View source for Ne Win

{{Short description|Military leader and head of state of Burma from 1962 to 1988}}
{{About|the president of Burma|the Thai politician|Newin Chidchob||Ne Win (disambiguation)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Ne Win|lang=Burmese}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[His Excellency]]<ref>[https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/letter-premier-zhou-enlai-his-excellency-ne-win Letter from Premier Zhou Enlai to His Excellency Ne Win]</ref><br>[[Order of the Union of Burma|Agga Maha Thray Sithu]]<ref>[https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-regime-leader-awards-himself-two-highest-honorary-titles.html General Ne Win, the first military general who led the 1962 coup, was posthumously named Agga Maha Thray Sithu, the second-highest honor. Former military leader Than Shwe, who picked Min Aung Hlaing as his successor as commander-in-chief, was given the same title.]</ref><br>[[General]]
| name                = Ne Win
| native_name         = {{nobold|နေဝင်း}}
| image               = Ne Win in 1959, Jerusalem.jpg
| caption             = Ne Win in 1959
| office              = [[Burma Socialist Programme Party#Chairmen|Chairman of the Burma Socialist Programme Party]]
| term_start          = 4 July 1962
| term_end            = 23 July 1988
| predecessor         = ''Office established''
| successor           = [[Sein Lwin]]
| order2              = 4th
| office2             = President of Burma
| term_start2         = 2 March 1974
| term_end2           = 9 November 1981
| predecessor2        = [[Win Maung]] (1962)
| successor2          = [[San Yu]]
| office3             = Chairman of the [[Union Revolutionary Council]]
| term_start3         = 2 March 1962
| term_end3           = 2 March 1974
| predecessor3        = ''Office established''
| successor3          = ''Office abolished''
| office4             = [[Prime Minister of Burma]]
| term_start4         = 29 October 1958
| term_end4           = 4 April 1960
| president4          = Win Maung
| predecessor4        = [[U Nu]]
| successor4          = U Nu
| term_start5         = 2 March 1962
| term_end5           = 2 March 1974
| predecessor5        = U Nu
| successor5          = [[Sein Win (general, born 1919)|Sein Win]]
| birth_name          = Shu Maung<ref name="EB">{{cite web|title=U Ne Win|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Ne-Win|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410203054/https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Ne-Win|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1911|5|24|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/dec/06/guardianobituaries|title=Ne Win (Shu Maung), Burmese military strongman, born May 24 1911; died December 5 2002}}</ref>
| birth_place         = [[Paungdale]], Pegu Province, Lower Burma, British&nbsp;India (present-day [[Myanmar]])
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|2002|12|5|1910|7|10|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/06/world/ne-win-ex-burmese-military-strongman-dies-at-81.html|title=Ne Win, Ex-Burmese Military Strongman, Dies at 81|work=The New York Times |date=6 December 2002 |last1=Pace |first1=Eric }}</ref>
| death_place         = [[Yangon]], [[Union of Myanmar]]
| resting_place       = Ashes scattered into [[Yangon River]]
| nationality         = [[Burmese people|Burmese]]
| party               = [[Burma Socialist Programme Party]] (BSPP)
| spouses             = 5, including [[June Rose Bellamy|Yadana Nat Mei]]
| children            = 6, including [[Sandar Win]]
| alma_mater          = [[Rangoon University]]
| occupation          = {{hlist|General|politician}}
| signature           = Ne Win Signature.svg
<!--Military service-->| allegiance          = [[File:Flag of Myanmar (1974–2010).svg|23px]] [[Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma]]
| branch              = {{army|MYA|Burmese Army}}
| serviceyears        = 1931–1974
| rank                = [[File:16. Myanmar Army GEN.svg|15px]] [[General]]
| unit                =
| commands            =
| battles             = [[Second World War]]
| awards              =
| native_name_lang    = my
}}
'''Ne Win''' ({{langx|my|နေဝင်း}}; {{IPA-my|nè wɪ́ɰ̃|IPA}}; 24 May 1911 – 5 December 2002),<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title=U Ne Win (born May 24, 1911, Paungdale, Burma [Myanmar]—died December 5, 2002, Yangon, Myanmar) was a Burmese general who was the leader of Burma (now Myanmar) from 1962 to 1988. |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Ne-Win |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> born '''Shu Maung''' ({{Langx|my|ရှူမောင်}}; {{IPA-my|/ʃù màʊ̃̀/|IPA}}), was a Burmese army general and politician who served as [[Prime Minister of Burma]] from 1958 to 1960 and 1962 to 1974, and also [[President of Burma]] from 1962 to 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U Ne Win {{!}} Myanmar general and dictator|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Ne-Win|access-date=17 November 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027215803/https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Ne-Win|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=C. P. Cook |date=June 1970 |title=Burma: The Era of Ne Win |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=259–266 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40394388 |journal=The World Today|jstor=40394388 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frank Milne |date=23 November 2015 |title=Review of General Ne Win: A Political Biography |url=https://www.newmandala.org/book-review/review-of-general-ne-win-a-political-biography/ |journal=New Mandala}}</ref> Ne Win was Burma's military dictator during the [[Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma|Socialist Burma]] period of 1962 to 1988.{{Efn|Ne Win was earlier the President of [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962|Union of Burma]] for 12 years from 2 March 1962 to	2 March 1974 and then later the [[Myanmar|President of Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma]] for 7 years and 252 days from 2 March 1974 to 9 November 1981.(See [[List of presidents of Myanmar#Presidents of Burma / Myanmar (1948–present)|list]])|name=|group=lower-alpha}}
