View source for Naqadeh

{{Short description|City in West Azerbaijan province, Iran}}
{{for multi|the administrative division of West Azerbaijan province|Naqadeh County|the archaeological culture of pre-dynastic Egypt|Naqada culture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name                   = Naqadeh
| native_name                     = {{langx|fa|نقده}}
| settlement_type                 = City
| image_skyline                   = Naghadeh_City.jpg
| imagesize                       =
| image_caption                   =
| mapsize                         =
| pushpin_map                     = Iran
| coordinates                     = {{Coord|36|57|17|N|45|23|17|E|dim:1km|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes   = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=36.954722&mlon=45.388056&zoom=15#map=15/36.95472/45.38806|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Naqadeh, Naqadeh County|date=26 September 2024|access-date=26 September 2024|lang=fa}}</ref>
| subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name                = [[Iran]]
| subdivision_type1               = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| subdivision_type2               = [[Counties of Iran|County]]
|subdivision_type3                = [[Bakhsh|District]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[West Azerbaijan province|West Azerbaijan]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Naqadeh County|Naqadeh]]
| subdivision_name3               = [[Central District (Naqadeh County)|Central]]
| established_title               =
| established_date                =
| leader_title                    =
| leader_name                     =
| area_footnotes                  =
| area_total_km2                  =
| elevation_m                     =
|population_footnotes             = <ref name="2016 West Azerbaijan Province"/>
|population_as_of                 = 2016
|population_total                 = 81598
| population_density_km2          = auto
| area_code                       =
| website                         =
| footnotes                       =
| timezone                        = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| utc_offset                      = +3:30
}}
'''Naqadeh''' ({{langx|fa|نقده}}){{efn|Formerly known as '''Sulduz''';<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3076454}}</ref> {{Langx|az-Arab|سۇلدۇز}};<ref>[https://www.ana.press/news/475753/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%88-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7 تاریخچه و نقشه جامع شهر نقده در ویکی آنا]</ref> and {{Langx|ku|نه‌غه‌ده‌}}, [[romanize]]d as '''Nexede'''}} is a city in the [[Central District (Naqadeh County)|Central District]] of [[Naqadeh County]], [[West Azerbaijan province|West Azerbaijan]] province, [[Iran]], serving as capital of both the county and the district.<ref name="West Azerbaijan Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of West Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Urmia|language=fa|website=lamtakam.com|via=Lam ta Kam|url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113037|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220192713/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113037|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|date=c. 2023|id=Notification 82808/T137|archive-date=20 December 2023|access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>
==Etymology==
Naqadeh is the current name of the town (and [[Naqadeh County|county]]). The former name, known as Solduz (also spelled Sulduz, in Kurdish: Sundus), in reference to the Mongol<ref>{{EI2|last=Minorsky|first=V.|title=Sulduz|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/sulduz-SIM_7168|volume=9}}</ref> Sulduz tribe, may have replaced an older name (now lost) during the reign of the [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] ruler [[Ghazan]] in 1303.{{sfnp|Minorsky|2014}}
==History==
In 1303, during the reign of [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] ruler [[Ghazan]], the area comprising Naqadeh County was distributed in fiefs.{{sfnp|Minorsky|2014}} According to the orientalist [[Vladimir Minorsky]] (died 1966), citing the 16th-century Kurdish prince and writer [[Sharafkhan Bidlisi]], during the rule of the [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]] [[Aq Qoyunlu]] and [[Qara Qoyunlu]] (in about the 15th century), the Kurds of the [[Mokri tribe|Mukri]] occupied the county of Naqadeh, and its old inhabitants were most likely "reduced to servitude".{{sfnp|Minorsky|2014}} Minorsky, citing a mutilated and undated part of Bidlisi's work, narrates that a certain Budak of the Kurdish Baban tribe captured the county in which Naqadeh is located from the [[Qizilbash]].{{sfnp|Minorsky|2014}} This event may refer to one of the abrupt outbursts of skirmishes which occurred on the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] frontier.{{sfnp|Minorsky|2014}}
In 1828, following the [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]], Iranian crown prince [[Abbas Mirza]] handed over the district in which Naqadeh is situated as a [[fief]] to 800 Turkic [[Karapapakhs|Karapapakh]] families and these new settlers, in return, had to have 400 horsemen ready for disposal for the government. Just prior to their arrival, the district had a population of 4–5,000 families of both Kurds and [[Muqaddam]] [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Turks. The district would gradually fall into the hands of the Karapapakh newcomers.{{sfnp|Minorsky|2014}} The state-supported Karapapakh consolidated their power quickly by attacking the Kurdish Mangur and Zerza tribes.{{sfnp|Mohséni|2018|p=219}}
In 1914, 80 [[Assyrians in Iran|Assyrian]] families were left in the town, and 120 [[Jews|Jewish]] families of which most have since then migrated to [[Israel]].{{sfnp|Minorsky|2014}} The Jews of Naqadeh County were "probably the oldest element in the present population" of the county.{{sfnp|Minorsky|2014}} In 1917, there were 598 [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]]s in 108 families at Sulduz; 35 were elderly, 60 were orphans, and 84 were able-bodied.{{sfnp|Ishaya|2010|pp=233-234}}
