to no overlapping coverage. For example, a hardware failure on July 16, 2013 resulted in an outage and coverage gap for the [[Albany, New York]] area that lasted through early August.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/07/25/storms-flying-under-the-radar-when-radar-gaps-and-down-time-turn-dangerous/|title=Storms flying under the radar: when radar gaps and down time turn dangerous|date=July 25, 2013|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|author=Dennis Mersereau}}</ref>
A coverage gap in North Carolina encouraged [[Senator Richard Burr]] to propose S. 2058, also known as the Metropolitan Weather Hazard Protection Act of 2015. The act mandates that any city with a population of 700,000 or more must have Doppler Radar coverage <6,000&nbsp;feet above ground level.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/2058/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Metropolitan+Weather+Hazard+Protection+Act%22%5D%7D&r=2|title=S.2058 – To require the Secretary of Commerce to study the coverage gaps of the Next Generation Weather Radar of the National Weather Service and to develop a plan for improving radar coverage and hazardous weather detection and forecasting.|last=Burr|first=Richard|date=September 17, 2015|website=United States Congress|access-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref>  The bill passed the [[United States Senate|Senate]], but died in a [[United States House of Representatives|House]] committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/2058/all-actions?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Metropolitan+Weather+Hazard+Protection+Act%22%5D%7D&r=2&overview=closed#tabs|title=All Actions S.2058 — 114th Congress (2015–2016)|website=United States Congress|date=2 December 2016|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref>
It is not likely that additional WSR-88Ds will be deployed, as the production line was shut down in 1997, and the National Weather Service has an insufficient budget to restart production.<ref name="Nick Wiltgen" /> In 2011, a known coverage gap was filled when the Langley Hill radar in southwestern Washington was installed, using the last remaining spare.  This radar opportunity was spearheaded by a public campaign led by [[Cliff Mass|Professor Cliff Mass]] at the University of Washington, and likely helped the NWS office in [[Portland, Oregon]] issue a timely warning for the [[2016 Manzanita tornado|Manzanita, OR EF-2 tornado]] in October, 2016.
In 2021, the National Weather Service office in [[Slidell, Louisiana]] announced that they would move the office's NEXRAD from the office building in Slidell west to [[Hammond, Louisiana|Hammond]] at the end of 2022. Along with a lower elevation angle, the new location would enable lower level monitoring of storm activity in the [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]] area, where the lowest sampling elevation would drop from 4000-6000 feet above the surface to 300-600 feet.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US Department of Commerce|first=NOAA|title=KLIX Radar Is Moving!|url=https://www.weather.gov/lix/klixradarmove|access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.weather.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref>
=== Destroyed radars ===
The NEXRAD site located in [[Cayey, Puerto Rico]] was destroyed during the passage of [[Hurricane Maria]] through the region in September 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Belles|first1=Jonathan|title=Puerto Rico Radar Obliterated After It Takes a Direct Hit From Hurricane Maria|url=https://weather.com/news/weather/news/puerto-rico-radar-demolished-hurricane-maria|access-date=4 March 2018|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=September 25, 2017}}</ref> In addition to a neighboring [[Terminal Doppler Weather Radar]] (TDWR) site that was rendered temporarily inoperable but ultimately survived, the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] deployed two short-range [[X-band radar]]s on the island to provide radar coverage until the FAA-maintained NEXRAD site was restored.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal collaboration yields radar coverage for Puerto Rico, USVI in wake of Hurricane Maria|date=31 October 2017 |url=http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/federal-collaboration-yields-radar-coverage-for-puerto-rico-usvi-in-wake-of-hurricane|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> In June 2018, this NEXRAD radar site was restored to fully operational condition and was reinforced with several [[lightning rods]] and secured with a stronger fiberglass dome that included using more than 3,000 bolts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Belles|first1=Jonathan|title=Puerto Rico's Radar Restored 9 Months After Hurricane Maria's Wrath|url=https://weather.com/news/weather/news/2018-06-18-puerto-rico-radar-restored-hurricane-maria-doppler|access-date=13 March 2019|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=June 18, 2018}}</ref>
On August 27, 2020, the NEXRAD radar site located in [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]], was destroyed by [[Hurricane Laura]] as the eye of the Category 4 storm—which packed wind gusts recorded around {{convert|135|mph|kph|abbr=on}} in the city—passed over the site after it made landfall. NEXRAD radars based in Houston, [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] and [[Fort Polk]] were used to fill gaps in radar coverage within portions of Southwestern Louisiana until the Lake Charles site was rebuilt; the NWS Radar Operations Center also deployed a [[SMART-R]] vehicle on loan from the [[University of Oklahoma]] to provide supplemental radar data on [[Hurricane Delta]] in advance of its track into the region (nearly paralleling that of Hurricane Laura) in late October.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Laura Shredded National Weather Service Radar in Lake Charles, Louisiana|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2020-08-27-nws-lake-charles-radar-destroyed-hurricane-laura|author=Jonathan Erdman|author2=Jonathan Belles|website=The Weather Channel|publisher=The Weather Company|date=September 1, 2020|access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LCH radar is going to be down a minute.... #Laura -|url=https://twitter.com/AlaStormTracker/status/1298992015405805570|publisher=Brett Adair|via=Twitter|date=August 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=With Hurricane Delta Approaching, Loaner Radar To Cover For Lake Charles, Louisiana, Station Destroyed by Laura|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2020-10-08-hurricane-delta-lake-charles-louisiana-nws-radar|author=Ron Brackett|website=The Weather Channel|publisher=The Weather Company|date=October 8, 2020|access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref> Operational service to the Lake Charles NEXRAD radar site was restored in January 2021, following a four-month, $1.65-million reconstruction project that included the replacement of the radome and internal equipment and repairs to the station's radome pedestal, tower, fence and equipment shelters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lake Charles Radar Back Online After Hurricane Laura Repairs|url=https://weather.com/news/news/2021-01-23-lake-charles-radar-online-after-hurricane-laura-repairs|author=Jan Wesner Childs|website=The Weather Channel|publisher=The Weather Company|date=January 23, 2021|access-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref>
On May 24, 2023, the NEXRAD radar site located on [[Guam]], was damaged by [[Typhoon Mawar]] as the eye of the Category 4 typhoon passed over the northern end of the island.  After initially being restored back into operation, the installation suffered from ongoing issues and, as of April 24, 2024, has been reported as "unserviceable" in NOTAMs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Current NOTAMS for PGUA|url=https://www.iflightplanner.com/Airports/PGUA}}</ref>  Future plans for restoring weather radar to Guam and the CNMI are unknown.
