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{{Short description|Form of Jewish religious song or tune}}
{{about||niggunei ha-mikra|Hebrew cantillation|an overview of similar music|Religious Jewish music}}
{{JewishMusic}}
A '''nigun''' ({{langx|he|ניגון}} meaning "tune" or "melody", plural '''nigunim''') or '''niggun''' (plural '''niggunim''') is a form of [[Judaism|Ashkenazi religious]] song or tune sung by groups. It is [[vocal music]], often with repetitive sounds such as "Bim-Bim-Bam", "Lai-Lai-Lai", "Yai-Yai-Yai" or "Ai-Ai-Ai" instead of formal lyrics.  Sometimes, it is defined as a mysterious musical form of prayer or a spiritual language beyond regular words.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nigun |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-nigun/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}</ref> Also, Bible verses or quotes from other classical Jewish texts are sometimes sung repetitively to form a nigun. Some nigunim are sung as [[prayer]]s of lament, while others may be joyous or victorious.<ref>[http://www.sacredcircles.com/THEDANCE/HTML/DANCEPAG/HAIDA.HTM Haida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991007223336/http://www.sacredcircles.com/THEDANCE/HTML/DANCEPAG/HAIDA.HTM |date=1999-10-07 }} Touchstone Sacred Dance Library, Accessed February 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.nigun.info/kaballah.html Music In Kaballah, The Nigun's Influence on the Soul]  From the book Shirat HaLev (The Song of the Heart) by Shmuel Stern – Translated by Gita Levi. Accessed February 2014.</ref>
Nigunim are largely [[improvisations]], though they can be based on thematic passages and are stylized in form, reflecting the teachings of the spiritual leadership of the congregation or its religious movement. Nigunim are especially central to worship in [[Hasidic Judaism]], which evolved its own structured, soulful forms to reflect the mystical joy of intense prayer ([[devekut]]).
==Hasidic nigunim==
[[File:Hasidic jewish fiddler, Homage to Daniel Ahaviel.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Roger David Servais]]: Chassidim]]
A revival of interest in [[Jewish music]] was sparked as part of [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidism]]. Different Hasidic groups have their own nigunim, often composed by their ''[[rebbe]]'' or leader. Hasidim gather around holidays to sing in groups. There are also nigunim for individual [[Jewish meditation|meditation]], called ''[[devekus]]'' or ''devekut'' (connecting with God) nigunim. These are usually much slower than around-the-table nigunim, and are almost always sung without lyrics. The [[Baal Shem Tov]], founder of Hasidism, spoke of ''devekus nigunim'' as "songs that transcend syllables and sound."{{cn|date=May 2022}} Several tunes attributed to him are still used today.
Some nigunim originate from non-Jewish sources. Hasidic Jews, based on a practice of their founder [[Rabbi]] Israel [[Baal Shem Tov]], have adapted anthems and even folk songs, ascribing them a new spiritual dimension. For example, [[Chabad-Lubavitch|Chabad]] Hasidim have adopted the French tunes of ''[[La Marseillaise]]'' and ''[[Napoleon]]'s [[March (music)|March]]'', as well as Russian or German drinking songs as a part of their [[liturgy]]. Many Hasidim believe that these songs, in their secular forms, are in spiritual exile. By adapting them to liturgical forms, they are "raising Holy Sparks" according to the teachings of Rabbi [[Isaac Luria]]'s system of [[kabbalah]]. (The same reasoning is used for the use of Arab tunes for Sephardic [[pizmonim]].)  The process continues to this day, with new nigunim emerging from time to time.
Nigunim are usually sung at Hasidic gatherings ([[Tish (Hasidic celebration)|Tish]]/[[Farbrengen]]s) when large numbers of followers come together to sing and to discuss spiritual concepts. The belief is that when you sing a nigun, the soul of the rabbi who created it appears in the room. On festive occasions the nigunim, especially, are joyful melodies. On the festival of [[Simchat Torah]], the most joyous day in the calendar, fervent nigunim are sung in the dancing with the [[Torah scroll]]s in the synagogue.
