View source for Nailiana

{{Short description|Cambrian Actinarian}}
{{One source|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|520}}
| image =
| image_caption = [[Palaeoart|Artists interpretation]] of ''Nailiana elegans'' by Xi Liu, with a Lingulid Brachiopod being entangled within its tentacles with a smaller individual on the bottom right corner.
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Cnidaria]]
| classis = [[Anthozoa]]
| ordo =
| familia =
| genus = †'''''Nailiana'''''
| genus_authority = Ou ''et al.'', 2021
| species = †'''''N. elegans'''''
| type_species = †'''''Nailiana elegans'''''
}}
'''''Nailiana elegans''''' is a species of stem-[[Cnidarian]] from the ''Chengjiang biota'' of [[China]] that has a polypoidal body plan.<ref name="Dawn of the animal food webs">{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100195 | title=Dawn of complex animal food webs: A new predatory anthozoan (Cnidaria) from Cambrian | year=2022 | last1=Ou | first1=Qiang | last2=Shu | first2=Degan | last3=Zhang | first3=Zhifei | last4=Han | first4=Jian | last5=Van Iten | first5=Heyo | last6=Cheng | first6=Meirong | last7=Sun | first7=Jie | last8=Yao | first8=Xiaoyong | last9=Wang | first9=Rong | last10=Mayer | first10=Georg | journal=The Innovation | volume=3 | issue=1 | page=100195 | pmid=35005675 | pmc=8717384 | bibcode=2022Innov...300195O }}</ref> The species was first described in 2021 from multiple solitary specimens from China, with some being preserved with Cambrian [[Lingulid]]s that would suggest a lifestyle as a ''macrophagous'' predator from the [[Cambrian]].<ref name="Dawn of the animal food webs"/> ''Naliana'' probably represents one of the earliest evidence for a ''macrophagous'' predator within the fossil record, and, because of how the structure of food webs from the Cambrian were very poorly understood with most reconstructions of them being based upon the feeding interactions between [[Animal]] species or upon the gut-content of extremely well-preserved fossils,<ref name="Dawn of the animal food webs"/> provides important insights and evidence for how complex the nature of early Cambrian  food chains actually were.<ref name="Dawn of the animal food webs"/>
==Description==
''N. elegans'' has a superficial appearance to other Polypoidal organisms from the Cambrian. From the fossil specimens which were described alongside the species and genus, ''N. elegans'' had a slender, elongate body that had two ends with one of them ending with a clearly defined circular mouth and oral disc with a single whorl of eight unbranched, prehensile tentacles that, in one fossil, shows the tentacles surrounded a Lingulid [[Brachiopod]]- which suggests that a predatory lifestyle for ''N. elegans'' was present when it was alive.<ref name="Dawn of the animal food webs"/> The main column of the body below the mouth exhibits multiple closely spaced longitudinal grooves which can be evidence for traces left by gastric mesenteries on the cylindrical trunk. ''Nailiana'' had a similar appearance to [[Actinaria]]ns (Sea anemones) that leads ''Nailiana'' to be considered a stem-Cnidarian sharing traits found in other Anthozoans at the time.<ref name="Dawn of the animal food webs"/>
===Paratype===
The [[Paratype]] of ''Nailiana elegans'' (ELEL-SJ080824-2) exhibits a central circular protuberance that most likely was perforated by a mouth opening bordered by a peripheral disc which is surrounded by eight unbranching tentacles that only form one whorl. A dark green region in the paratype is preserved that is thought to have been the remains of a probable gastric cavity preserved in the upper oral portion of the column. The middle portion of the column shows evidence for flexibility in real life by preserving traces of smooth bending.<ref name="Dawn of the animal food webs"/> Although, compared to the holotype of ''N. elegans'' (ELEL-SJ080824-1), the column often shows varying degrees of axial tension that results in a wide variation between specimens the ratio between height/weight of their column along with the ratio of length of the column compared to that of the tentacles. The representatives of the organism that show a great amount of axial tension also more-often-than-not also exhibit a localized constriction in the column. The surface of the column also shows multiple closely spaced, fine longitudinal grooves and/or striae. The number of the aforementioned striae varies from 6–12 with a spacing of 3-8 striae per millimetre (3-8 striae per 0.0393701 inches).<ref name="Dawn of the animal food webs"/>
==Predatorial evidence==
In one specimen of ''Nailiana'', it can be seen that a Lingulid Brachiopod-identified as L. yuanshanensis- isn't superimposed nor is it overlain upon the polyp, but rather the presence of very thin sediment wedges between the Brachiopod and the tentacles suggest that the Brachiopod was topologically surrounded by those tentacles, with the [[Brachiopod#pedicle|pedicle]] and [[pseudointerarea]] being situated within the gastric cavity of the polyp of ''Nailiana''. The polyp along with the Brachiopod couldn't have lived in a [[symbiotic relationship]] because the specimens from the Chengjiang biota are abundant in fossils and are not symbiotic. The team which described ''Nailiana'' then proposed that the brachiopod was therefore a captured and engulfed prey item.<ref name="Dawn of the animal food webs"/>
==See also==
* [[Cnidaria]]
* [[Anthozoa]]
* [[List of Chengjiang Biota species by phylum]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q112958918}}
[[Category:Anthozoa]]
[[Category:Cambrian animals]]
[[Category:Maotianshan shales fossils]]
[[Category:Prehistoric animal genera]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2021]]