View source for Ningxia

{{Short description|Autonomous region in Northwestern China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Ningxia
| settlement_type    = [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous region]]
| translit_lang1     = Chinese
| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|Chinese characters}}
| translit_lang1_info = {{nobold|{{lang|zh|宁夏回族自治区}}}}
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|[[Xiao'erjing]]}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-Arab|نِئٍ‌ثِيَا خُوِزُو زِجِ‌کِیُوِ}}}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = {{nobold|[[Pinyin]]}}
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{nobold|{{transliteration|zh|Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū}}}}
| image_skyline      = 沙坡头黄河大转弯 - panoramio.jpg
| image_caption      = View of the [[Yellow River]] passing through [[Shapotou District|Shapotou]]
| image_map          = Ningxia in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| mapsize            = 275px
| map_caption        = Location of Ningxia within China
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = China
| seat_type          = Capital<br />{{normal|(and largest city)}}
| seat               = [[Yinchuan]]
| parts_type         = Divisions
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = 5 [[Prefectures of the People's Republic of China|prefectures]]
| p2                 = 21 [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|counties]]
| p3                 = 219 [[Townships of the People's Republic of China|townships]]
| government_type    = [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous region]]
| governing_body     = Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional People's Congress
| leader_title       = [[Communist Party Secretary of Ningxia|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name        = [[Li Yifei]]
| leader_title1      = Congress Chairman
| leader_name1       = [[Liang Yanshun]]
| leader_title2      = Government Chairman
| leader_name2       = [[Zhang Yupu]]
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = Chen Yong
| leader_title4      = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4       = 23 deputies
| area_total_km2     = 66399.73
| area_rank          = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|27th]]
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="area">{{Cite web |title=Administrative Divisions (2013) |url=http://www.nxtj.gov.cn/nxtjjxbww/tjsj/ndsj/2014/html/1/1-1%E8%A1%A8.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095241/http://www.nxtj.gov.cn/nxtjjxbww/tjsj/ndsj/2014/html/1/1-1%E8%A1%A8.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=19 December 2015 |website=Ningxia Statistical Yearbook 2014 |publisher=Statistical Bureau of Ningxia |language=en}}</ref>
| elevation_max_m    = 3556
| elevation_max_point = [[Helan Mountains]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3) |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |language=en}}</ref>
| population_total   = 7,202,654
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_rank    = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|30th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population density|25th]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition
| demographics1_info1 = {{ubl|[[Han Chinese|Han]]{{snd}}62%|[[Hui people|Hui]]{{snd}}38%}}
| demographics1_title2 = Languages and dialects
| demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[Lanyin Mandarin]]|[[Central Plains Mandarin]]}}
| demographics_type2   = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{normal|(2023)}}<ref name="GDPdata">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China|China NBS]]|date=March 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}} see also {{cite web|url=https://tj.nx.gov.cn/tjsj_htr/tjgb_htr/202404/t20240429_4526210.html |title=zh: 2023年宁夏回族自治区国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=ningxia.gov.cn|date=April 29, 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}} The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar {{cite press release | url=https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html| title=Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development| publisher=China NBS|date=February 29, 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = {{CN¥|531,495 million}} ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP|29th]]; US$75,425 million)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = {{CN¥|72,957}} ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita|18th]]; US$ 10,353)
| iso_code           = CN-NX
| blank4_name_sec2   = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{normal|(2022)}}
| blank4_info_sec2   = 0.764<ref name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab}}</ref> ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|21st]]){{snd}}{{color|#090|high}}
| website            = {{URL|www.nx.gov.cn}}
| official_name      = Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
