View source for Nasir ad-Din Qabacha

{{Short description|Sultan of Sindh, Multan (r. 1203–1228)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name            =Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha
|succession      =
|image=
|caption         =
|reign           =1203–1228
|coronation      =
|full name        =
|predecessor     =[[Mu'izz al-Din]]
|successor       =[[Iltutmish]] (as Sultan of Delhi)
|spouse          = Uzma Begum (sister of Qutbuddin Aibak)
|issue           =
|royal house     =
|dynasty         =[[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk]]
|father          =
|mother          =
|birth_date   =1150
|birth_place  =[[Turkestan]]
|death_date   =1228
|death_place  =[[Indus River]]
|date of burial  =
|place of burial =
|religion =[[Islam]]
}}
'''Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha''' or '''Kaba-cha''' ({{langx|fa|ناصرالدین قباچه}}) was the Muslim governor of [[Multan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalasiatics16benggoog/journalasiatics16benggoog_djvu.txt|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1882}}</ref> appointed by the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad Ghori]] in 1203.
== Background ==
[[Muhammad of Ghor|Mohammad of Ghor]] had no offspring, but he treated thousands of his [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Mamluks|slaves]] as his sons, who were trained both as soldiers and administrators and provided with the best possible education. Many of his hardworking and intelligent slaves rose to positions of importance in Ghori's army and government.
When a courtier lamented that the Sultan had no male heirs, Ghori retorted:
<blockquote>"Other monarchs may have one son, or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkic slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the [[Khutbah]] (Friday sermon) throughout these territories."</blockquote>
Ghori's prediction proved true. After his assassination, his vast empire was divided amongst his Turkic slaves. Most notably:
* [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] became ruler of [[Lahore]] in 1206, establishing the [[Delhi Sultanate]], which marked the start of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] of India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amritworld.com/main/muslim_rule_in_india/slave_dynasty/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221000011/http://www.amritworld.com/main/muslim_rule_in_india/slave_dynasty/ |archivedate=2009-02-21 }}</ref>
* Nasir ad-Din Qabacha became ruler of [[Multan]]
* [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]] became ruler of [[Ghazni]]
* [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]] became ruler of [[Bengal]]
* [[Bahauddin Tughril]] became ruler of [[Bayana]]
== Reign==
In 1210 Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha declared himself independent. He twice repulsed the attacks of [[Tajuddin Elduz]] of Ghazni, but could not defeat [[Iltutmish|Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish]] and drowned in the [[Indus River]] while trying to escape.
In 1214 [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm]] drove [[Tajuddin Elduz]] from [[Ghazni]], and took him to [[Lahore]], and gave the authority to Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha. Iltutmish protested against this act of aggression, and when the protest was disregarded marched towards [[Lahore]]. [[Tajuddin Elduz]] accepted the challenge and on 25 January 1216, the armies met on the already famous field of [[Taraori]]. [[Tajuddin Elduz]] was defeated and taken, and after being led through the streets of Delhi was sent to [[Budaun]], where he was put to death in the same year.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} After the overthrow of [[Tajuddin Elduz]], Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha again occupied [[Lahore]].
Iltutmish faced a number of challenges to his rule. In the aftermath of Aibak's death, the [[Ghurids]] dominions in [[India]] had divided into four. Iltutmish controlled [[Delhi]]. At that time Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha was the Governor of [[Uch]] and [[Multan]] asserted his independence.<ref name = "Mehta9192">{{harvnb|Mehta|1986|pp=91–92}}</ref> [[Ali Mardan Khalji|Ali Mardan]], a [[Khalji]] noble, who had been appointed Governor of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] by Aibak in 1206, had thrown off his allegiance to [[Delhi]] after his death and styled himself [[Sultan]] [[Ala-ud-din]]. His successor, [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]], conquered [[Bihar]].<ref name="Mehta93">{{harvnb|Mehta|1986|p=93}}</ref> [[Lahore]] was contested by Iltutmish, Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha and [[Tajuddin Elduz]], [[Muhammad of Ghor]] adopted son and successor in [[Ghazni]]. Elduz attempted to bring Delhi under his control. Initially, Iltutmish acknowledged Elduz's suzerainty by accepting the symbolic presents of the chatr and durbash.<ref name="Wink184">{{harvnb|Wink|1997|p=184}}</ref> The Hindu princes and chiefs were discontented at their loss of independence and had recovered [[Kannauj]], [[Benaras]], [[Gwalior]], and [[Kalinjar]] had been lost during Aibak's reign<ref name="Mehta94">{{harvnb|Mehta|1986|p=94}}</ref> while [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]] had been reconquered by the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]s during [[Aram Shah]]'s rule.
In 1217, Iltutmish moved towards Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha at the head of a large army. Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha attempted to retreat from [[Lahore]] towards [[Multan]] but was defeated at Mansura. Iltutmish refrained from attacking [[Sindh]] due to the presence of [[Mongols]] on his north-west frontier. Iltutmish was preoccupied with the [[Mongol]] threat and did not threaten Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha until 1227.<ref name="Mehta9192" />
== Personal life ==
He was married to the sister of Aibak in 1205.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/UniversalHistory/INDIA/Cambridge/III/III-SLAVEKINGSOFDELHI.html|title = Third Millennium Library}}</ref>
===Origin===
He was originally a [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]], an ancient [[Turkic people]] that have since been absorbed into modern [[Kazakh people]], moved during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] were [[Muslims]] were moving towards the East to expand in [[Asia]]. The [[Khwarezmid Empire]] was established by [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] and [[Kipchaks]] Turks who had converted to [[Islam]] due to [[Persia]]n and [[Arab]] missionary missions from the 7th century onwards.
=== Death===
As [[Iltutmish]] approached Uch his [[lieutenant]], [[Nasiruddin Aiyitim]], advanced from [[Lahore]] and besieged [[Multan]], Qabacha took to his boats and fled to the island-fortress of [[Bhakkar]], in the [[Indus River]], leaving his minister to follow him with the treasure stored at [[Uch]].
On 9 February 1228, Iltutmish arrived at [[Uch]] and opened the siege, at the same time dispatching a force under his minister, [[Nizam al-Mulk|Kamaluddin Muhammad Junaidi]], entitled [[Nizam al-Mulk]], in pursuit of Qabacha, who in his despair sent Alauddin Bahram Shah, his son by Aibak's daughter, to make terms. Bahram was successful, and in accordance with the treaty Uch was surrendered in 4 May, but Junaidi was either not informed of the treaty or wilfully disregarded it, for he continued to besiege [[Bhakkar]], and Qabacha drowned in the [[Indus River]]. The circumstances of his death are variously related; some writers say that he was accidentally drowned in attempting to escape, and others that he committed suicide by throwing himself into the river. His death ended the campaign, and his troops transferred their services to [[Iltutmish]], who returned to [[Delhi]] in August, leaving [[Junaidi]] to complete the conquest of lower [[Sindh]].
== See also ==
* [[Mohammad of Ghor]]
* [[Iltutmish|Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish]]
* [[History of Multan]]
== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/stream/journalasiatics16benggoog/journalasiatics16benggoog_djvu.txt Asiatic Society of Bengal]
* [http://www.shamimgulzar-e-saidan.com/journey_multan_kalas.htm Multan History]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: 1000-1526 A.D |date=1986 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-0573-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82puAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{citation|first=Andre|last= Wink |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. II - The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th-13th centuries|year=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-10236-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasir-Ud-Din Qabacha}}
[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:13th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Ghurid generals]]
[[Category:Turkic people]]
[[Category:12th-century slaves]]
[[Category:People from the Delhi Sultanate]]