View source for Near-close near-back rounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ʊ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Near-close near-back rounded vowel
| ipa symbol = ʊ
| ipa number = 321
| decimal = 650
| xsampa = U
| imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x028A.svg
| imagesize = 150px
| braille = of
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}
[[File:Spectrogram near-close near-back rounded vowel (IPA ʊ).png|thumb|Spectrogram of ʊ]]
[[File:IPA Ʊ Sagittal Section.svg|thumb|[[Sagittal plane|Sagittal section]] of a vocal tract pronouncing the IPA sound {{IPA|ʊ}}. Note that a wavy [[glottis]] in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.]]
The '''near-close near-back rounded vowel''', or '''near-high near-back rounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some spoken [[languages]]. The [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbol that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|[[ʊ]]}}. It is informally called "horseshoe u". Prior to 1989, there was an alternative IPA symbol for this sound, {{angbr IPA|ɷ}}, called "closed [[omega]]"; use of this symbol is no longer sanctioned by the IPA.{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=169}} In [[Americanist phonetic notation]], the symbol {{angbr IPA|ᴜ}} (a small capital U) is used. Sometimes, especially in [[broad transcription]], this vowel is transcribed with a simpler symbol {{angbr IPA|u}}, which technically represents the [[close back rounded vowel]].
''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'' defines {{IPA|[ʊ]}} as a [[mid-centralized]] ([[Relative articulation#Raised and lowered|lowered]] and [[Relative articulation#Centralized vowels|centralized]]) close back rounded vowel (transcribed {{IPA|[u̽]}} or {{IPA|[ü̞]}}), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʊ}} is ''near-close near-back rounded vowel''.{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=13, 170, 180}} However, some languages have the ''close-mid near-back rounded vowel'', a vowel that is somewhat lower than the canonical value of {{IPA|[ʊ]}}, though it still fits the definition of a mid-centralized {{IPAblink|u}}. It occurs in some dialects of English (such as [[General American]] and [[Geordie]]){{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=486}}{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}} as well as some other languages (such as [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastrichtian Limburgish]]).{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=158–159}} It can be transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʊ̞}} (a lowered {{angbr IPA|ʊ}}) in narrow transcription. For the close-mid (near-)back rounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʊ}} (or {{angbr IPA|u}}), see [[close-mid back rounded vowel]].
In some other languages (such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]){{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}}{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} as well as some dialects of English (such as [[Scottish English|Scottish]]){{sfnp|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=7}}{{sfnp|Lindsey|2012b}} there is a fully back near-close rounded vowel (a sound between cardinal {{IPAblink|u}} and {{IPAblink|o}}), which can be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ʊ̠}}, {{angbr IPA|u̞}} or {{angbr IPA|o̝}}.
== Near-close back protruded vowel ==
The '''near-close back protruded vowel''' is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angbr IPA|ʊ}}, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the near-close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;̫}}, can be used as an ''ad hoc'' symbol {{angbr IPA|ʊ̫}} for the near-close back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is {{angbr IPA|ʊʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|ɯ̽ʷ}} (a near-close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
The close-mid near-back protruded vowel can be transcribed {{angbr IPA|ʊ̞ʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|ʊ̫˕}}, whereas the fully back near-close protruded vowel can be transcribed {{angbr IPA|u̞ʷ}}, {{angbr IPA|ɯ̞ʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|u̫˕}}.
=== Features ===
{{near-close vowel}}
{{back vowel}} The prototypical {{IPA|[ʊ]}} is somewhat further front (near-back) than the neighboring cardinal vowels.
{{protruded vowel}} The prototypical {{IPA|[ʊ]}} has a weak protruded rounding, more like {{IPAblink|ɔ}} than the neighboring cardinal vowels.
=== Occurrence ===
Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression. In the table below, vowels transcribed with {{angbr IPA|o̝}} have a considerably stronger rounding than the prototypical value of {{angbr IPA|ʊ}}.