==Future enhancements==
{{See also|Advanced Technology Demonstrator}}
=== Current NEXRAD system ===
The National Weather Service keeps a list of upcoming improvements to the WSR-88D system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roc.noaa.gov/wsr88d/NewRadarTechnology/NewTechDefault.aspx|title=New Radar Technologies|date=2014|website=NWS Radar Operations Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=June 18, 2014}}</ref>
===Multi-function Phased Array Radar (MPAR)===
{{Main|Multifunction Phased Array Radar}}
[[File:Par installation.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|Multi-Function Phased Array Radar during installation in Norman, Oklahoma, 2003]]
Beyond dual-polarization, the advent of [[phased array]] radar will probably be the next major improvement in severe weather detection. Its ability to rapidly scan large areas would give an enormous advantage to radar meteorologists.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/tools/radar/mpar/|title=Multi-Function Phased Array Radar|website=NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory|language=EN-US|access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref> Its additional ability to track both known and unknown aircraft in three dimensions would allow a phased array network to simultaneously replace the current [[Air Route Surveillance Radar]] network, saving the United States government billions of dollars in maintenance costs.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/aviation/faawxsystems/mpar.html|title=MIT Lincoln Laboratory: FAA Weather Systems: MPAR|website=www.ll.mit.edu|access-date=2017-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608154859/http://www.ll.mit.edu/mission/aviation/faawxsystems/mpar.html|archive-date=2016-06-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> The National Severe Storms Laboratory predicts that a phased array system will eventually replace the current network of WSR-88D radar transmitters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weather Research: Weather Radar<!-- Bot generated title -->|url=http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/research/radar/par.php|website=[[National Severe Storms Laboratory]]|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524043600/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/research/radar/par.php|archive-date=2008-05-24}}</ref>
==Applications==
===Usage===
NEXRAD data is used in multiple ways. It is used by National Weather Service meteorologists and (under [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|provisions of U.S. law]]) is [[public domain|freely available]] to users outside of the NWS, including [[researchers]], [[mass media|media]], and private [[citizens]]. The primary goal of NEXRAD data is to aid NWS meteorologists in operational [[forecasting]]. The data allows them to accurately track precipitation and anticipate its development and track. More importantly, it allows the meteorologists to track and anticipate severe weather and tornadoes. Combined with ground reports, [[tornado warning|tornado]] and [[severe thunderstorm warning|severe thunderstorm]] warnings can be issued to alert the public about dangerous storms. NEXRAD data also provides information about rainfall rate and aids in [[hydrology|hydrological]] forecasting. Data is provided to the public in several forms, the most basic form being graphics published to the NWS website. Data is also available in two similar, but different, raw formats. Available directly from the NWS is Level III data, consisting of reduced resolution, low-[[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] base products as well as many derived, post-processed products; Level II data consists of only the base products, but at their original resolution. Because of the higher bandwidth costs, Level II data is not available directly from the NWS. The NWS distributes this data freely to [[Amazon Web Services]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/noaa-big-data/nexrad/|title=NEXRAD on AWS|website=Amazon Web Services, Inc.|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-aws-public-data-set-real-time-and-archived-nexrad-weather-data/|title=New AWS Public Data Set – Real-Time and Archived NEXRAD Weather Data {{!}} AWS Blog|website=aws.amazon.com|date=27 October 2015|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref> and several top-tier [[university|universities]], which in turn distribute the data to private organizations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unidata Internet Data Distribution (IDD)|url=http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/idd/|website=Unidata}}</ref>
==Operational locations==
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}
<!-- Feel free to wikify. Table is initially sorted in geographical order by state. DO NOT RE-SORT IN WIKICODE! -->
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed" border="1" width="100%"
|+ List of NEXRAD sites and their coordinates<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mi3.ncdc.noaa.gov/mi3report/MISC/nexrad-stations.TXT|title=NEXRAD sites and coordinates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503131909/http://mi3.ncdc.noaa.gov/mi3report/MISC/nexrad-stations.TXT |archive-date=2009-05-03 |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]]|website=noaa.gov|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
! State<br />{{small|(Abbreviation)}}
! City or Place Name
! [[International Civil Aviation Organization airport code|ICAO Location Identifier]]
! Coordinates
|-
| [[Puerto Rico|PR]] || [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=jua&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no TJUA] || {{coord|18.1155998|-66.0780644|region:US-PR|display=inline|name=TJUA – San Juan, PR}}
|-
| [[Maine|ME]] || [[Houlton, Maine|Houlton]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=cbw&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KCBW] || {{coord|46.0391944|-67.8066033|region:US-ME|display=inline|name=KCBW – Loring AFB, ME}}
|-
| ME || [[Gray, Maine|Gray/Portland]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=gyx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KGYX] || {{coord|43.8913555|-70.2565545|region:US-ME|display=inline|name=KGYX – Portland, ME}}
|-
| [[Vermont|VT]] || [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=cxx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KCXX] || {{coord|44.5109941|-73.166424|region:US-VT|display=inline|name=KCXX – Burlington, VT}}
|-
| [[Massachusetts|MA]] || [[Boston]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=box&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KBOX] || {{coord|41.9558919|-71.1369681|region:US-MA|display=inline|name=KBOX – Boston, MA}}