| translit_lang2     = {{nobold|NX{{\}}{{linktext|lang=zh|宁}} ({{tlit|zh|Níng}})}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Ningxia (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Ningxia" in [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified]] (top) and [[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional]] (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.4
| s = 宁夏
| t = 寧夏
| l = "Pacified [[Western Xia|Xia]]"
| psp = Ningsia
| p = Níngxià
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|n|ing|2|.|x|ia|4}}
| w = {{tonesup|Ning2-hsia4}}
| bpmf = {{bpmfsp|ㄋㄧㄥˊ|ㄒㄧㄚˋ}}
| myr = Níngsyà
| j = Ning4haa6
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|n|ing|4|.|h|aa|6}}
| y = Nìhnghah
| suz = Nyín-ghô
| poj = Lêng-hā
| buc = Nìng-hâ
| teo = Lêng-hiā
| h = Nèn-ha
| xej = نِئٍ‌ثِيَا
| zh-dungan = Нинщя
| altname = Official name
| psp2 = Ningsia Hui Autonomous Region
| s2 = 宁夏回族自治区
| t2 = 寧夏回族自治區
| p2 = Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū
| bpmf2 = {{bpmfsp|ㄋㄧㄥˊ|ㄒㄧㄚˋ|ㄏㄨㄟˊ|ㄗㄨˊ|ㄗˋ|ㄓˋ|ㄑㄩ}}
| w2 = {{tonesup|Ning2-hsia4 Hui<sup>2<-tsu2 Tzŭ4-chih4-chʻü1}}
| gr2 = Ningshiah Hweitzwu Tzyhjyhchiu
| myr2 = Níngsyà Hwéidzú Dz̀jr̀chyū
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|n|ing|2|.|x|ia|4|-|h|ui|2|.|z|u|2|-|zi|4|.|zhi|4|.|qu|1}}
| buc2 = Nìng-hâ Huòi-cŭk Cê̤ṳ-dê-kṳ̆
| teo2 = Lêng-hiā Huê-tsôk Tsĕu-tī-khu
| j2 = Ning4haa6 Wui4zuk6 Zi6zi6keoi1
| y2 = Nìhnghah Wùihjuhk Jihjihkēui
| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|n|ing|4|.|h|aa|6|-|w|ui|4|.|z|uk|6|-|z|i|6|.|z|i|6|.|k|eoi|1}}
| wuu2 = Nyin<sup>平</sup>ya<sup>去</sup> we<sup>平</sup>zoh<sup>入</sup> zy<sup>去</sup>zy<sup>去</sup>chiu<sup>平</sup>
| poj2 = Lêng-hā Hôe-cho̍k Chū-tī-khu
| h2 = Nèn-ha Fui-tshu̍k Tshṳ-tshṳ-khî
| xej2 = نِئٍ‌ثِيَا خُوِزُو زِجِ‌ٿِيُوِ
| zh-dungan2 = Нинщя Хуэйзў Зыҗычў
| showflag = xejp
| order = st
}}
'''Ningxia''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|n|I|N|'|S|ɑː}},<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Ningxia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518060013/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Ningxia |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2021 |title=Ningxia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>{{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɪ|ŋ|ˈ|ʃ|j|ɑː}};<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Ningxia}}</ref> {{zhi|s=宁夏}}, Mandarin: {{IPAc-cmn|n|ing|2|.|x|ia|4}}; [[Chinese postal romanization|alternately romanized]] as '''Ninghsia'''}} officially the '''Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region''', is an [[Autonomous regions of China|autonomous region]] in [[Northwestern China]]. Formerly a [[Provinces of China|province]], Ningxia was incorporated into [[Gansu]] in 1954 but was later separated from Gansu in 1958 and reconstituted as an autonomous region for the [[Hui people]], one of the 56 officially recognised [[List of ethnic groups in China|nationalities of China]]. Twenty percent of China's Hui population lives in Ningxia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2016 |title=By Choosing Assimilation, China's Hui Have Become One of the World's Most Successful Muslim Minorities |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21708274-choosing-assimilation-chinas-hui-have-become-one-worlds-most-successful-muslim |access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref>
Ningxia is bounded by [[Shaanxi]] to the east, [[Gansu]] to the south and west and [[Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]] to the north and has an area of around {{convert|66400|km2}}.<ref name=area/> This sparsely settled, mostly desert region lies partially on the [[Loess Plateau]] and in the vast plain of the [[Yellow River]] and features the [[Great Wall of China]] along its northeastern boundary. Over about 2000 years, an extensive system of [[canal]]s (with a total length of approximately 1397 kilometers)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-12-17 |script-title=zh:宁夏回族自治区资源概况 |language=zh |trans-title=Overview of Resources in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region |work=Zhōngguó wǎng |url=http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/zhuanti/09dfgl/2009-12/17/content_19081129_3.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804140643/http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/zhuanti/09dfgl/2009-12/17/content_19081129_3.htm |archive-date=2020-08-04}}</ref> has been built from [[Qin dynasty]]. Extensive [[land reclamation]] and [[irrigation]] projects have made increased cultivation possible. The arid region of [[Xihaigu]], which covers large parts of the province, suffers from severe [[water scarcity|water shortage]], which the canals were intended to alleviate.<ref>[https://scroll.in/article/828748/in-chinas-ningxia-province-water-shortage-is-so-severe-that-the-government-is-relocating-people In China's Ningxia province, water shortage is so severe that the government is relocating people]</ref>