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Lass|1987|p=119}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|B'''o'''tha]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbʊ̞ˑta]}} || '[[Botha]]' || Close-mid. Allophone of {{IPA|/ʊə/}} in less stressed words, in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words and word-finally when unstressed. In the second case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization {{IPA|[ʊə̯ ~ ʊ̯ə ~ ʊə]}}.{{sfnp|Lass|1987|p=119}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| [[Arabic]] ||[[Hejazi Arabic phonology|Hejazi]]||{{lang|acw|[[Arabic alphabet|قُلْت]]|rtl=yes}}/{{transl|acw|gult}}||{{IPA|[gʊlt]}}|| 'I said' || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} in medial and initial positions. See [[Hejazi Arabic phonology|Hejazi phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Assamese language|Assamese]]{{sfnp|Mahanta|2012|p=220}} || {{lang|as|[[Assamese alphabet|কোৰ]]}}/{{transl|as|kûr}} ||{{IPA|[kʊɹ]}} || 'hoe' || Close-mid;{{sfnp|Mahanta|2012|p=220}} also described as open {{IPAblink|ɒ}}.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=293–294}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]{{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}} || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|তুমি]]}}/{{transl|bn|tumī}} ||{{IPA|[ˈt̪u̞ˌmiː]}} || 'you' || Fully back;{{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|u}}. See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Burmese language|Burmese]]{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|p=293}} || {{lang|my|[[Burmese alphabet|မွတ်]]}}/{{transl|my|mā}} ||{{IPA|[mʊʔ]}} || 'smooth' || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized.{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|p=293}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|p=111}} || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|红]]}} / {{transl|cmn|Pinyin|[[Hanyu Pinyin|hóng]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Zh-hóng.ogg|[xʊŋ˧˥]|help=no}}|| 'red' || Fully back; height varies between mid and close depending on the speaker. See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
|-
| [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|瓜]]}}/{{transl|wuu|kù}} ||{{IPA|[kʊ¹]}} || 'melon' || The height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}} || {{lang|da|[[Dano-Norwegian alphabet|ma'''ve''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɛːʊ]}} || 'stomach' || Phonetic realization of the sequence {{IPA|/və/}}.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}} See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard Northern{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=134, 200–201}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''o'''ren]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈʊːrə(n)]}} || rowspan="2" | 'ears' || rowspan="2" | Allophone of {{IPA|/oː/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}. Can be a centering diphthong {{IPA|[ʊə]}} instead, especially before coda {{IPA|/r/}}. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Randstad{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=134, 200–201}}
|-
|| Some speakers{{sfnp|van Oostendorp|2013|loc=section 29}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|h'''o'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[ɦʊk]}} || 'den' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɔ}} in certain words, but many speakers have only one vowel {{IPAslink|ɔ}}.{{sfnp|van Oostendorp|2013|loc=section 29}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="16" | [[English language|English]] || [[Hiberno-English|Irish]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=421–422}} || rowspan="11" | ''[[English orthography|h'''oo'''k]]'' || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[hʊk]}} || rowspan="11" | 'hook' ||
|-
| [[Welsh English|Welsh]]{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=135}} || In [[Cardiff English|Cardiff]], it is advanced and lowered to {{IPAblink|ɵ}}, often also with unrounding to {{IPAblink|ɘ}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|pp=92–93}}
|-
| [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Mott|2011|p=75}} || {{IPA|[ʊʔk]}} || Sometimes fronted to {{IPAblink|ʊ̈}}.{{sfnp|Mott|2011|p=75}}
|-
| Conservative [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}}{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|p=24}} || rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[hʊʔk]}} || The height varies from near-close to close-mid. The innovative General New Zealand variant is fronted and unrounded to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɪ̈}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɘ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|p=24}}{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|pp=98, 100–101}} See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| Conservative [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Lindsey|2012a}} || Often lowered and advanced to {{IPAblink|ɵ}}, or unrounded to {{IPAblink|ɘ}}. See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Multicultural London English|Multicultural London]]{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=91}} || May be front {{IPAblink|ʏ}} instead.{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=91}}
|-
| [[Norfolk dialect|Norfolk]]{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=168}} ||
|-
| Some [[Estuary English|Estuary]] speakers{{sfnp|Altendorf|Watt|2004|p=188}} || Often advanced to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ʊ̈}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʏ}}]}}, or advanced and lowered to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɵ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʏ|ʏ̞}}]}}.{{sfnp|Altendorf|Watt|2004|p=188}}