Amongst the variety of [[Hasidic dynasties]], different styles of nigunim are prominent, reflecting the alternative spiritual paths of each group. These include the emotional creativity of [[Breslov (Hasidic dynasty)|Breslov]], the encouraging of marches [[Ger (Hasidic dynasty)|Ger]], the charismatic faith of [[Kaliv (Hasidic dynasty)|Kaliv]], and the intellectual content of [[Chabad]].
===Kaliver nigunim===
{{Main|Kaliv (Hasidic dynasty)}}
[[File:Rav moshe sternbuch and kaliver rebbe.JPG|thumb|right|The previous Kaliver Rebbe at left]]
The Kaliver Dynasty began with Rabbi Yitzchak Isaac Taub (1744–1828) of [[Nagykálló]] (in Yiddish Kaliv), [[Hungary]]. He was the first Hasidic Rebbe in Hungary. He was discovered by Rabbi [[Leib Sarah's]], a disciple of the [[Baal Shem Tov]]. Rabbi Leib first met Rabbi Isaac when he was a small child, a small shepherd boy. Rabbi Leib told his mother, a widow, that her son was destined to be a great [[Tzadik]]. He took the small child to Nikolsburg to learn with Rabbi [[Shmelke of Nikolsburg]]. Rabbi Isaac grew to be a great [[Rebbe]] and was known as "the Sweet Singer of Israel". He composed many popular Hasidic melodies. Often he adapted Hungarian folk songs, adding Jewish words. He taught that the tunes he heard were really from the Holy [[Temple in Jerusalem]], and were lost among the nations over the years, and he found them and returned them to the Jewish people.{{cn|date=May 2022}} He said that the proof that it was true was that the gentile who would teach him the song would forget it as soon as the rebbe learned it.{{cn|date=May 2022}} He was famous for composing the traditional Hungarian Hasidic tune ''Szól a kakas már''. When Leib Sarah's found him, he sang in Hungarian a song he knew from the shepherds, ''Erdő, erdő'', which he adapted to Judaism by changing the words. In Yitzack Isaac's version, the love in the song is for the [[Shechina]] (Divine Presence) that is in exile until the [[Mashiach|Messiah]]:<ref>[http://www.moshiach.net/blind/niggun/n-4.htm "The Singing Tzaddik"]</ref>
<blockquote><poem>
Forest, O forest, how vast are you!
Rose, O rose, how distant you are!
Were the forest not so vast,
My rose wouldn't be so far.
Who will guide me out of the forest,
And unite me with my rose?
Then he sang it as Rabbi Leib Sarah's heard it.
Exile, O exile, how vast are you!
Shechinah, Shechinah, how distant you are!
Were the exile not so vast,
The Shechinah wouldn't be so far.
Who will guide me out of the exile,
And unite me with the Shechinah?
</poem></blockquote>
Another famous song by the Kaliver Rebbe is ''Sírnak, rínak a bárányok'' – also in Hungarian.