Ningxia was the core area of the [[Western Xia]] in the 11th–13th centuries, established by the Tangut people; its name, "Peaceful Xia", derived from the [[Mongol conquest of Western Xia|Mongol conquest of the state]].<ref name="britannica" /> The Tanguts made significant achievements in literature, art, music, and architecture, particularly invented [[Tangut script]]. Long one of the country's poorest areas, a small winemaking industry has become economically important since the 1980s. Before the arrival of [[viticulture]], Ningxia's 6.8 million people, 36 per cent of whom are Muslims from the [[Hui people|Hui]] ethnic group, relied largely on [[Grazing|animal grazing]], [[subsistence agriculture]] and the cultivation of [[Goji|wolfberries]] used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. Since then, winemaking has become the premier specialty of Ningxia, and the province devotes almost 40,000 hectares to vineyards and producing 120 million bottles of wine in 2017 – a quarter of the entire nation's production.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tobin |first=Meaghan |date=12 May 2019 |title=Can China Become the Wine World's Next California? |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3009784/can-china-become-wine-worlds-next-california}}</ref>
==History==
The earliest human activity in Ningxia can be traced back to 30,000 years ago, with remains of the [[Shuidonggou|Shuidonggou Culture]] found in [[Lingwu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=历史的眷顾：古城宁夏六宗“最”_宁夏民风民俗_新疆旅行网 |url=https://www.xjlxw.com/xb/nx/mfms/8086.html |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.xjlxw.com}}</ref>[[Image:108 Dagobas.JPG|thumb|left|The [[One Hundred and Eight Stupas|108 stupas]] near [[Qingtongxia]].]]
As a frontier zone between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers, Ningxia was a frequent seat of war and incursions by non-Chinese tribes. Ningxia and its surrounding areas were incorporated into the [[Qin (state)|Qin]] as the [[Beidi Commandery]] as early as the 3rd century BC. To pacify the region, the imperial government established military colonies to reclaim land. In addition, horse pasturages were founded under the Imperial Stud to safeguard the supply of army horses, as early as the Western [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC – AD 9).<ref name="Ho 2000" /> Throughout the [[Han dynasty]] and the [[Tang dynasty]] there were several large cities established in the region. The [[Liang Province rebellion]] at the [[end of the Han Dynasty]] affected Ningxia.
By the 11th century the [[Tangut people]] had established the [[Western Xia dynasty]] on the outskirts of the then-[[Song dynasty]]. Jews also lived in Ningxia, as evidenced by the fact that in 1489, after a major flood destroyed [[Torah scroll]]s in [[Kaifeng]], a replacement set was sent to the [[Kaifeng Jews]] by the [[Ningbo]] and Ningxia [[Jews in China|Jewish communities]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Xu |first=Xin |title=The Jews of Kaifeng: China History, Culture, and Religion |date=2003 |publisher=Ktav Publishing House |location=Jersey City, NJ |language=en}}</ref>
It then came under [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] domination after [[Genghis Khan]] conquered [[Yinchuan]] in the early 13th century. Muslims from Central Asia also began moving into Ningxia from the west. By the late 17th century, Ningxia had become a weaving centre, producing many early Chinese carpets.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray L. |date=2003 |title=Carpets of the Ming Dynasty? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757577 |journal=East and West |volume=53 |issue=1/4 |pages=179–208 |jstor=29757577 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> The Muslim [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)|Dungan Revolt]] of the 19th century affected Ningxia.
In 1914, Ningxia was merged with the [[Provinces of China|province]] of [[Gansu]]. In 1928, it became a separate province. Between 1914 and 1928, the [[Ma clique]] ruled the provinces of [[Qinghai]], Ningxia and Gansu; General [[Ma Hongkui]] was the military governor of Ningxia and had absolute authority in the province. The [[Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–30)|Muslim conflict in Gansu]], which lasted from 1927 to 1930, spilt over into Ningxia. In 1934, warlord and [[National Revolutionary Army]] general [[Sun Dianying]] [[War in Ningxia (1934)|attempted to conquer]] the province, but was defeated by an alliance led by the [[Ma clique]].{{sfnp|Lin|2011|pp=37–39}}
From 1950 to 1958, a [[Kuomintang Islamic insurgency in China (1950–1958)|Kuomintang Islamic insurgency]] resulted in fighting throughout Northwest China, including Ningxia. In 1954, the [[Chinese government]] merged Ningxia with Gansu, but in 1958 Ningxia formally became an [[autonomous region of China]]. In 1969, Ningxia received a part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, but this area was returned in 1979.
