View source for Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha

{{Short description|Medieval Jain text}}
{{italics title}}
{{Infobox religious text
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Nābhi-nandana-jinoddhāra-prabandha
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| author = Kakka Suri
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| period = 1336
}}
The '''''Nābhi-nandana-jinoddhāra-prabandha''''' is a 1336 [[Sanskrit]] book in the [[prabandha]] genre written by the [[Jain]] scholar Kakka Suri (Kakkasūri). The main objective of the book is to record the renovation of the [[Rishabhanatha]] [[Palitana temples|Jain temple]] on [[Shatrunjaya]] hill in Gujarat, during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] rule. The work also provides other information, such as a history of the author's spiritual lineage ([[gaccha]]) and a description of the Delhi Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s military conquests.
== Background ==
[[File:Palitana, Shatrunjaya, Adishwar Temple (9721034826).jpg|thumb|Rishabhanatha temple on Shatrunjaya hill which replaced the renovated temple in 16th century.]]
During [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat]], some [[Jain]] temples in [[Gujarat]] had been desecrated. In 1315, Alauddin's governor [[Alp Khan]] allowed restoration of these temples. Samara Shaha, a wealthy merchant from [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], led a large pilgrimage to [[Shatrunjaya]], and carried out a renovation of the temples in a grand ceremony. His guide was Siddhasuri, an [[acharya (Jainism)|acharya]] of the [[Upkeśa Gaccha|Upakesha-gaccha]].{{sfn|John Cort|2010|p=213}}
This was the fifteenth renovation of the Shatrunjaya temples.{{sfn|John Cort|2010|p=213}} During the seventh renovation, an [[murti|image]] from the sixth renovation had been hidden in a cave.{{sfn|John Cort|2010|p=214}} Siddhasuri found this image of the Jain [[tirthankara]] [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]], and Samara had it reconsecrated during the fifteenth renovation.{{sfn|John Cort|2010|p=214}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1956|p=96}}
Kakka Suri, a disciple of Siddhasuri, composed ''Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha'' to narrate the story of this fifteenth renovation, as well as the previous renovations. The title of the work means "Narrative of the Renovation of the Temple of the Jina Who is the Joy of [[Nabhi]]". In addition, the book provides a history of the author's spiritual lineage.{{sfn|John Cort|2010|p=214}}
The text was completed in 1336 CE (1393 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1956|p=96}} It contains 2344 verses, which provide information about the social, economic, religious and political history of the period.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1956|p=98}}
== Description of Alauddin's achievements ==
Notably, the book also contains 9 verses describing the military conquests of the Delhi Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]], a Muslim whose forces had destroyed the temples.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1956|p=96}} Kakka Suri does not list the motives of Muslims in destroying the temples, and suggests that such misfortunes are to be expected in the sinful [[Kali Yuga]]. He instead focuses on demonstrating the Jain community's prosperity by describing the lavish renovations.{{sfn|Paul Dundas|2003|p=145}}
Kakka Suri describes the military conquests of Alauddin as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Verse{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1956|p=96}}
! Meaning{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1956|p=97-98}}
|-
| III.1 - "The ruler at that time was Sultān Alāvadīna who like the ocean covered the earth on all sides. Like mighty billows were his prancing horses."
| Alāvadīna here refers to Alauddin Khalji
|-
| III.2 - "Going to Devagiri, he captured its ruler, but reinstated him there to serve as it were a pillar of his victory."
| This refers to [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Devagiri]]. The ruler of Devagiri is the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] king [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]], who continued to rule as Alauddin's vassal after his defeat.
|-
| III.3 - "Having slain the proud and brave ruler, Hammīra, the overlord of [[Sapadalaksha|Sapādalakṣa]], he took all that he (Hammīra) had."
| This refers to [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore]]. [[Hammiradeva|Hammīra]] is the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamana]] ruler of Ranthambore.
|-
| III.4 - "He captured the lord of Citrakūṭa fort, took away his property, and made him move like a monkey from one city to another"
| Chitrakuta ([[IAST]]: Citrakūṭa) is the modern [[Chittor Fort]], which Alauddin captured after the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|1303 siege]]. According to Muslim chronicles, the ruler of Chittor (presumably [[Ratnasimha]]) surrendered to Alauddin, who spared his life. Kakka Suri's verse corroborates this account.
|-
| III.5 - "On account of his prowess, Karṇa, the ruler of [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjaratrā]], fled away in all haste and having wandered about in many kingdoms died the death of a pauper."
| This refers to [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat]], after which the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] king [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna]] was forced to flee his kingdom.
|-
| III.6 - "Besieged by him in his own fort, the ruler of Mālwā passed there many days, living like a captive, and then died bereft of heroism."
| This refers to [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa]]. Alauddin's forces defeated the main Malwa army led by prime minister Goga, after which the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Mahalakadeva]] took shelter in [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]. Ultimately, Alauddin's forces captured Mandu and killed him.
|-
| III.7 - "Resembling [[Indra]] in prowess, he brought under his control the rulers of Karṇāṭa, Pāṇḍu and Tiliṅga countries."
| This refers to the southern campaigns of Alauddin's general [[Malik Kafur]]. Karṇāṭa is the [[Hoysala]] kingdom of present-day [[Karnataka]], whose ruler [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]] became Alauddin's tributary after the [[Siege of Dwarasamudra]]. Tiliṅga refers to [[Telangana]], whose [[Kakatiya]] king [[Prataparudra]] also became a tributary of Alauddin after the [[Siege of Warangal, 1310|Siege of Warangal]]. Pāṇḍu is the [[Pandya kingdom]], which Malik Kafur [[Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom|raided in 1311]].
|-
| III.8 - "Who can count the strong forts, prominent among which stand Sāmyāyana and Jābālipura which he captured."
| Sāmyāyana and Jābālipura refer to modern [[Siege of Siwana|Siwana]] and [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore|Jalore]], which were besieged and captured by Alauddin's forces.
|-
| III.9 - "Armies of the Kharparas roamed about in his country. He dealt with them in a manner that prevented their return."
| Kharaparas are [[Mongols]], who invaded Alauddin's kingdom in [[Mongol invasion of India, 1297-98|1297-98]], [[Mongol invasion of Sindh|1298]], [[Battle of Kili|1299]], [[Mongol invasion of India, 1303|1303]], and [[Battle of Amroha|1305]]. In [[Mongol invasion of India, 1306|1306]], Alauddin's forces defeated them decisively, and subsequently, they never returned to India during his reign.
|}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=New Light on Alauddin Khalji's Achievements |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=32 |issue=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RrVAAAAMAAJ |year=1956 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan}}
* Kakka Sūri. ''Nābhinandanajinoddhāraprabandha'', ed. B. Harakchand, Ahmedabad, 1928.
* {{cite book |author=John Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT392 |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-045257-5}}
* {{cite book |author=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-134-50165-X}}
{{ref end}}
==Further reading==
*Kakka Sūri. ''Nābhinandanajinoddhāraprabandha'', ed. B. Harakchand, Ahmedabad, 1928.
{{Alauddin Khalji}}
[[Category:Jain texts]]
[[Category:14th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:1330s books]]