|-
| [[New York (state)|NY]] || [[Albany, New York|Albany]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=enx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KENX] || {{coord|42.5865699|-74.0639877|region:US-NY|display=inline|name=KENX – Albany, NY}}
|-
| NY || [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=bgm&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KBGM] || {{coord|42.1997045|-75.9847015|region:US-NY|display=inline|name=KBGM – Binghamton, NY}}
|-
| NY || [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=buf&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KBUF] || {{coord|42.9488055|-78.7369108|region:US-NY|display=inline|name=KBUF – Buffalo, NY}}
|-
| NY || [[Montague, New York|Montague]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=tyx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KTYX] || {{coord|43.7556319|-75.6799918|region:US-NY|display=inline|name=KTYX – Fort Drum, NY}}
|-
| NY || [[New York City]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=okx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KOKX] || {{coord|40.8655093|-72.8638548|region:US-NY|display=inline|name=KOKX – Upton, NY}}
|-
| [[Delaware|DE]] || [[Dover Air Force Base|Dover AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=dox&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDOX] || {{coord|38.8257651|-75.4400763|region:US-NJ|display=inline|name=KDOX – Dover AFB, NJ}}
|-
| [[Pennsylvania|PA]] || [[Philadelphia]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=dix&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDIX] || {{coord|39.9470885|-74.4108027|region:US-PA|display=inline|name=KDIX – Philadelphia, PA}}
|-
| PA || [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=pbz&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KPBZ] || {{coord|40.5316842|-80.2179515|region:US-PA|display=inline|name=KPBZ – Pittsburgh, PA}}
|-
| PA || [[State College, Pennsylvania|State College]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ccx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KCCX] || {{coord|40.9228521|-78.0038738|region:US-PA|display=inline|name=KCCX – State College, PA}}
|-
| [[West Virginia|WV]] || [[Charleston, West Virginia|Charleston]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=rlx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KRLX] || {{coord|38.3110763|-81.7229015|region:US-WV|display=inline|name=KRLX – Charleston, WV}}
|-
| [[Virginia|VA]] || [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]/[[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=akq&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KAKQ] || {{coord|36.9840475|-77.007342|region:US-VA|display=inline|name=KAKQ – Norfolk/Richmond, VA}}
|-
| VA || [[Roanoke, Virginia|Roanoke]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=fcx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KFCX] || {{coord|37.0242098|-80.2736664|region:US-VA|display=inline|name=KFCX – Roanoke, VA}}
|-
| VA || [[Sterling, Virginia|Sterling]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lwx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLWX] || {{coord|38.9753957|-77.4778444|region:US-VA|display=inline|name=KLWX – Sterling, VA}}
|-
| [[North Carolina|NC]] || [[Morehead City, North Carolina|Morehead City]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mhx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMHX] || {{coord|34.7759313|-76.8762571|region:US-NC|display=inline|name=KMHX – Morehead City, NC}}
|-
| NC || [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]]/[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=rax&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KRAX] || {{coord|35.6654967|-78.4897855|region:US-NC|display=inline|name=KRAX – Raleigh/Durham, NC}}
|-
| NC || [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ltx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLTX] || {{coord|33.9891631|-78.4291059|region:US-NC|display=inline|name=KLTX – Wilmington, NC}}
|-
| [[South Carolina|SC]] || [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=clx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KCLX] || {{coord|32.6554866|-81.0423124|region:US-SC|display=inline|name=KCLX – Charleston, SC}}
|-
| SC || [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=cae&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KCAE] || {{coord|33.9487579|-81.1184281|region:US-SC|display=inline|name=KCAE – Columbia, SC}}
|-
| SC || [[Greer, South Carolina|Greer]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=gsp&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KGSP] || {{coord|34.8833435|-82.2200757|region:US-SC|display=inline|name=KGSP – Greer, SC}}
|-
| [[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]] || [[Atlanta]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ffc&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KFFC] || {{coord|33.3635771|-84.565866|region:US-GA|display=inline|name=KFFC – Atlanta, GA}}
|-
| GA || [[Moody Air Force Base|Moody AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=vax&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KVAX] || {{coord|30.8903853|-83.0019021|region:US-GA|display=inline|name=KVAX – Moody AFB, GA}}
|-
| GA || [[Robins Air Force Base|Robins AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=jgx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KJGX] || {{coord|32.6755239|-83.3508575|region:US-GA|display=inline|name=KJGX – Robins AFB, GA}}
|-
| [[Florida|FL]] || [[Eglin Air Force Base|Eglin AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=evx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KEVX] || {{coord|30.5649908|-85.921559|region:US-FL|display=inline|name=KEVX – Eglin AFB, FL}}
|-
| FL || [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=jax&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KJAX] || {{coord|30.4846878|-81.7018917|region:US-FL|display=inline|name=KJAX – Jacksonville, FL}}
|-
| FL || [[Key West, Florida|Key West]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=byx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KBYX] || {{coord|24.5974996|-81.7032355|region:US-FL|display=inline|name=KBYX – Key West, FL}}
|-
| FL || [[Melbourne, Florida|Melbourne]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mlb&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMLB] || {{coord|28.1131808|-80.6540988|region:US-FL|display=inline|name=KMLB – Melbourne, FL}}
|-
| FL || [[Miami]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=amx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KAMX] || {{coord|25.6111275|-80.412747|region:US-FL|display=inline|name=KAMX – Miami, FL}}
|-