|-
| [[General American]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=486}} || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[hʊ̞k]}} || rowspan="3" | Close-mid.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=486}}{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}{{sfnp|Hillenbrand|2003|p=122}}
|-
| [[Geordie]]{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}}
|-
| Southern Michigan{{sfnp|Hillenbrand|2003|p=122}}
|-
| [[Northern England English|Northern England]] || rowspan="2" | ''[[English orthography|c'''u'''t]]''|| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kʊt]}}|| rowspan="2" | 'cut' || rowspan="2" | Phonetic realization of /ʌ/ in most dialects without the [[Phonological history of English close back vowels#FOOT–STRUT split|foot–strut split]].{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=132, 196–199; 351–353}}
|-
|[[Dublin English#Local Dublin English|Local Dublin]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glossary|url=https://www.uni-due.de/vcde/VCDE_Glossary.htm#G_PUT-CUT%20split,%20absence%20of%20the |access-date=2021-04-23|website=}}</ref>
|-
| [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=344}}{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=65}} || rowspan="2" | ''[[English orthography|th'''ough'''t]]'' || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[θo̝ːt]}} || rowspan="2" | 'thought' || rowspan="2" | Fully back.{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=344}}{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=65}}{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|p=21}} In New Zealand English, the height varies from near-close {{IPA|[o̝ː]}} (a typical value in General NZE) to mid {{IPAblink|o̞ː}} (a typical value in Maori English).{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}}{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|p=21}}{{sfnp|Warren|Bauer|2004|p=617}} It corresponds to {{IPAblink|ɔː}} in other dialects. See [[Australian English phonology]] and [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| General [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|pp=21–22}}
|-
| [[Scottish English|Scottish]]{{sfnp|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=7}}{{sfnp|Lindsey|2012b}} || ''[[English orthography|g'''o''']]'' || {{IPA|[ɡo̝ː]}} || 'go' || Fully back.{{sfnp|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=7}}{{sfnp|Lindsey|2012b}} Corresponds to {{IPA|[oʊ]~[əʊ]}} in other dialects.
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese phonology|g'''u'''lt]]}} || {{IPA|[kʊɬt]}} ||'yellow' ||See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
| [[French language|French]] || [[Quebec French|Quebec]]{{sfnp|Walker|1984|pp=51–60}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|f'''ou'''le]]}} || {{IPA|[fʊl]}} || 'crowd' || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} in closed syllables.{{sfnp|Walker|1984|pp=51–60}} See [[Quebec French phonology]]
|-
| [[German language|German]] || Standard{{sfnp|Kohler|1999|p=87}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 64}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|St'''u'''nde]]}} || {{audio-IPA|De-Stunde.ogg|[ˈʃtʊndə]|help=no}} || 'hour' || The quality has been variously described as near-close back {{IPA|[ʊ̠]}}{{sfnp|Kohler|1999|p=87}} and close-mid near-back {{IPA|[ʊ̞]}}.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}} For some speakers, it may be as high as {{IPAblink|u}}.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]{{sfnp|Ohala|1999|p=102}}
| Hindi|| {{lang|hi|[[Dēvanāgarī|गुलाब]]}}/{{transl|hi|gulāb}} || rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[gʊˈläːb]}} || rowspan="2" | 'rose' || rowspan="2" | See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
|Urdu
|{{lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|گلاب]]}}/{{transl|ur|gulāb}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|'''u'''jj]]}} || {{IPA|[ʊjː]}} || 'finger' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|u}}. See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| [[Irish language|Irish]] || [[Munster Irish|Munster]]{{sfnp|Ó Sé|2000|p=?}} || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|d'''u'''bh]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪ˠʊvˠ]}} || 'black' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ʊ/}} between broad consonants.{{sfnp|Ó Sé|2000|p=?}} See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || Central-Southern accents{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=137}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|'''o'''mbra]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈo̝mbrä]}} || 'shade' || Fully back; local realization of {{IPA|/o/}}.{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=137}} See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]{{sfnp|Thackston|2006a|p=1}}{{sfnp|Khan|Lescot|1970|pp=8-16}}
|[[Kurmanji|Kurmanji (Northern)]]
|{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|g'''u'''l]]}}
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|[gʊl]}}
| rowspan="3" |'flower'
| rowspan="3" |See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
|[[Sorani|Sorani (Central)]]
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|ku-Arab|[[Kurdish alphabets|گـ'''و'''ڵ]]}}/{{lang|ku|g'''u'''l}}
|-
|[[Palewani|Palewani (Southern)]]
|-
| [[Latin language|Latin]] || Classical || {{lang|la|[[Latin alphabet|p'''u'''ella]]}} || {{IPA|[pʊɛlla]}} || 'girl' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Leonese language|Leonese]]
| ''butiell'''u'''''
|[buˈtjeʎʊ]
|'[[Botillo]]'
|Allophone position of /u/ and /o/ in neutral position.