During the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] occupation from 1908 to 1912, the Karapapakh population suffered considerably as they were seen as Iranian agents. The Ottomans attempted to destroy the tribal structure and free the [[rayah]] of the town. The town would change hands between the Ottomans and the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] in this period, until the Iranians took control in 1919.{{sfnp|Minorsky|2014}}
Ethnic relations were friendlier despite clashes during the 1940s when the town was part of the short-lived [[Republic of Mahabad]].{{sfnp|Mohséni|2018|p=212}}
The local [[Azerbaijanis]] were favored by the state and dominated the town politically and socially, which added to the ethnic violence in the town. [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|Kurdish separatism]] and the political demands by Kurds were a source of concern for the Azerbaijanis, fearing the loss of influence in the region. In April 1979, after the [[Iranian Revolution]], the two ethnic groups clashed in the town and about 100 to 300 people were killed. The reason for the clashes was the relatively liberal political atmosphere in the country which pushed the [[Kurds]] to openly aspire for self-governance. The new government furthermore recruited local Shia Azerbaijanis to the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] which went on to massacre the Kurds of nearby [[Qarna]], [[Qalat, Naqadeh|Qalat]] and [[Egriqash]].{{sfnp|Mohséni|2018|pp=219 & 224}}
In recent years{{When|date=July 2023}}, [[Azerbaijani nationalism|nationalist Azerbaijani]] events have been repressed by the state, while Kurdish nationalism has become more radical as seen with the attraction among the youth towards the [[Kurdistan Free Life Party]].{{sfnp|Mohséni|2018|pp=230-231}}
==Demographics==
=== Ethnicity and religion ===
The town has a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijani]] ([[Karapapakhs|Karapapakh]]) majority, with a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Kurds in Iran|Kurdish]] minority. The main Kurdish tribes are the Mamash and Zerza, while the [[Mangur (tribe)|Mangur]] and Mamachi tribe have had a historical presence in the town. [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and [[Jews]] formerly populated the town as well.{{sfnp|Mohséni|2018|p=219}} The [[Congregation of the Mission|Lazarist missionary]] movement led by Augustin-Pierre Cluzel was moreover active in the town in the 1840s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Flynn|first=Thomas S. R. O.|title=The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, C. 1760-C. 1870|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2017|isbn=9789004163997|pages=740}}</ref> In the early 19th century, Sulduz had 4 to 5 thousand Kurdish and Mukaddam Turkic families. In 1828, Prince [[Abbas Mirza]] resettled 800 Karapapakh families in Sulduz.{{sfnp|Mohséni|2018|p=219}} In the 1930s, [[Shahsevan]]s from [[Hashtrud]] arrived to the town as well.{{sfnp|Mohséni|2018|p=220}}
In 1979, it was estimated that [[Azerbaijanis]] constituted 65% of the population, while the remaining portion was [[Kurds|Kurdish]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Franz|first=Erhard|title=Minderheiten in Iran: Dokumentation zur Ethnographie und Politik|publisher=Deutsches Orient-Institut, Dokumentations-Leitstelle Moderner Orient|year=1981|isbn=9783886930081|pages=39}}</ref> In 1985, according to [[Richard Tapper]], there were "[[Kurdification|Kurdicized]] Turks" in Sulduz, some of whom were Sunni.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tappeh|first=R.|date=1985|title=AZERBAIJAN vi. Population and its Occupations and Culture|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vi|journal=[[Encyclopedia Iranica]]|volume=III}}</ref>
===Population===
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 72,975 in 18,320 households.<ref name="2006 West Azerbaijan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): West Azerbaijan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094953/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 75,550 people in 21,283 households.<ref name="2011 West Azerbaijan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): West Azerbaijan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120205939/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls|archive-date=20 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 81,598 people in 24,482 households.<ref name="2016 West Azerbaijan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): West Azerbaijan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830042935/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>
==Geography==
Naqadeh is situated on the bank of the Bayzawa river, encompassing an old artificial mound. The county in which Naqadeh is located is to the south-west of [[Lake Urmia]] on the lower course of the Gadar river.{{sfnp|Minorsky|2014}}
Naqadeh is in the midst of the counties of [[Orumieh]], [[Piranshahr]], Mahabad and Oshnavieh, and is the axis of communications due to its position.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://itto.org/iran/city/Naqadeh/ | title=Naqadeh city, West Azerbaijan - ITTO }}</ref>
== Notable people ==
* [[Mohammad Oraz]], [[Mountaineering|alpinist]]
* [[Mustafa Hijri]], politician
== See also ==
{{Portal-inline|Iran}}
* [[Teppe Hasanlu]]
{{clear}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{citation | last1 =Ishaya| first1=Arianne |date=2010|title=Familiar Faces in Unfamiliar Places: Assyrians in the California Heartland 1911 - 2010}}
*{{citation|last=Minorsky|title=Suldūz|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition|date=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7169}}
*{{citation |last1=Mohséni |first1=Chirine |editor1-last=Dorronsoro |editor1-first=Gilles |editor2-last=Grojean |editor2-first=Olivier |title=The Instrumentalization of Ethnic Conflict by the State The Azeri-Kurdish Conflict in Iran |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780190845780 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190845780.001.0001}}
{{Authority control}}
{{West Azerbaijan Province|state=collapsed}}
{{Naqadeh County|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Populated places in Naqadeh County]]
[[Category:Cities in West Azerbaijan province]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in West Azerbaijan province]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Asia]]
[[Category:Karapapakh settlements in Iran]]