| FL || [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=tlh&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KTLH] || {{coord|30.397568|-84.3289116|region:US-FL|display=inline|name=KTLH – Tallahassee, FL}}
|-
| FL || [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=tbw&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KTBW] || {{coord|27.7054701|-82.40179|region:US-FL|display=inline|name=KTBW – Tampa, FL}}
|-
| [[Alabama|AL]] || [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=bmx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KBMX] || {{coord|33.1722806|-86.7698425|region:US-AL|display=inline|name=KBMX – Birmingham, AL}}
|-
| AL || [[Fort Novosel]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=eox&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KEOX] || {{coord|31.4605622|-85.4592401|region:US-AL|display=inline|name=KEOX – Fort Novosel, AL}}
|-
| AL || [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=htx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KHTX] || {{coord|34.930508|-86.0837388|region:US-AL|display=inline|name=KHTX – Huntsville, AL}}
|-
| AL || [[Maxwell Air Force Base|Maxwell AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mxx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMXX] || {{coord|32.5366608|-85.7897848|region:US-AL|display=inline|name=KMXX – Maxwell AFB, AL}}
|-
| AL || [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mob&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMOB] || {{coord|30.6795378|-88.2397816|region:US-AL|display=inline|name=KMOB – Mobile, AL}}
|-
| [[Mississippi|MS]] || [[Brandon, Mississippi|Brandon]]/[[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=dgx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDGX] || {{coord|32.2797358|-89.9846309|region:US-MS|display=inline|name=KDGX – Brandon/Jackson, MS}}
|-
| MS || [[Columbus Air Force Base|Columbus AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=gwx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KGWX] || {{coord|33.8967796|-88.3293915|region:US-MS|display=inline|name=KGWX – Columbus AFB, MS}}
|-
| [[Tennessee|TN]] || [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]]/[[Tri-Cities, Tennessee|Tri Cities]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mrx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMRX] || {{coord|36.168538|-83.401779|region:US-TN|display=inline|name=KMRX – Knoxville/Tri Cities, TN}}
|-
| TN || [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=nqa&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KNQA] || {{coord|35.3447802|-89.8734534|region:US-TN|display=inline|name=KNQA – Memphis, TN}}
|-
| TN || [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ohx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KOHX] || {{coord|36.2472389|-86.5625185|region:US-TN|display=inline|name=KOHX – Nashville, TN}}
|-
| [[Kentucky|KY]] || [[Fort Campbell]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=hpx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KHPX] || {{coord|36.7368894|-87.2854328|region:US-KY|display=inline|name=KHPX – Fort Campbell, KY}}
|-
| KY || [[Jackson, Kentucky|Jackson]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=jkl&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KJKL] || {{coord|37.590762|-83.313039|region:US-KY|display=inline|name=KJKL – Jackson, KY}}
|-
| KY || [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lvx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLVX] || {{coord|37.9753058|-85.9438455|region:US-KY|display=inline|name=KLVX – Louisville, KY}}
|-
| KY || [[Paducah, Kentucky|Paducah]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=pah&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KPAH] || {{coord|37.0683618|-88.7720257|region:US-KY|display=inline|name=KPAH – Paducah, KY}}
|-
| [[Ohio|OH]] || [[Wilmington, Ohio|Wilmington]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=iln&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KILN] || {{coord|39.42028|-83.82167|region:US-OH|display=inline|name=KILN – Cincinnati, OH}}
|-
| OH || [[Cleveland]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=cle&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KCLE] || {{coord|41.4131875|-81.8597451|region:US-OH|display=inline|name=KCLE – Cleveland, OH}}
|-
| [[Michigan|MI]] || [[Detroit]]/[[Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=dtx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDTX] || {{coord|42.6999677|-83.471809|region:US-MI|display=inline|name=KDTX – Detroit/Pontiac, MI}}
|-
| MI || [[Gaylord, Michigan|Gaylord]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=apx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KAPX] || {{coord|44.907106|-84.719817|region:US-MI|display=inline|name=KAPX – Gaylord, MI}}
|-
| MI || [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=grr&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KGRR] || {{coord|42.893872|-85.5449206|region:US-MI|display=inline|name=KGRR – Grand Rapids, MI}}
|-
| MI || [[Marquette, Michigan|Marquette]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mqt&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMQT] || {{coord|46.5311443|-87.5487131|region:US-MI|display=inline|name=KMQT – Marquette, MI}}
|-
| [[Indiana|IN]] || [[Owensville, Indiana|Owensville]] ([[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]]) || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=vwx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KVWX] || {{coord|38.2603901|-87.7246553|region:US-IN|display=inline|name=KVWX – Evansville, IN}}
|-
| IN || [[Indianapolis]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ind&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KIND] || {{coord|39.7074962|-86.2803675|region:US-IN|display=inline|name=KIND – Indianapolis, IN}}
|-
| IN || [[North Webster, Indiana|North Webster]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=iwx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KIWX] || {{coord|41.3586356|-85.7000488|region:US-IN|display=inline|name=KIWX – North Webster, IN}}
|-
| [[Illinois|IL]] || [[Chicago]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lot&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLOT] || {{coord|41.6044264|-88.084361|region:US-IL|display=inline|name=KLOT – Chicago, IL}}
|-
| IL || [[Lincoln, Illinois|Lincoln]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ilx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KILX] || {{coord|40.150544|-89.336842|region:US-IL|display=inline|name=KILX – Lincoln, IL}}
|-
| [[Wisconsin|WI]] || [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=grb&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KGRB] || {{coord|44.4984644|-88.111124|region:US-WI|display=inline|name=KGRB – Green Bay, WI}}