Ne Win founded the [[Burma Socialist Programme Party]] (BSPP) and overthrew the democratic [[Union Parliament]] of [[U Nu]] in the [[1962 Burmese coup d'état]], establishing Burma as a one-party socialist state under the [[Burmese Way to Socialism]] ideology.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lindsay Maizland |date=31 January 2022 |title=Myanmar has been ruled by a military junta for many of the years since it gained independence from British colonial rule in 1948. The Union of Burma began as a parliamentary democracy, like most of its newly independent neighbors on the Indian subcontinent. But representative democracy only lasted until 1962, when General Ne Win led a military coup and held power for the next twenty-six years |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]}}</ref> Ne Win was Burma's ''de facto'' leader as [[chairman]] of the [[Burma Socialist Programme Party|BSPP]], serving in various official titles as part of his military government, and was known by his supporters as '''[[Burmese name#Honorifics|U]] Ne Win'''.{{efn|"[[Burmese names#Honorifics|U]]" is an [[honorific]] in [[Burmese language|Burmese]], roughly equal to "Mr" or "Uncle".}}<ref name="EB" /><ref>{{cite web|title=U Ne Win|url=https://www.biography.com/people/u-ne-win-9422402|website=[[Biography (TV series)|Biography.com]]|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004732/https://www.biography.com/people/u-ne-win-9422402|url-status=live}}</ref> His rule was characterized by a [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] foreign policy, [[isolationism]], one-party rule, economic stagnation, and [[Yadaya|superstition]].{{Sfn|Taylor|2015|p=67}} Ne Win resigned in July 1988 in response to the [[8888 Uprising]] that overthrew the Burma Socialist Programme Party, and was replaced by the [[military junta]] of the [[State Peace and Development Council|State Law and Order Restoration Council]] (SLORC). He held minor influence in the 1990s but was eventually placed under house arrest, under which he died in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2016|title=Ne Win: Understanding the 'old man'|url=https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/ne-win-understanding-the-old-man/|access-date=17 November 2020|website=Frontier Myanmar|language=en-US|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121113034/https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/ne-win-understanding-the-old-man/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In foreign affairs, Ne Win followed a strictly neutralist policy during the [[Cold War]], participating in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and keeping his distance from both the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]].{{Sfn|Yawnghwe|1990|p=45-47}} On the other hand, his relations with [[Mao Zedong]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] were initially excellent, but were temporarily broken between 1967 and 1971, due to Mao's covert support for the [[Communist insurgency in Myanmar|Communist insurgency within Burma]] and the outbreak of [[Anti-Chinese sentiment|anti-Chinese]] [[Riot|riots]] by regime supporters; however, in March 1971 relations were fully restored and Chinese economic aid continued.<ref name="globalsec">[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/myanmar/ne-win-4.htm Ne Win Military Rule – Neutralism and Seclusion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716230258/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/myanmar/ne-win-4.htm |date=16 July 2019 }} ''Globalsecurity.org''</ref>
==Date of birth==
Ne Win's date of birth is a subject of debate among various sources. The English-language publication ''Who's Who in Burma,'' published in 1961 by People's Literature House, Rangoon, lists Ne Win's birthdate as 14 May 1911.{{Sfn|Taylor|2015|pp=7–9}} This date is also supported by Dr. [[Maung Maung]] in the Burmese version of his book ''Burma and General Ne Win'', also published in English, that Ne Win was born on 14 May 1911.<ref>Ne Win was known as described as the leader of Myanmar and there are two assumptions of his birth.({{Harvard citation no brackets|Taylor|2015|pp=3–4}})</ref> However, in a book written in Burmese titled ''The Thirty Comrades'', the author Kyaw Nyein gave Ne Win's date of birth as 10 July 1910.{{Sfn|Mya|1992|pp=1–2}} While May 24, 1911, is widely cited as Ne Win's birthdate in many scholarly works and biographical references, the discrepancies among sources warrant acknowledgment. These conflicting accounts highlight the challenges in determining Ne Win's exact birthdate and may stem from differences in historical documentation or cultural interpretations. Therefore, while May 24, 1911, is commonly accepted, alternative dates cannot be disregarded entirely.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U Ne Win (born May 24, 1911, Paungdale, Burma [Myanmar]—died December 5, 2002, Yangon, Myanmar) Burmese general who was the leader of Burma (now Myanmar) from 1962 to 1988. |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Ne-Win |website=[[Britannica]]|date=28 March 2024 }}</ref>
[[File:David Ben Gurion - General Ne Win PM of Burma 1959.jpg|thumb|[[David Ben-Gurion]], the [[Prime Minister of Israel]] and General Ne Win as [[Prime Minister of Burma]] on 8 June 1959]]
Kyaw Nyein's date of 1910 can be considered as the more plausible date. First, Kyaw Nyein had access to historical records and he interviewed many surviving members of the Thirty Comrades when he wrote the book in the mid-to late 1990s.{{Sfn|Taylor|2015|pp=13–15}} (Ne Win was one of the [[Thirty Comrades]] who secretly went to undergo military training in the early 1940s for the purpose of fighting for independence from the British).{{Sfn|Maung|1965|p=9}} In his book published around 1998, Kyaw Nyein lists the names of the surviving members of the Thirty Comrades whom he had interviewed, although Ne Win was not mentioned among them.{{Sfn|Mya|1992|pp=4–8}} Secondly, when Ne Win died on 5 December 2002, the Burmese language newspapers that were allowed to carry a paid obituary stated the age of 'U Ne Win' to be '93 years'.<ref>The age of the Myanmar's dictator may be 93 years.{{Harvard citation no brackets|Taylor|2015|p=74}}</ref> According to Burmese custom, a person's age is their age upon their next birthday.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maung (U)|first=Maung|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTtuAAAAMAAJ|title=Burma and General Ne Win|date=1969|publisher=Asia Publishing House|isbn=978-0-210-98196-2|pages=34–35|language=en|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318201336/https://books.google.com/books?id=hTtuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Since Ne Win turned 92 in July 2002, when he died in December 2002 he was considered to be 93 years old.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Butwell|first=Richard|date=1972|title=Ne Win's Burma: At the End of the First Decade|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643067|journal=Asian Survey|volume=12|issue=10|pages=901–912|doi=10.2307/2643067|jstor=2643067|issn=0004-4687|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207115536/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643067|url-status=live}}</ref> Most Western news agencies, based on the May 1911 birth date, reported that Ne Win was 91 years old, but the obituary put up by his family (most probably his children) stated that he was 93 years old, which most likely stems from [[East Asian age reckoning]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ne Win|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810105500370|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Oxford Reference|language=en|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318105947/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810105500370|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Early life and struggle for independence==