|-
| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=158–159}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=110}} || {{lang|li|p'''ó'''p}} || {{IPA|[pʊ̞p]}} || 'doll' || Close-mid in the [[Maastrichtian dialect]].{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=158–159}} The example word is from that dialect.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Lombard language|Lombard]]
|''n'''o'''x''
|[nʊs̠]
|'walnut'
|Most common realization of /u/.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|Spr'''oo'''ch}} || {{IPA|[ʃpʀo̝ːχ]}} || 'language' || Fully back.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|oː}}. See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]]
|{{lang|ms|mamp'''u'''s}}
|{{IPA|[mam.pʊs]}}
|'die'
|Allophone of /u/ in closed-final syllables. May be [{{IPA link|o}}] or [{{IPA link|o̞}}] depending on the speaker. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| [[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]] || Lower Darai Nur dialect{{sfnp|Lamuwal|Baker|2013|p=245}} || {{lang|psi|صُر}}/{{transl|psi|sar}} ||{{IPA|[sʊ̞r]}} || 'sun' || Close-mid.{{sfnp|Lamuwal|Baker|2013|p=245}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=229}} || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|pul'''o''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpulʊ]}} || 'leap' || Reduction and neutralization of unstressed {{IPA|/u, o, ɔ/}}; can be voiceless. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=69}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|с'''у'''хой]]}} {{transl|ru|suhoj}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Ru-сухой.ogg|[s̪ʊˈxʷo̞j]|help=no}} || 'dry' || Unstressed allophone of {{IPA|/u/}}.{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=69}} See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}} || {{lang|stq|R'''oo'''p}} || {{IPA|[ʀo̝ːp]}} || 'rope' || Phonetic realization of {{IPA|/oː/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}}. Near-close back {{IPA|[o̝ː]}} in the former case, close-mid near-back {{IPA|[ʊ̞]}} in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to {{IPA|/ɔː/}} ({{IPAblink|o|o̟ː}}).{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Scots language|Scots]] || [[Glenoe dialect]]{{sfnp|Gregg|1953}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|sco|g'''o'''}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɡo̝ː]}} || rowspan="2" | 'go' || rowspan="2" | Fully back.{{sfnp|Gregg|1953}}
|-
| Rathlin dialect{{sfnp|Gregg|1953}}
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] || Some dialects || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography|tal'''amh''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ʰal̪ˠʊ]}} || 'land' || Reduction of word-final {{IPA|/əv/}}; a similar phenomenon is seen in [[Ulster Irish]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]{{sfnp|Perera|Jones|1919|pp=5, 10}} || {{lang|si|හුඟක්}}/{{transl|si|huňgak}}
|{{IPA|[ɦʊ̜ᵑɡak]}} || 'much' || Only weakly rounded;{{sfnp|Perera|Jones|1919|p=10}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|u}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Pavlík|2004|pp=93, 95}}{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=375}} || {{lang|sk|r'''u'''ka}} || {{IPA|[ˈru̞kä]}} || 'arm' || Typically fully back.{{sfnp|Pavlík|2004|pp=93, 95}} See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sotho language|Sotho]]{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} || {{lang|st|[[Sotho orthography|p'''o'''tso]]}} || {{IPA|[pʼʊ̠t͡sʼɔ]}} || 'query' || Fully back; contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} See [[Sotho phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Andalusian Spanish|Eastern Andalusian]]{{sfnp|Zamora Vicente|1967|p=?}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|es|[[Spanish alphabet|t'''us''']]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[t̪ʊ̠ː]}} || rowspan="2" | 'your' (pl.) || rowspan="2" | Fully back. Corresponds to {{IPAblink|u}} in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Murcian Spanish|Murcian]]{{sfnp|Zamora Vicente|1967|p=?}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|buzl'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[buz̪ˈl̠ʊ]}} || 'icy' || Allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} described variously as "word-final"{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}} and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|М'''у'''сій]]}} || {{IPA|[mʊˈsij]}} || 'Musiy' (name)|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|{{lang|cy|g'''ẃ'''raidd}}