|-
| WI || [[La Crosse, Wisconsin|La Crosse]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=arx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KARX] || {{coord|43.822766|-91.1915767|region:US-WI|display=inline|name=KARX – La Crosse, WI}}
|-
| WI || [[Milwaukee]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mkx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMKX] || {{coord|42.9678286|-88.5506335|region:US-WI|display=inline|name=KMKX – Milwaukee, WI}}
|-
| [[Minnesota|MN]] || [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=dlh&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDLH] || {{coord|46.8368569|-92.2097433|region:US-MN|display=inline|name=KDLH – Duluth, MN}}
|-
| MN || [[Minneapolis]]/[[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mpx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMPX] || {{coord|44.8488029|-93.5654873|region:US-MN|display=inline|name=KMPX – Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN}}
|-
| [[Iowa|IA]] || [[Davenport, Iowa|Davenport]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=dvn&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDVN] || {{coord|41.611556|-90.5809987|region:US-IA|display=inline|name=KDVN – Davenport, IA}}
|-
| IA || [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=dmx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDMX] || {{coord|41.7311788|-93.7229235|region:US-IA|display=inline|name=KDMX – Des Moines, IA}}
|-
| [[Missouri|MO]] || [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=eax&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KEAX] || {{coord|38.8102231|-94.2644924|region:US-MO|display=inline|name=KEAX – Kansas City, MO}}
|-
| MO || [[Springfield, Missouri|Springfield]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=sgf&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KSGF] || {{coord|37.235223|-93.4006011|region:US-MO|display=inline|name=KSGF – Springfield, MO}}
|-
| MO || [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lsx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLSX] || {{coord|38.6986863|-90.682877|region:US-MO|display=inline|name=KLSX – St. Louis, MO}}
|-
| [[Arkansas|AR]] || [[Fort Smith, Arkansas|Fort Smith]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=srx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KSRX] || {{coord|35.2904423|-94.3619075|region:US-AR|display=inline|name=KSRX – Fort Smith, AR}}
|-
| AR || [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lzk&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLZK] || {{coord|34.8365261|-92.2621697|region:US-AR|display=inline|name=KLZK – Little Rock, AR}}
|-
| [[Louisiana|LA]] || [[Fort Johnson]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=poe&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KPOE] || {{coord|31.1556923|-92.9762596|region:US-LA|display=inline|name=KPOE – Fort Johnson, LA}}
|-
| LA || [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lch&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLCH] || {{coord|30.125382|-93.2161188|region:US-LA|display=inline|name=KLCH – Lake Charles, LA}}
|-
| LA || [[New Orleans]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lix&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLIX] || {{coord|30.3367133|-89.8256618|region:US-LA|display=inline|name=KLIX – New Orleans, LA}}
|-
| LA || [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=shv&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KSHV] || {{coord|32.450813|-93.8412774|region:US-LA|display=inline|name=KSHV – Shreveport, LA}}
|-
| [[Texas|TX]] || [[Amarillo, Texas|Amarillo]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ama&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KAMA] || {{coord|35.2334827|-101.7092478|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KAMA – Amarillo, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]/[[San Antonio]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ewx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KEWX] || {{coord|29.7039802|-98.028506|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KEWX – Austin/San Antonio, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[Brownsville, Texas|Brownsville]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=bro&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KBRO] || {{coord|25.9159979|-97.4189526|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KBRO – Brownsville, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=crp&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KCRP] || {{coord|27.7840203|-97.511234|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KCRP – Corpus Christi, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[Dallas]]/[[Fort Worth, Texas|Ft. Worth]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=fws&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KFWS] || {{coord|32.5730186|-97.3031911|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KFWS – Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[Dyess Air Force Base|Dyess AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=dyx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDYX] || {{coord|32.5386009|-99.2542863|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KDYX – Dyess AFB, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=epz&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KEPZ] || {{coord|31.8731115|-106.697942|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KEPZ – El Paso, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[Fort Cavazos]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=grk&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KGRK] || {{coord|30.7217637|-97.3829627|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KGRK – Fort Cavazos, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[Houston]]/[[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=hgx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KHGX] || {{coord|29.4718835|-95.0788593|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KHGX – Houston/Galveston, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[Laughlin Air Force Base|Laughlin AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=dfx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDFX] || {{coord|29.2730823|-100.2802312|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KDFX – Laughlin AFB, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lbb&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLBB] || {{coord|33.6541242|-101.814149|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KLBB – Lubbock, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[Midland, Texas|Midland]]/[[Odessa, Texas|Odessa]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=maf&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMAF] || {{coord|31.9433953|-102.1894383|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KMAF – Midland/Odessa, TX}}