Another example is Kol Haberuim by [[Baruch Levine]], whose lyrics go:
<blockquote><poem>There's a chamber that doesn't open,
but with a nigun...</poem></blockquote>
===Chabad nigunim===
{{Main|Chabad niggunim}}
Nigunim of the [[Chabad]] dynasty are admired across Hasidism for their intellectual depth.{{cn|date=May 2022}} The aim of Chabad Hasidic thought is to articulate [[Hasidic philosophy]] in philosophical investigation, in order to awaken inner emotional ecstasy. Chabad writings talk of two types of Hasid, the practical "Oveid" (from the word to serve God-Avodah), and the intellectual "Maskil" (from the word to intellectually study-Haskalah). Both are united in the mystical [[dveikut]] fervour of Hasidism, but the primary aim of the Oveid is to bring their inspiration into practical action, while the primary aim of the Maskil is to reach deeper understanding of Hasidic thought. This differentiation enables the intellectual aims of Chabad to be holistically united with emotional joy and soul-searching. The second Rebbe of Chabad, [[Dovber Schneuri]], distinguished between mainstream Hasidic "enthusiasm", and the Chabad aim of intellectually created "ecstasy". Enthusiasm expresses itself in emotional exuberance, reflected in emotional nigunim. Ecstasy is an inner emotional perception, and may be restrained in outward expression when suited. The meditative nature of many Chabad nigunim expresses this. Among them:
*[[Niggun Shamil]]<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/10011516/Nigun_Shamil_The_Soul_Endlessly_Yearning_for_What_It_Has_Always_Never_Been "Nigun Shamil: The Soul Endlessly Yearning for What It Has Always Never Been].</ref>
*[[Niggun of Four Stanzas]]
*[[Tzomah Lecha Nafshi]]
*[[Hachanah Niggun]]
*[[Anim Zemirot]]
*[[Stav Ya Pitu]]
*[[Hu Elokeinu]]
== Musar Movement Nigunim ==
The [[Musar movement]] has also made use of nigunim, based on the realization of how music affects the inner life. In the 19th century, the Musar movement developed its own distinctive nigun chanting traditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76279/21/MUIR%20FINAL%20JOURNAL%20OF%20SYNAGOGUE%20MUSIC%20JULY%202013.pdf|title=Hasidism and Mitnagdism in the Russian Empire: the (mis)use of Jewish music in Polish-Lithuanian Russia.|last=Muir|first=S.}}</ref> In the 21st century, nigunim may be used at the start and the end of musar study sessions<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mussarinstitute.org/Yashar/2015-06/mini-kallot.php|title=Afternoons of Mussar|website=mussarinstitute.org|access-date=2019-05-20|archive-date=2019-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529144956/https://mussarinstitute.org/Yashar/2015-06/mini-kallot.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> and may help to create an emotional musar experience.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrFNAwAAQBAJ|title=A Responsible Life: The Spiritual Path of Mussar|last=Stone|first=Ira|date=2013-05-14|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=9781620328750|language=en}}</ref>
==See also==
Nigunim:
* [[Nachman of Breslov]]
* [[The Kaliver Rebbe]]
* Rebbe [[Moshe Zvi of Savran|Moshe Zvi Giterman]]
Practices:
* [[Jewish meditation]]
* [[Dveikut]]
== Citations ==
{{reflist}}
== General and cited references ==
* Pinson, DovBer, ''Inner Rhythms: The Kabbalah of Music'', Jason Aronson, Inc.  2000. Excellent chapters on the history of Jewish music, the various types and uses of Hasidic nigunim, etc.
* Stern, Shmuel, ''Shirat HaLev'' (Trans ''The Song of the Heart'') Translated by Gita Levi.
==External links==
* [http://www.cmusic.co.il/ CMusic] - Lyrics & Reviews for Chasidus Music
* [http://yehoshuaengelman.bandcamp.com/ Spiritual Jewish music] in [http://yehoshuaengelman.bandcamp.com/ Bandcamp]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060513091112/http://www.iyyun.com/kabbalah/WesternVsEasternVsKabbalisticMusic.html Kabbalah of Music]
* [http://www.chabad.org/multimedia/media.asp?AID=140724 Shamil Nigun]
* [http://www.chabad.org/multimedia/media.asp?AID=140700 Napoleon's March]
* [http://www.nigun.info/kaballah.html Music in Kabbalah]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091028051644/http://www.geocities.com/bialarebbe/niggun.html Biala Nigunim]
* [http://modzitz.org/music.htm Modzitzer Nigunim]
* [http://www.nigun.info/chassidic.html The Nigun from an Ethnomusicological Perspective]
* [http://audio.chassidus.com/audio/#songs Listen to hundreds of Chabad Nigunim online]
* [http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword.asp?scope=6198&kid=2426 Nigun, about Jewish music] chabad.org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217011622/http://chasiduswithoutborders.org/audio/ Neohasid - Chasidus without borders]
* [http://www.nigun.info Power of the Nigun ]
* [http://www.baruchlevine.com/ Music of Baruch Levine]
{{Musar movement}}
[[Category:Hasidic Judaism]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]
[[Category:Jewish music genres]]
[[Category:Jewish music]]
[[Category:Jewish prayer and ritual texts]]
[[Category:Musar movement]]