Ne Win, born Shu Maung, was born into an ethnic Chinese family in a small village near [[Paungdale]] about {{convert|200|miles}} north of [[Yangon|Rangoon]].<ref name="obitgu">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/dec/06/guardianobituaries|title=General Ne Win|last=Smith|first=Martin|date=6 December 2002|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 April 2012|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118073618/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/dec/06/guardianobituaries|url-status=live}}</ref> He spent two years at [[Rangoon University]] beginning in 1929, and took biology as his main subject with hopes of becoming a doctor. In 1931 he was expelled from the university after he failed an exam.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shaw |first= Karl |title= Power Mad! |trans-title=Šílenství mocných |year= 2005 |orig-year= 2004 |publisher=Metafora |location= Praha |language= cs |isbn=80-7359-002-6 |page= 44 }}</ref> Ne Win eventually became "[[Thakins|Thakin]] Shu Maung", or a member of the nationalist organisation [[Dobama Asiayone]] (We Burmans Association). Other members of the group included [[Aung San]] and [[U Nu]].{{Sfn|Maung|1965|pp=3–4}} In 1941 Ne Win, as a member of the Ba Sein-Tun Ok (Socialist) faction of the Dobama, was one of thirty young men chosen for military training by the Japanese operative Colonel [[Suzuki Keiji]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Martin|date=6 December 2002|title=Obituary: General Ne Win|language=en-GB|page=2|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/dec/06/guardianobituaries|access-date=7 November 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118073618/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/dec/06/guardianobituaries|url-status=live}}</ref> Their leader was Aung San and they formed the [[Burma Independence Army]] (BIA).{{cn|date=April 2022}} During military training, Shu Maung chose a ''[[nom de guerre]]'', [[Burmese honorific|Bo]] Ne Win (Commander Radiant Sun).{{Sfn|Taylor|2015|p=23}} In early 1942 the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]] and the BIA entered Burma in the wake of the retreating British forces. Ne Win's role in the campaign was to organize resistance behind the British lines.{{Sfn|Maung|1965|p=14}}
The experience of the [[Japanese occupation of Burma]] worked to alienate the nationalists as well as the population at large. Toward the end of the [[Second World War]], on 27 March 1945 the [[Burma National Army]] (BNA, successor to the BIA) turned against the Japanese following the [[British rule in Burma|British re-invasion]] of Burma.{{Sfn|Can-pati|1965|pp=45–49}} Ne Win, as one of the BNA Commanders, was quick to establish links with the British – attending the [[Kandy]] conference in [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] and taking charge of the [[Anti-communism|anti-Communist]] operations in the [[Pyinmana]] area as commander of the 4th Burma Rifles after the [[Red Flag Communist Party (Myanmar)|Red Flag Communists]] and the [[Communist Party of Burma]] went underground to fight against the government in October 1946 and on 28 March 1948 respectively.{{Sfn|Can-pati|1965|pp=56–57}} Burma obtained independence on 4 January 1948, and for the first 14 years it had a parliamentary and [[democratic government]] mainly under [[Prime Minister of Myanmar|Prime Minister]] [[U Nu]], but the country was riven with [[political division]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Razvi|first=Mujtaba|title=The Problem of the Burmese Muslims|date=1978|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41394695|journal=Pakistan Horizon|volume=31|issue=4|pages=82–93|jstor=41394695|issn=0030-980X|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325134706/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41394695|url-status=live}}</ref> Even before [[Independence Day (Myanmar)|independence]], [[Aung San]] was [[assassinated]] together with six of his cabinet members on 19 July 1947; [[U Saw]], a pre-war [[List of premiers of British Burma|prime minister]] and [[Politics|political]] [[Rivalry|rival]] of [[Aung San]], was found guilty of the [[crime]] and [[executed]].{{Sfn|Yawnghwe|1990|p=130}} U Nu as leader of the [[Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma|Socialists]] took charge of the [[Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League]] (AFPFL) formed by the [[Communism|Communists]], [[Socialism|Socialists]] and the BNA in 1945 now that Aung San was dead and the Communists expelled from the AFPFL.{{Sfn|Taylor|2015|pp=34–39}}
== Post-independence civil war ==
Following independence there were [[uprisings]] in the army and among [[List of ethnic groups in Myanmar|ethnic minority groups]]. In late 1948, after a confrontation between army rivals, Ne Win was appointed second in command of the army and his rival Bo Zeya, a [[Communism|communist]] [[commander]] and fellow member of the [[Thirty Comrades]], took a portion of the [[Myanmar Army|army]] into [[rebellion]].{{Sfn|Maung|1965|p=76}} Ne Win immediately adopted a policy of creating [[Socialism|Socialist]] [[militia]] [[Battalion|battalions]] called 'Sitwundan' under his personal command with the approval of [[U Nu]].{{Sfn|Mya|1992|p=23}} On 31 January 1949, Ne Win was appointed [[Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services|Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces]] ([[Tatmadaw]]) and given total control of the army, replacing General [[Smith Dun]], an ethnic [[Karen people|Karen]]. He rebuilt and restructured the armed forces along the ruling [[Burma Socialist Party|Socialist Party]]'s political lines, but the country was still split and the government was ineffective.{{Sfn|Yawnghwe|1990|pp=29–31}}
=== Interim prime minister ===