|-
| TX || [[San Angelo, Texas|San Angelo]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=sjt&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KSJT] || {{coord|31.3712815|-100.4925227|region:US-TX|display=inline|name=KSJT – San Angelo, TX}}
|-
| [[Oklahoma|OK]] || [[Frederick, Oklahoma|Frederick]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=fdr&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KFDR] || {{coord|34.3620014|-98.9766884|region:US-OK|display=inline|name=KFDR – Frederick, OK}}
|-
| OK || [[Oklahoma City]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=tlx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KTLX] || {{coord|35.3333873|-97.2778255|region:US-OK|display=inline|name=KTLX – Oklahoma City, OK}}
|-
| OK || [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]] (Testbed) || No Level III Data || {{coord|35.2358|-97.4622|region:US-OK|display=inline|name=KOUN – Norman, OK (Testbed)}}
|-
| OK || [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=inx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KINX] || {{coord|36.1750977|-95.5642802|region:US-OK|display=inline|name=KINX – Tulsa, OK}}
|-
| OK || [[Vance Air Force Base|Vance AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=vnx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KVNX] || {{coord|36.7406166|-98.1279409|region:US-OK|display=inline|name=KVNX – Vance AFB, OK}}
|-
| [[Kansas|KS]] || [[Dodge City, Kansas|Dodge City]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ddc&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDDC] || {{coord|37.7608043|-99.9688053|region:US-KS|display=inline|name=KDDC – Dodge City, KS}}
|-
| KS || [[Goodland, Kansas|Goodland]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=gld&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KGLD] || {{coord|39.3667737|-101.7004341|region:US-KS|display=inline|name=KGLD – Goodland, KS}}
|-
| KS || [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=twx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KTWX] || {{coord|38.996998|-96.232618|region:US-KS|display=inline|name=KTWX – Topeka, KS}}
|-
| KS || [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ict&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KICT] || {{coord|37.6545724|-97.4431461|region:US-KS|display=inline|name=KICT – Wichita, KS}}
|-
| [[Nebraska|NE]] || [[Grand Island, Nebraska|Grand Island]]/[[Hastings, Nebraska|Hastings]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=uex&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KUEX] || {{coord|40.320966|-98.4418559|region:US-NE|display=inline|name=KUEX – Grand Island/Hastings, NE}}
|-
| NE || [[North Platte, Nebraska|North Platte]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lnx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLNX] || {{coord|41.9579623|-100.5759609|region:US-NE|display=inline|name=KLNX – North Platte, NE}}
|-
| NE || [[Omaha]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=oax&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KOAX] || {{coord|41.3202803|-96.3667971|region:US-NE|display=inline|name=KOAX – Omaha, NE}}
|-
| [[South Dakota|SD]] || [[Aberdeen, South Dakota|Aberdeen]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=abr&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KABR] || {{coord|45.4558185|-98.4132046|region:US-SD|display=inline|name=KABR – Aberdeen, SD}}
|-
| SD || [[Rapid City, South Dakota|Rapid City]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=udx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KUDX] || {{coord|44.1248485|-102.8298157|region:US-SD|display=inline|name=KUDX – Rapid City, SD}}
|-
| SD || [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota|Sioux Falls]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=fsd&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KFSD] || {{coord|43.5877467|-96.7293674|region:US-SD|display=inline|name=KFSD – Sioux Falls, SD}}
|-
| [[North Dakota|ND]] || [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=bis&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KBIS] || {{coord|46.7709329|-100.7605532|region:US-ND|display=inline|name=KBIS – Bismarck, ND}}
|-
| ND || [[Grand Forks, North Dakota|Grand Forks]] ([[Mayville, North Dakota|Mayville]]) || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mvx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMVX] || {{coord|47.5279417|-97.3256654|region:US-ND|display=inline|name=KMVX – Grand Forks, ND}}
|-
| ND || [[Minot Air Force Base|Minot AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mbx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMBX] || {{coord|48.39303|-100.8644378|region:US-ND|display=inline|name=KMBX – Minot AFB, ND}}
|-
| [[Montana|MT]] || [[Billings, Montana|Billings]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=blx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KBLX] || {{coord|45.8537632|-108.6068165|region:US-MT|display=inline|name=KBLX – Billings, MT}}
|-
| MT || [[Glasgow, Montana|Glasgow]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ggw&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KGGW] || {{coord|48.2064536|-106.6252971|region:US-MT|display=inline|name=KGGW – Glasgow, MT}}
|-
| MT || [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=tfx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KTFX] || {{coord|47.4595023|-111.3855368|region:US-MT|display=inline|name=KTFX – Great Falls, MT}}
|-
| MT || [[Missoula, Montana|Missoula]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=msx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMSX] || {{coord|47.0412971|-113.9864373|region:US-MT|display=inline|name=KMSX – Missoula, MT}}
|-
| [[Wyoming|WY]] || [[Cheyenne, Wyoming|Cheyenne]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=cys&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KCYS] || {{coord|41.1519308|-104.8060325|region:US-WY|display=inline|name=KCYS – Cheyenne, WY}}
|-
| WY || [[Riverton, Wyoming|Riverton]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=riw&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KRIW] || {{coord|43.0660779|-108.4773731|region:US-WY|display=inline|name=KRIW – Riverton, WY}}
|-
| [[Colorado|CO]] || [[Denver]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ftg&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KFTG] || {{coord|39.7866156|-104.5458126|region:US-CO|display=inline|name=KFTG – Denver, CO}}
|-