|{{IPA|[ɡʊ.raið]}}
|'manly'
|See [[Welsh phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}} || {{lang|yo|lati s'''un'''}} || {{IPA|[lati sũ̟]}}
| 'to sleep'
| Near-back or back; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ũ}}. It is nasalized, and may be close {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|u|ũ̟}} ~ {{IPAplink|u|ũ}}]}} instead.{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}}
|}
== Near-close back compressed vowel ==
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Near-close back compressed vowel
| ipa symbol = ʊ͍
| ipa symbol2 = ɯ̽ᵝ
}}
Some languages, such as Norwegian, are found with a near-close back vowel that has a distinct [[roundedness#Types of rounding|type of rounding]], called ''compressed'' or ''exolabial''.
There is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|ɯ̽͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɯ̽]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|ɯ̽ᵝ}} ({{IPA|[ɯ̽]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;͍ }} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angbr IPA|ʊ͍}} as an ''ad hoc'' symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.
Only the [[Shanghainese]] dialect is known to contrast this with the more typical ''protruded'' (endolabial) near-close back vowel, although the height of both of these vowels varies from close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
The fully back variant of the near-close compressed vowel can be transcribed {{angbr IPA|ɯ̞͡β̞}}, {{angbr IPA|ɯ̞ᵝ}} or {{angbr IPA|u͍˕}}.
=== Features ===
{{near-close vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{compressed vowel}} The prototypical {{IPA|[ʊ]}} has a weak rounding (though it is protruded, rather than compressed), more like {{IPAblink|ɔ}} than the neighboring cardinal vowels.
=== Occurrence ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|都]]}} || {{IPA|[tɯ̽ᵝ¹]}} || 'capital' || The height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 18}}<ref>While {{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979}} does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Haugen|1974|p=40}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=16}}) state explicitly that it is compressed.</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|'''o'''nd]]}} || {{IPA|[ɯ̞ᵝnː]}} || 'evil' || Backness varies among dialects; it is a back vowel {{IPA|[ɯ̞ᵝ]}} in [[Urban East Norwegian]], whereas in [[Stavangersk]] it is near-back {{IPA|[ɯ̽ᵝ]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 18}} The UEN vowel has also been described as close back {{IPAblink|ɯᵝ}}.{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=2}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''o'''rt]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Sv-ort.ogg|[ɯ̽ᵝʈː]|help=no}} || 'locality' || The quality has been variously described as near-close near-back {{IPA|[ɯ̽ᵝ]}},{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} near-close back {{IPA|[ɯ̞ᵝ]}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}} and close back {{IPAblink|ɯᵝ}}.{{sfnp|Dahlstedt|1967|p=16}} See [[Swedish phonology]]
|}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
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|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=2
|pages=267–271
|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001397
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{Accents of English|hide1=y|mode=cs2}}
* {{citation
|last=Zamora Vicente
|first=Alonso
|year=1967
|title=Dialectología española
|publisher=Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos
|isbn=9788424911157
|edition=2nd
|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KR-426-128
|url-access=registration}}
* {{citation
|last1=Zimmer
|first1=Karl
|last2=Orgun
|first2=Orhan
|year=1999
|chapter=Turkish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
|pages=154–158
|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
|access-date=2015-11-20
|archive-date=2018-07-25
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* {{phoible|ʊ}}
* {{phoible|u̞}}
{{IPA navigation}}
[[Category:Near-close vowels|near-back rounded vowel]]
[[Category:Back vowels]]
[[Category:Rounded vowels]]