A number of Chinese artifacts dating from the [[Tang dynasty]] and [[Song dynasty]], some of which had been owned by [[Emperor Zhenzong]], were excavated and then came into the hands of Ma Hongkui, who refused to publicize the findings. Among the artifacts were a white marble tablet from the Tang dynasty, gold nails, and bands made out of metal. It was not until after Ma Hongkui died that his wife went to Taiwan in 1971 from America to bring the artifacts to [[Chiang Kai-shek]], who turned them over to the [[Taipei]] [[National Palace Museum]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UzrAAAAMAAJ&q=in+1971,+his+widow+took+them+from+America+to+Chiang+Kai-shek+in+Taiwan.+They+were+later+acquired+by+the+National+Palace |title=China Archaeology and Art Digest, Volume 3, Issue 4 |publisher=Art Text (HK) |year=2000 |page=354 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[Image:Helanshan.jpg|thumb|left|From a cable car running to the top of [[Helan Mountains]].]]
Present-day Ningxia is one of the nation's smallest provincial-level units and borders the provinces of [[Shaanxi]] and [[Gansu]] and the [[Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]]. At 3556 meters above sea level, Aobaogeda ({{lang|zh-hans|敖包疙瘩}}) in the [[Helan Mountains]] is the highest point in Ningxia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2014 |title=Dēng áobāo gēda shǎng juédǐng měijǐng |script-title=zh:登敖包疙瘩 赏绝顶美景 |language=zh |work=Fènghuáng zīxùn |url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20140902/41825100_0.shtml |access-date=6 November 2018}}</ref>
Ningxia is a relatively dry, desert-like region and features a diverse geography of forested mountains and hills, table lands, deserts, flood plains and basins cut through by the [[Yellow River]]. The Ningxia ecosystem is one of the least studied regions in the world. Significant [[irrigation]] supports the growing of [[wolfberry|wolfberries]], a commonly consumed [[fruit]] throughout the region. Ningxia's deserts include the [[Tengger desert]] in [[Shapotou]].
The northern section, through which the Yellow River flows, supports the best agricultural land. A railroad, linking [[Lanzhou]] with [[Baotou]], crosses the region. A highway has been built across the Yellow River at Yinchuan.
On 16 December 1920, the [[1920 Haiyuan earthquake|Haiyuan earthquake]], 8.6 magnitude, at {{coord|36.6|105.32}}, initiated a series of landslides that killed an estimated 200,000 people. Over 600 large [[loess]] landslides created more than 40 new lakes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Close |first1=U. |last2=McCormick |date=1922 |title=Where the Mountains Walked |magazine=National Geographic Magazine |language=en |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=445–464}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Feng |first1=X. |title=Proceedings, IVth International Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides |last2=Guo |first2=A. |date=1985 |publisher=Japan Landslide Society |location=Tokyo |pages=339–346 |language=en |chapter=Earthquake Landslides in China}}. (1985) "</ref>
{{Islam and China|places}}
===Grasslands===
It was reported that approximately 34 percent (33.85 million [[Mu (unit)|mu]]; {{val|{{#expr:(33.85 * 1000000 * 0.00066667)round-2}}|fmt=commas|u=km2}}) of the region's total surface consisted of [[Grasslands of China|grassland]].<ref>Ningxia Bureau of Statistics, 2013, 1.2</ref> This figure is down from approximately 40 percent in the 1990s. The grasslands are spread over the dry desert-steppe area in the northeast (which forms a part of the Inner Mongolian steppe region), and the hilly pastures located on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in the south.<ref name="Ho 2016">{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Peter |date=2016 |title=Empty Institutions, Non-Credibility and Pastoralism: China's Grazing Ban, Mining and Ethnicity |journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies |language=en |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1145–1176 |doi=10.1080/03066150.2016.1239617|s2cid=157632052 }}</ref> It is ascertained that the grasslands of Ningxia have been degraded to various degrees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ho |first1=Peter |last2=Azadi |first2=Hossein |date=2010 |title=Rangeland Degradation in North China: Perceptions of Pastoralists |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=302–307 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2009.12.007 |pmid=20106474|bibcode=2010ER....110..302H }}</ref> Scientists debate the extent to which this degradation occurs over space and time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=P. |date=2001 |title=Rangeland Degradation in North China Revisited? A Preliminary Statistical Analysis to Validate Non-Equilibrium Range Ecology |journal=The Journal of Development Studies |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=99–133 |doi=10.1080/00220380412331321991 |s2cid=154397243}}</ref> Historical research has also found limited evidence of expanding grassland degradation and [[desertification]] in Ningxia.