He was asked to serve as [[Interim Prime Minister|interim prime minister]] from 28 October 1958 by [[U Nu]], when the AFPFL split into two factions and U Nu barely survived a motion of no-confidence against his [[Government of Myanmar|government]] in [[parliament]]. Ne Win restored order during the period known as the "Ne Win [[Ne Win's First Cabinet|caretaker government]]".<ref>{{cite book | editor=Nicholas Tarling | editor-link=Nicholas Tarling | year=1993 | title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia | url=https://archive.org/details/chronologyorigi01munsgoog | isbn=0-521-35505-2 }}</ref> Elections were held in [[1960 Burmese general election|February 1960]] and Ne Win handed back power to the victorious [[U Nu]] on 4 April 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U Nu {{!}} prime minister of Myanmar|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Nu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907211143/https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Nu|archive-date=7 September 2015|access-date=17 November 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}} [https://biography.yourdictionary.com/u-nu Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127025239/https://biography.yourdictionary.com/u-nu |date=27 November 2020 }}</ref>
==Military coup of 1962==
{{main article|1962 Burmese coup d'état}}
On 2 March 1962, Ne Win again seized power in a [[1962 Burmese coup d'état|coup d'état]]. He became head of state as [[Chairman]] of the [[Union Revolutionary Council]] and also [[Prime Minister of Myanmar|Prime Minister]]. The coup was characterized as "bloodless" by the world's media.  Declaring that "[[parliamentary democracy]] was not suitable for Burma," the new regime suspended the constitution and dissolved the legislature.<ref>Aung-Thwin, Michael; Aung-Thwin, Maitrii (2013). [https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/H/bo13235575.html ''A history of Myanmar since ancient times: Traditions and transformations'' (2nd ed.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123211257/https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/H/bo13235575.html |date=23 January 2021 }}. p. 247 [[London]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]: [[Reaktion Books]]. {{ISBN|1861899017}}.</ref>
Following [[1962 Rangoon University Protests|riots at Rangoon University]] in July 1962, [[Tatmadaw|troops]] were sent to restore order. They fired on [[1962 Rangoon University protests|protesters]] and destroyed the student union building.<ref name="Boudreau">Boudreau, Vincent (2004) ''Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpoCNHhUe7QC&pg=PA37 pp. 37–39, 50–51], {{ISBN|0-521-83989-0}}</ref>
Shortly afterward, around 8&nbsp;pm local time, Ne Win addressed the nation in a five-minute [[Radio Speech|radio speech]] which concluded with the statement: "If these disturbances were made to challenge us, I have to declare that we will fight sword with sword and spear with spear".<ref>The [[Burmese language|Burmese]] phrase is "dah go dah gyin, hlan go hlan gyin". Two different English translations of the speech can be read on the front page of the Rangoon ''Nation'' and the Rangoon ''Guardian'' of 9 July 1962. Part of ''The Nation''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s headline of 9 July 1962 read 'General Ne Win States Give Us Time to Work: Obstructionists are Warned: Will Fight Sword with Sword').</ref> On 13 July 1962, less than a week after the speech, Ne Win left for [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]] and the [[United Kingdom]] "for a medical check up".<ref>News items of Ne Win's trip to these countries for 'medical check up' can be found in ''[[The Guardian]]'' and ''[[The Nation]]'' of 14 July 1962</ref> All universities were closed for more than two years until September 1964.{{Sfn|Maung|1965|p=59}}
In 1988, 26 years later, Ne Win denied involvement in the dynamiting of the Student Union building, stating that his deputy Brigadier [[Aung Gyi]] – who by that time had fallen out with Ne Win and been dismissed – had given the order and that he had to take responsibility as a "[[revolutionary]] [[Leadership|leader]]" by giving the ''sword with sword and spear with spear'' speech.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Robert H.|url=http://archive.org/details/stateinmyanmar0000tayl|title=The state in Myanmar|date=2009|publisher=Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-8248-3362-6|page=134}}</ref>
==Burmese Way to Socialism (1962–1988)==
{{Main|Burmese Way to Socialism}}
[[File:1964-05 1964年2月 周恩来陈毅访问缅甸 与奈温会谈.jpg|thumb|Ne Win with [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Chen Yi (marshal)|Chen Yi]] during their visit to Burma on 31 May 1964]]
Ne Win oversaw a number of reforms after taking power. The administration instituted a system including elements of [[nationalism]], [[Marxism]], and [[Buddhism]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Win|first=Chong|date=23 December 2018|title=Brief history of Burma|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/dispatches/a+brief+history+of+burma/158170|website=News.Channel4|access-date=24 May 2010|archive-date=6 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106033235/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/dispatches/a+brief+history+of+burma/158170|url-status=live}}</ref> though Ne Win lacked interest in either ideology or religion – terming this the [[Burmese Way to Socialism]]. He founded the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP), which in 1964 was formally declared to be the only legal party.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Badgley|first=John H.|date=1 June 1938|title=Burma's China Crisis: The Choices Ahead|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/7/11/753/24067/Burma-s-China-Crisis-The-Choices-Ahead?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Asian Survey|language=en|volume=7|issue=11|pages=753–761|doi=10.2307/2642500|jstor=2642500|issn=0004-4687|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108091247/https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/7/11/753/24067/Burma-s-China-Crisis-The-Choices-Ahead?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref>
A system of state hospitals and institutions was established in Burma; medical care was free. Private hospitals were brought under [[public ownership]]. A new system of public education was introduced. A campaign to liquidate illiteracy was carried out starting in 1965.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first=Hongwei|date=2012|title=The 1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma and Sino–Burmese relations|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/1967-antichinese-riots-in-burma-and-sinoburmese-relations/32233393B60BBE02A8AFB7AD92EEFC8A|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|language=en|volume=43|issue=2|pages=234–256|doi=10.1017/S0022463412000045|s2cid=159753249|issn=1474-0680|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325073602/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/1967-antichinese-riots-in-burma-and-sinoburmese-relations/32233393B60BBE02A8AFB7AD92EEFC8A|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1962 and 1965 important laws against landlords and usury were adopted. They aimed at protecting peasants' rights to land and property and to renting the land. These measures included the law abolishing rents on land.<ref>Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). ''Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy''. ILCAA. {{ISBN|978-4-87297-748-6}}.</ref>