| CO || [[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=gjx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KGJX] || {{coord|39.0619824|-108.2137012|region:US-CO|display=inline|name=KGJX – Grand Junction, CO}}
|-
| CO || [[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=pux&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KPUX] || {{coord|38.4595034|-104.1816223|region:US-CO|display=inline|name=KPUX – Pueblo, CO}}
|-
| [[New Mexico|NM]] || [[Albuquerque]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=abx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KABX] || {{coord|35.1497579|-106.8239576|region:US-NM|display=inline|name=KABX – Albuquerque, NM}}
|-
| NM || [[Cannon Air Force Base|Cannon AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=fdx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KFDX] || {{coord|34.6341569|-103.6186427|region:US-NM|display=inline|name=KFDX – Cannon AFB, NM}}
|-
| NM || [[Holloman Air Force Base|Holloman AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=hdx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KHDX] || {{coord|33.0768844|-106.1200923|region:US-NM|display=inline|name=KHDX – Holloman AFB, NM}}
|-
| [[Arizona|AZ]] || [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=fsx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KFSX] || {{coord|34.574449|-111.198367|region:US-AZ|display=inline|name=KFSX – Flagstaff, AZ}}
|-
| AZ || [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=iwa&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KIWA] || {{coord|33.289111|-111.6700092|region:US-AZ|display=inline|name=KIWA – Phoenix, AZ}}
|-
| AZ || [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=emx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KEMX] || {{coord|31.8937186|-110.6304306|region:US-AZ|display=inline|name=KEMX – Tucson, AZ}}
|-
| AZ || [[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=yux&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KYUX] || {{coord|32.4953477|-114.6567214|region:US-AZ|display=inline|name=KYUX – Yuma, AZ}}
|-
| [[Utah|UT]] || [[Cedar City, Utah|Cedar City]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=icx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KICX] || {{coord|37.59083|-112.86222|region:US-UT|display=inline|name=KICX – Cedar City, UT}}
|-
| UT || [[Salt Lake City]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mtx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMTX] || {{coord|41.2627795|-112.4480081|region:US-UT|display=inline|name=KMTX – Salt Lake City, UT}}
|-
| [[Idaho|ID]] || [[Boise, Idaho|Boise]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=cbx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KCBX] || {{coord|43.4902104|-116.2360436|region:US-ID|display=inline|name=KCBX – Boise, ID}}
|-
| ID || [[Pocatello, Idaho|Pocatello]]/[[Idaho Falls, Idaho|Idaho Falls]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=sfx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KSFX] || {{coord|43.1055967|-112.6860487|region:US-ID|display=inline|name=KSFX – Pocatello/Idaho Falls, ID}}
|-
| [[Nevada|NV]] || [[Elko, Nevada|Elko]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lrx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLRX] || {{coord|40.7396933|-116.8025529|region:US-NV|display=inline|name=KLRX – Elko, NV}}
|-
| NV || [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=esx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KESX] || {{coord|35.7012894|-114.8918277|region:US-NV|display=inline|name=KESX – Las Vegas, NV}}
|-
| NV || [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=rgx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KRGX] || {{coord|39.7541931|-119.4620597|region:US-NV|display=inline|name=KRGX – Reno, NV}}
|-
| [[California|CA]] || [[Beale Air Force Base|Beale AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=bbx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KBBX] || {{coord|39.4956958|-121.6316557|region:US-CA|display=inline|name=KBBX – Beale AFB, CA}}
|-
| CA || [[Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=eyx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KEYX] || {{coord|35.0979358|-117.5608832|region:US-CA|display=inline|name=KEYX – Edwards AFB, CA}}
|-
| CA || [[Eureka, California|Eureka]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=bhx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KBHX] || {{coord|40.4986955|-124.2918867|region:US-CA|display=inline|name=KBHX – Eureka, CA}}
|-
| CA || [[Los Angeles]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=vtx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KVTX] || {{coord|34.4116386|-119.1795641|region:US-CA|display=inline|name=KVTX – Los Angeles, CA}}
|-
| CA || [[Sacramento]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=dax&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KDAX] || {{coord|38.5011529|-121.6778487|region:US-CA|display=inline|name=KDAX – Sacramento, CA}}
|-
| CA || [[San Diego]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=nkx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KNKX] || {{coord|32.9189891|-117.041814|region:US-CA|display=inline|name=KNKX – San Diego, CA}}
|-
| CA || [[San Francisco]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=mux&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMUX] || {{coord|37.155152|-121.8984577|region:US-CA|display=inline|name=KMUX – San Francisco, CA}}
|-
| CA || [[San Joaquin Valley]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=hnx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KHNX] || {{coord|36.3142088|-119.6320903|region:US-CA|display=inline|name=KHNX – San Joaquin Valley, CA}}
|-
| CA || [[Santa Ana Mountains]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=sox&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KSOX] || {{coord|33.8176452|-117.6359743|region:US-CA|display=inline|name=KSOX – Santa Ana Mountains, CA}}
|-
| CA || [[Vandenberg Air Force Base|Vandenberg AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=vbx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KVBG] || {{coord|34.8383137|-120.3977805|region:US-CA|display=inline|name=KVBG – Vandenberg AFB, CA}}
|-
| [[Hawaii|HI]] || [[Kauai, Hawaii|Kauai]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=hki&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PHKI] || {{coord|21.8938762|-159.5524585|region:US-HI|display=inline|name=PHKI – Kauai, HI}}
|-
| HI || [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=hkm&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PHKM] || {{coord|20.1254606|-155.778054|region:US-HI|display=inline|name=PHKM – Kohala, HI}}
|-
| HI || [[Molokai, Hawaii|Molokai]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=hmo&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PHMO] || {{coord|21.1327531|-157.1802807|region:US-HI|display=inline|name=PHMO – Molokai, HI}}