On 2 March 1974, he disbanded the [[Union Revolutionary Council|Revolutionary Council]] and proclaimed the [[Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma]]. He was elected [[president of Myanmar]] and shortly afterward appointed [[Brigadier General]] [[Sein Win (general, born 1919)|Sein Win]] as [[Prime Minister of Myanmar|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Steinberg|first=David I.|date=1997|title=Burma's way to Economics and Politics|url=http://asiafoundation.org/pdf/wp5.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501111851/http://asiafoundation.org/pdf/wp5.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2011|access-date=17 November 2020|website=The Asia Foundation Working Paper Series.}}</ref> On 9 November 1981, Ne Win resigned as [[President of Myanmar|president]] and was succeeded in that post by General [[San Yu]]. However, Ne Win remained leader of the [[Burma Socialist Programme Party|party]] and thus remained the ultimate political authority in the land until his resignation in 1988.
===Economic policies===
[[File:1966-06 1966年刘少奇陈毅夫妇与缅甸奈温夫妇.jpg|thumb|Ne Win with Chinese president [[Liu Shaoqi]] in June 1966]]
Ne Win's government nationalized the [[Economy of Myanmar|economy]] and pursued a policy of [[autarky]], which involved the [[economic]] [[Isolationism|isolation]] of Burma from the world. The ubiquitous [[black market]] and rampant [[smuggling]] supplied the needs of the people, while the central government slid slowly into [[bankruptcy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Power & Money: Economics and Conflict in Burma|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/power-money-economics-and-conflict-burma|access-date=7 November 2020|website=www.culturalsurvival.org|date=9 April 2010 |language=en|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129020040/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/power-money-economics-and-conflict-burma|url-status=live}}</ref> Autarky also involved expelling foreigners and restricting visits by foreigners to three days, and after 1972, one week. The Burmanization of the economy included the expulsion of many Chinese (along with Indians).<ref name=":Han">{{Cite book |last=Han |first=Enze |title=The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia |date=2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-769659-0 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=141}} Ne Win's government prohibited foreigners from owning land and practicing certain professions.<ref name=":Han" />{{Rp|page=141}} Even foreign aid organizations were banned; the only [[humanitarian aid]] permitted was on an intergovernmental basis. Furthermore, heavy-handed [[Political repression|political oppression]] caused many in the educated workforce to emigrate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Myanmar – Since independence|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504062055/https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref>
Ne Win also took drastic steps regarding the [[Myanmar kyat|currency]]. In 1985, he issued a decree that 25, 35, and 75 kyat notes would cease to be legal tender, alleging that they were subject to hoarding by [[Black marketeer|black-marketeers]] and were also used to finance the various insurgencies. Though limited compensation was offered, this wiped out people's savings overnight. At least one insurgency, that of the ethnic [[Kayan people (Myanmar)|Kayan]], was triggered by this act.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 1988 |title=Burma: Prospects for Reform of Ne Win's 'No Win' Economic Policies" [censored word(s)#93; |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP89G01321R000500010005-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721205732/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP89G01321R000500010005-2.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 |publisher=CIA}}</ref>
In 1987, reportedly on the recommendation of an [[Astrology|astrologer]] that [[Numerology|the number nine was auspicious]], Ne Win ordered the withdrawal of several large-denomination kyat notes while issuing new denominations of 45 and 90 kyats. Both 45 and 90 are divisible by nine, and their numerals add up to nine. Again, millions of [[Burmese people|Burmese]] lost their life savings, and the demonetization also rendered about 75% of the entire kyat reserves completely useless.<ref name="drowning">George Packer, [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/08/25/080825fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all "Drowning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130132658/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/08/25/080825fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all |date=30 November 2012 }}, ''The New Yorker'', 25 August 2008</ref> This crippled the Burmese economy further still.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Selochan|first1=Viberto|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/military-and-democracy-asia-and-pacific|title=The Military and Democracy in Asia and the Pacific|last2=May|first2=Ron|year=2004|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=978-1-920942-00-7|language=en|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033013/http://press.anu.edu.au//mdap/mobile_devices/ch03s05.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ne Win was well known for his penchant for ''[[yadaya]]'' (traditional Burmese rituals performed in order to ward off misfortune).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bruinskeptics.org/2008/05/26/how-astrology-ruined-myanmars-economy/ |title=Bruin Alliance of Skeptics and Secularists » How Astrology Ruined Myanmar's Economy |access-date=2 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803225416/http://bruinskeptics.org/2008/05/26/how-astrology-ruined-myanmars-economy/ |archive-date=3 August 2010 }}</ref> When his soothsayer warned him that there might be a bloodbath, he would stand in front of a mirror and trample on meat to simulate the blood, then shoot his reflection to avert the possibility of an [[assassination attempt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgmoen.net/video_trans/014.html |title=Inside Burma :: DGMoen.net :: Promoting Social Justice, Human Rights, and Peace |access-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430010209/http://www.dgmoen.net/video_trans/014.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 }}</ref>
Ne Win resigned as chairman of the ruling Burma Socialist Programme Party on 23 July 1988 at the height of the [[8888 Uprising|uprising against his regime]], and roughly one year after the United Nations declared Burma a "[[Developing country|Least Developed Country]]".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Martin|date=6 December 2002|title=Obituary: General Ne Win|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/dec/06/guardianobituaries|access-date=7 November 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118073618/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/dec/06/guardianobituaries|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Student and worker riots===
Sporadic protests against the government continued. Students led protests in 1965, December 1969, and December 1970.<ref>Yawnghwe, Chao-Tzang. ''Burma: Depoliticization of the Political.'' cited in Alagappa, Muthiah. (1995). ''Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority.'' [[Stanford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-2560-6}}</ref> These demonstrations took place mainly on campuses located in the cities of [[Rangoon]], [[Mandalay]] and [[Mawlamyaing|Moulmein]] and were often followed by the closure of universities and colleges. In June 1974, workers from more than 100 factories throughout the nation participated in a strike, to which the government reacted by shooting about 100 workers and students on 6 June 1974 at the Thamaing Textile Factory and the Sinmalaik Dock Yard in Rangoon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 September 2007|title=The Burma road to ruin|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/28/burma.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081122/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/28/burma.uk|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=7 November 2020|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref> Since Ne Win was in [[Australia]] on an official visit at the time, responsibility for these shootings is unclear. On [[U Thant Funeral Crisis|5 December 1974]], students turned the funeral of former [[UN Secretary General]] [[U Thant]] into a demonstration, snatching the coffin on display at the Kyaikkasan Race Course and erecting a makeshift mausoleum on the grounds of the former Student Union building in protest against the government for not honouring their famous countryman with a state funeral.<ref>Fong, Jack. (2008). ''Revolution as Development: The Karen Self-determination Struggle Against Ethnocracy (1949–2004).'' Boca Raton, FL: BrownWalker Press. {{ISBN|978-1-59942-994-6}}</ref> The [[Tatmadaw|military]] stormed the campus on 11 December, killing some of the students, recovered the coffin and buried [[U Thant]] at the foot of the [[Shwedagon pagoda]], next to the tomb of [[Thakin Kodaw Hmaing]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Myanmar Data – Ne Win (Burmese: ေနဝင္‌း IPA: &#91;nè wín&#93;; 24 May or 14 May 1911 or 10 July 1910 – 5 December 2002; born Xiu Mao)|url=http://thetmsk.multiply.com/journal/item/9|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714132124/http://thetmsk.multiply.com/journal/item/9|archive-date=14 July 2011|access-date=2 July 2010}}</ref><ref>Callahan, Mary. (2001). ''Burma: Soldiers as State Builders.'' ch. 17. cited in Alagappa, Muthiah. (2001). ''Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia.'' [[Stanford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-4227-6}}</ref>
=== 1967 anti-Chinese riots ===
{{Main|1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma}}
[[File:Gen. Ne Win, Burmese P.M. touring Nesher Cement Factory in Ramleh (D783-105).jpg|thumb|228x228px|Gen. Ne Win, Burmese P.M, touring the Nesher Cement Factory in Ramleh.]]In February 1963, the Enterprise Nationalization Law was passed, effectively [[nationalizing]] all major industries and prohibiting the formation of new factories. This law adversely affected many [[industrialists]] and [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneurs]], especially those without full [[citizenship]].<ref>Murray, ''Chinese Education in South-East Asia'', p. 190</ref> The government's [[economic]] [[nationalization]] program further prohibited foreigners, including the [[non-citizen]] [[Chinese people|Chinese]], from owning land, sending [[Remittance|remittances]], getting [[Business license|business licenses]] and [[Health care|practicing medicine]].<ref>Murray, ''Chinese Education in South-East Asia'', p. 191</ref> Such policies led to the beginnings of a major exodus of [[Burmese Chinese]] to other countries – some 100,000 Chinese left Burma.<ref name="ms">{{cite book|author=Martin Smith|year=1991|title= Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity|publisher=Zed Books|location=London, New Jersey|pages=39, 98, 153–154, 225–226}}</ref>
Since Ne Win made [[Burmese language|Burmese]] the medium of instruction, many [[Chinese language|Chinese-language]] schools had to be closed. When the [[Chinese embassy]] in [[Rangoon]] distributed [[Mao Zedong|Mao]]'s red books in Burma, many Chinese went out on the streets in support of the Cultural Revolution. They were attacked by [[Burmese citizenship|Burmese citizens]], the most violent [[Riot|riots]] taking place in 1967.<ref name="ms"/> Beginning in 1967 and continuing throughout the 1970s, [[Anti-Chinese sentiment|anti-Chinese]] riots continued to flare up, as many elements in Burma tried to spread the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Many believed they were covertly supported by the government.<ref>{{cite book |last=Steinberg |first=David L. |title=Burma: The State of Myanmar |year=2002 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=0-87840-893-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/burmastateofmyan0000stei }}</ref> Similarly, [[Chinese shopping centers|Chinese shops]] were looted and set on fire. Public attention was successfully diverted by Ne Win from the uncontrollable [[inflation]], scarcity of consumer items and rising prices of rice. The 1982 Citizenship Law further restricted Burmese citizenship for Burmese Chinese (as it stratified citizenship into three categories: full, associate, and naturalized) and severely limited Burmese Chinese, especially those without full [[citizenship]] and those holding FRCs, from attending professional tertiary schools, including [[medical]], [[engineering]], [[Agriculture|agricultural]] and [[economics]] [[Institution|institutions]].<ref name="ls">{{cite book | author=Mya Than | editor=Leo Suryadinata | year=1997 | title=Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=0-312-17576-0|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicchineseass0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Richter|first=Frank-Jürgen|title=Business networks in Asia: promises, doubts, and perspectives|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1999|page=186|isbn=978-1-56720-302-8}}</ref> During this period, the country's failing economy and widespread discrimination accelerated an emigration of Burmese Chinese out of Burma.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hogwei|first=Fan|date=28 June 2017|title=Anti-Chinese riots rock Rangoon|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/anti-chinese-riots-rock-rangoon/article19156090.ece|access-date=17 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108124944/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/anti-chinese-riots-rock-rangoon/article19156090.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