|-
| HI || [[South Shore, Hawaii|South Shore]]|| [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=hwa&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PHWA] || {{coord|19.0950155|-155.5688846|region:US-HI|display=inline|name=PHWA – South Shore, HI}}
|-
| [[Oregon|OR]] || [[Medford, Oregon|Medford]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=max&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KMAX] || {{coord|42.0810766|-122.7173334|region:US-OR|display=inline|name=KMAX – Medford, OR}}
|-
| OR || [[Pendleton, Oregon|Pendleton]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=pdt&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KPDT] || {{coord|45.6906118|-118.8529301|region:US-OR|display=inline|name=KPDT – Pendleton, OR}}
|-
| OR || [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=rtx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KRTX] || {{coord|45.7150308|-122.9650542|region:US-OR|display=inline|name=KRTX – Portland, OR}}
|-
| [[Washington (state)|WA]] || [[Langley Hill, Washington|Langley Hill]]|| [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=lgx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KLGX] || {{coord|47.116806|-124.10625|region:US-WA|display=inline|name=KLGX – Seattle/Tacoma, WA}}
|-
| WA || [[Seattle]]/[[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=atx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KATX] || {{coord|48.1945614|-122.4957508|region:US-WA|display=inline|name=KATX – Seattle/Tacoma, WA}}
|-
| WA || [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=otx&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no KOTX] || {{coord|47.6803744|-117.6267797|region:US-WA|display=inline|name=KOTX – Spokane, WA}}
|-
| [[Alaska|AK]] || [[Bethel, Alaska|Bethel]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=abc&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PABC] || {{coord|60.791987|-161.876539|region:US-AK|display=inline|name=PABC – Bethel, AK}}
|-
| AK || [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]]/[[Pedro Dome]]|| [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=apd&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PAPD] || {{coord|65.0351238|-147.5014222|region:US-AK|display=inline|name=PAPD – Fairbanks/Pedro Dome, AK}}
|-
| AK || [[Kenai, Alaska|Kenai]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=ahg&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PAHG] || {{coord|60.725833|-151.351389|region:US-AK|display=inline|name=PAHG – Kenai, AK}}
|-
| AK || [[King Salmon, Alaska|King Salmon]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=akc&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PAKC] || {{coord|58.6794558|-156.6293335|region:US-AK|display=inline|name=PAKC – King Salmon, AK}}
|-
| AK || [[Middleton Island, Alaska|Middleton Island]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=aih&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PAIH] || {{coord|59.46194|-146.30111|region:US-AK|display=inline|name=PAIH – Middleton Island, AK}}
|-
| AK || [[Nome, Alaska|Nome]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=aec&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PAEC] || {{coord|64.5114973|-165.2949071|region:US-AK|display=inline|name=PAEC – Nome, AK}}
|-
| AK || [[Sitka, Alaska|Sitka]]/[[Biorka Island]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=acg&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PACG] || {{coord|56.85214|-135.552417|region:US-AK|display=inline|name=PACG – Sitka/Biorka Island, AK}}
|-
| [[Guam|GU]] || [[Andersen Air Force Base|Andersen AFB]] || [http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=gua&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=no PGUA] || {{coord|13.455965|144.8111022|region:US-GU|display=inline|name=PGUA – Andersen AFB, GU}}
|-
| NA || [[Lajes Field]], [[Azore Islands|Azores]] || LPLA || {{coord|38.73028|-27.32167|display=inline|name=LPLA – Lajes Field, Azores}}
|-
| SK || [[Kunsan Air Base]], [[South Korea]] || RKJK || {{coord|35.92417|126.62222|display=inline|name=RKJK – Kusan Air Base, South Korea}}
|-
| SK || [[Camp Humphreys]], South Korea || RKSG || {{coord|37.207652|127.285614|display=inline|name=RKSG – Camp Humpreys, South Korea}}
|-
| JP || [[Kadena Air Base]], [[Japan]] || RODN || {{coord|26.307796|127.903422|display=inline|name=RODN – Kadena AB, Japan}}
|}
==See also==
* [[Canadian weather radar network]]
* [[Australian Weather Radars]]
* [[Low level windshear alert system]] (LLWAS)
* [[Terminal Doppler Weather Radar]] (TDWR)
* [[High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR)]]
* [[Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==References==
* [[David Atlas|Atlas, David]], ''Radar in Meteorology: [[Louis J. Battan|Battan Memorial]] and 40th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference'', published by the [[American Meteorological Society]], [[Boston]], 1990, 806 pages, {{ISBN|0-933876-86-6}}, AMS Code RADMET.
* {{cite thesis |url=http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=mteor_stheses |format=pdf|title=Radar Detection of Tornadogenesis|first1=Kristofer S.|last1=Tuftedal|publisher=Iowa State University|date=December 2016 |doi=10.31274/mteor_stheses-180813-2 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.12876/55813 |hdl-access=free}}
==External links==
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}
{{Commons category|WSR-88D NEXRAD}}
;Theory of Doppler Weather Radar
* [http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/sod/radar/radinfo/radinfo.html Frequently Asked Questions] by NOAA
* [http://www.wunderground.com/radar/help.asp Radar Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)] by Weather Underground
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/esb/?goal=weather&file=obs/radar/nexrad/ Social & Economic Benefits of NEXRAD] from "NOAA Socioeconomics" website initiative
;Real time data
* [http://weather.noaa.gov/radar/national.html NEXRAD real time data]
** [http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/sod/radar/radinfo/about.html National Radar Reflectivity Mosaic FAQ's] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805212338/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/sod/radar/radinfo/about.html |date=2011-08-05 }} by NOAA
;Research
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090815003343/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/divisions/radar/ RADAR Research and Development] by NSSL
{{Meteorological equipment}}
{{Earth-based meteorological observation}}
{{US wx radar}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nexrad}}
[[Category:National Weather Service weather radars]]