==8888 Uprising, resignation, and military coup (1975–1988)==
{{Main|8888 Uprising}}
Students from universities throughout [[Rangoon]] demonstrated again in June 1975 in commemoration of the previous year's Labour Strike. Student-led demonstrations also occurred in March 1976, September 1987, March and June 1988.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mydans|first1=Seth|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|date=12 September 1988|title=A Burmese Power Shift; Though Government Schedules Election, Decision Rests With People in the Streets (Published 1988)|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/12/world/burmese-power-shift-though-government-schedules-election-decision-rests-with.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110102510/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/12/world/burmese-power-shift-though-government-schedules-election-decision-rests-with.html|archive-date=10 November 2012|issn=0362-4331}} [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968501,00.html?promoid=googlep Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102182623/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968501,00.html?promoid=googlep |date=2 November 2012 }}</ref> In August and September 1988, these demonstrations turned into a nationwide uprising against BSPP rule in what is now known as the '[[8888 Uprising|Four Eights Uprising]]'.{{Sfn|Taylor|2015|pp=454–461}}
The 8888 uprising was started by students in [[Yangon]] (Rangoon) on 8 August 1988. Student protests spread throughout the [[Myanmar|country]].<ref name="fer313">Ferrara (2003), p. 313</ref><ref name="burmawatcher">Burma Watcher (1989)</ref> Hundreds of thousands of [[Monk|monks]], children, university students, housewives, doctors and [[common people]] protested against the government.<ref name="steinberg">Steinberg (2002)</ref><ref>Aung-Thwin, Maureen. (1989). [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19890301faessay5952/maureen-aung-thwin/burmese-days.html Burmese Days] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223173602/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19890301faessay5952/maureen-aung-thwin/burmese-days.html|date=23 February 2006}}. ''[[Foreign Affairs]]''.</ref> The [[8888 Uprising|uprising]] ended on 18 September after a bloody [[Coup d'état|military coup]] by the [[State Peace and Development Council|State Law and Order Restoration Council]] (SLORC). Thousands of deaths have been attributed to the military during this uprising,<ref name="fer313" /><ref name="fog">Fogarty, Phillipa (7 August 2008). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7543347.stm Was Burma's 1988 uprising worth it?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023805/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7543347.stm|date=12 January 2009}}. [[BBC News]].</ref><ref name="win">Wintle (2007)</ref> while authorities in Myanmar put the figure at around 350 people killed.<ref>''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. 24 September 1988. P. A.16</ref><ref>[[Associated Press]]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. 26 September 1988.</ref>
At the height of the [[8888 Uprising|Four Eights Uprising]] against the BSPP, Ne Win [[resigned]] as [[party chairman]] on 23 July 1988. In a truculent farewell speech to the BSPP Party Congress, he warned that if the "disturbances" continued the "army would have to be called and I would like to declare from here that if the army shoots it has no tradition of shooting into the air. It would shoot straight to hit."<ref>The English translation of Ne Win's speech can be found in 24 July 1988 issues of the Rangoon ''Guardian'' and ''The Working People's Daily''.</ref> The [[Tatmadaw|Tatmadaw troops]] shot, killed and maimed hundreds if not up to 3,000 or more demonstrators in various places throughout [[Burma]] from the period of 8 to 12 August 1988 and again on 18 September 1988, proving that Ne Win's farewell speech was not an empty threat.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Win|first=Sein|date=24 July 1988|title=Burmese Leader Ne Win Resigns in Surprise Move|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/07/24/burmese-leader-ne-win-resigns-in-surprise-move/1b5896ff-3997-4472-8ffd-d49753838d39/|access-date=7 November 2020|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109134619/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/07/24/burmese-leader-ne-win-resigns-in-surprise-move/1b5896ff-3997-4472-8ffd-d49753838d39/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cook|first=C. P.|date=1970|title=Burma: The Era of Ne Win|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40394388|journal=The World Today|volume=26|issue=6|pages=259–266|jstor=40394388|issn=0043-9134|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107071547/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40394388|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 18 September 1988 the military led by [[Senior general (Myanmar)|Senior General]] [[Saw Maung]] dispelled any hopes for [[democracy]] by brutally crushing the uprisings. It is widely believed that Ne Win, though in apparent retirement, orchestrated the coup from behind the scenes.<ref>{{cite book | last=Stewart | first=Whitney | year=1997 | title=Aung San Suu Kyi: Fearless Voice of Burma | publisher=Twenty-First Century Books | isbn=0-8225-4931-X | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/aungsansuukyifea00stew }}</ref>
For about ten years, Ne Win kept a low profile but remained a shadowy figure exercising at least some influence on the [[State Peace and Development Council|military junta]].<ref>Listopadov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich. "U NE VIN." Voprosy Istorii no. 11 (November 1997): 56–78.</ref> After 1998, Ne Win's influence on the junta began to wane.
==Death and funeral==
Still under house arrest, Ne Win died on 5 December 2002 at his lakeside house in [[Yangon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Myanmar President U Ne Win Dies|publisher=People's Daily China 5 December 2002|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200212/05/eng20021205_107999.shtml|access-date=5 February 2007|archive-date=6 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306045100/http://english.people.com.cn/200212/05/eng20021205_107999.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The death remained unannounced by [[Burmese media]] or the junta. The only mention of Ne Win's death was a paid obituary notice that appeared in some of the government-controlled Burmese language newspapers. Ne Win was not given a [[state funeral]], and his former contacts or junior colleagues were strongly discouraged from attending a hastily arranged funeral, so that only thirty people attended the funeral.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U Ne Win {{!}} Myanmar general and dictator|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Ne-Win|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027215803/https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Ne-Win|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2002|title=Ne Win, dictator who ruined Burma, is dead|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/ne-win-dictator-who-ruined-burma-is-dead-20021206-gdfx8t.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073949/https://www.smh.com.au/world/ne-win-dictator-who-ruined-burma-is-dead-20021206-gdfx8t.html|archive-date=10 January 2021|access-date=7 November 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1581413.stm Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109112913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1581413.stm |date=9 January 2021 }}</ref>
Ne Win's daughter [[Sandar Win]] was temporarily released from house arrest to attend his funeral and cremation. She later dispersed her father's ashes into the [[Hlaing River]].<ref>"After the release of Ne's daughter, [[Sandar Win]] she dispersed her father in the river of Yangon river." ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Taylor|2015|p=610}})</ref>
Ne Win's grandson [[Aye Ne Win]] and Kyaw Ne Win were released in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ei Ei Toe Lwin|title=Prisoners freed, but 60 remain behind bars|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/8821-prisoners-freed-but-60-remain-behind-bars.html|access-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=The Myanmar Times|date=18 November 2013|archive-date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207012740/http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/8821-prisoners-freed-but-60-remain-behind-bars.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Family==
Ne Win was married six times:<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 December 2002|title=Obituary: Ne Win|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1581413.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109112913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1581413.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2022}}
# He was first married to Daw Than Nyunt, who bore him a son, Kyaw Thein.
# He was second married to Tin Tin, who bore him two sons, Ngwe Soe and Aye Aung.
# He then married Khin May Than (Katie Ba Than), daughter of Professor [[Ba Than (surgeon)|Ba Than]], the former dean of [[University of Medicine 1, Yangon|Rangoon medical school]]. The couple had two daughters and a son between them, [[Sandar Win]], Kye Mon Win, and Phyo Wai Win. Khin May Than brought three daughters from her first marriage, Le Le Win and twins Thida Win and Thawdar Win, into the family. Khin May Than was Ne Win's favourite wife and her death in 1972 was a heavy blow to him.
# He then married Ni Ni Myint, a university teacher, whom he divorced.
# He then married [[June Rose Bellamy]] (Yadana Nat-mei), a great granddaughter of [[Crown Prince Ka Naung]].
# He remarried his former wife Ni Ni Myint.
{{portal|Myanmar}}
== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}
== Citations ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== General bibliography ==
{{refbegin|}}
* {{Cite book |last=Can-pati |first=Mranmā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3iGXwAACAAJ |title=Party Seminar 1965: Speeches of Chairman General Ne Win and Political Report of the General Secretary |publisher=[[Burma Socialist Programme Party]] |year=1965 |isbn=978-87-7694-088-1 |location=[[Yangon]], [[Burma]] |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318201337/https://books.google.com/books?id=p3iGXwAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Maung |first1=Maung |date=1965 |title=Burma and General Ne Win |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pceAAAAMAAJ |author-link=Maung Maung |location=[[University of Michigan]] |publisher=Religious Affairs Department Press }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mya |first=Doung Nyo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmpuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thirty Comrades |publisher=Guardian Press |year=1992 |location=Myanmar |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318040206/https://books.google.com/books?id=TmpuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Lewis Taylor |date=2015 |title=General Ne Win: A Political Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njvzCQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |isbn=978-9814620130 }}
* {{cite book |last=Yawnghwe |first=Tzang |date=1990 |title=Ne Win's Tatmadaw Dictatorship |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJilSgAACAAJ |publisher=Hurst |isbn=9814620130 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325134702/https://books.google.com/books?id=IJilSgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{refend|}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[U Nu]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Prime Minister of Burma]]<br><small>Acting</small>
| years = 1958–1960
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[U Nu]]
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[Win Maung]]<br><small>as President of Burma</small>
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[President of Burma|Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Burma]]
| years = 1962–1974
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Himself as President
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[U Nu]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Prime Minister of Burma]]
| years = 1962–1964
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Sein Win (general, born 1919)|Sein Win]]
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = Himself as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[President of Burma]]
| years = 1974–1981
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[San Yu]]
}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef
| before = None
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Chairman of the [[Burma Socialist Programme Party]]
| years = 1962–1988
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Sein Lwin]]
}}
|-
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Smith Dun]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Chief of General Staff of the [[Tatmadaw]]
| years = 1949–1972
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[San Yu]]
}}
|-
{{s-end}}
{{Heads of state of Burma (Myanmar)}}
{{Prime Ministers of Burma (Myanmar)}}
{{Fall of Communism}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1910s births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Burma Socialist Programme Party politicians]]
[[Category:Burmese collaborators with Imperial Japan]]
[[Category:Burmese generals]]
[[Category:Burmese politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:People from Bago Region]]
[[Category:Presidents of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Myanmar]]
[[Category:State of Burma]]
[[Category:University of Yangon alumni]]
[[Category:Burmese rebels]]
[[Category:Militarism]]
[[Category:Family of Ne Win]]