<ref name="Ho 2000">{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Peter |date=2000 |title=The Myth of Desertification at China's Northwestern Frontier: The Case of Ningxia Province, 1929–1958 |journal=Modern China |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=348–395 |doi=10.1177/009770040002600304 |s2cid=83080752}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Peter |date=2003 |title=Mao's War against Nature? The Environmental Impact of the Grain-First Campaign in China |journal=The China Journal |language=en |volume=50 |issue=50 |pages=37–59 |doi=10.2307/3182245 |jstor=3182245 |s2cid=144410824}}</ref> A major component of land management in Ningxia is a ban on open grazing, which has been in place since 2003.<ref>Zhou, Z. 2013. A view of Ningxia ten years since the grazing ban [Jìn mù yī nián kàn Níngxià]. People's Daily, 29 June. p. 10.</ref> The ecological and socio-economic effects of this Grazing Ban in relation to the grasslands and pastoralists' livelihood are contested.<ref name="Ho 2016"/> The ban stipulates that animal husbandry be limited to enclosed pens and no open grazing be permitted in certain time periods set by the Autonomous Region's People's Government.
===Climate===
{{climate chart
| Taole
| −14| 2| 1
| −12| 9| 5
| −4| 19| 4
| 1| 27| 19
| 10| 36| 18
| 14| 39| 40
| 19| 40| 70
| 17| 38| 48
| 11| 30| 58
| 4| 24| 18
| −6| 12| 4
| −12| 2| 1
|float=right
|clear=right
|source = <ref name="nasa">{{Cite web |title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510015442/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
The region is {{convert|1,200|km}} from the sea and has an arid [[continental climate]] on the north to humid continental climate to the south, with average summer temperatures rising to {{convert|17|to|24|°C|°F|0}} in July and average winter temperatures dropping to between {{convert|−7|and|−15|°C|°F|0}} in January. Seasonal extreme temperatures can reach {{convert|39|°C|0}} in summer and {{convert|-30|°C}} in winter. The [[Day|diurnal]] temperature variation can reach above {{convert|17|°C-change}}, especially in spring. Annual rainfall averages from {{convert|190|to|700|mm|1}}, with more rain falling in the south of the region.
===Mineral resources===
Ningxia is rich in mineral resources with proven deposits of 34 kinds of minerals, much
of which located in grassland areas.<ref name="Ho 2016" /> In 2011 it was estimated that the potential value per capita of these resources accounted for 163.5 percent of the nation's average. Ningxia boasts verified coal reserves of over 30 billion tons, with an estimated reserve of more than 202 billion tons, ranking sixth nationwide. Coal deposits are spread over one-third of the total surface of Ningxia, and mined in four major fields in the Helan and Xiangshan mountains, Ningdong and Yuanzhou (or Guyuan). The region's reserves of oil and natural gas can be found in Yanchi and Lingwu County, and are ideal for large-scale development of oil, natural gas and chemical industries. Ningxia leads China in gypsum deposits, with a proven reserve of more than 4.5 billion tons, of which the rarely found, top-grade gypsum accounts for half of the total deposits. The Hejiakouzi deposit in Tongxin County features a reserve of 20 million tons of gypsum with a total thickness of 100 meters. There is a considerable deposit of quartz sandstone, of which 17 million tons have been ascertained. In addition, there are phosphorus, flint, copper, iron, barite, other minerals and Helan stone – a special clay stone.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |last1=Hsieh |first1=Chiao-min |last2=Falkenheim |first2=Victor C. |title=Ningxia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ningxia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027072307/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ningxia |archive-date=2016-10-27 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-16 |title=Níngxià kuàngchǎn zīyuán gàikuàng jí fēnbù |script-title=zh:宁夏矿产资源概况及分布 |trans-title=Overview and Distribution of Mineral Resources in Ningxia |url=http://www.chinabaike.com/z/keji/ck/543057.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112152114/http://www.chinabaike.com/z/keji/ck/543057.html |archive-date=2014-11-12 |website=Zhōngguó bǎikē wǎng |language=zh}}</ref>
==Governance==
{{main|Politics of Ningxia|List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China}}
The politics of Ningxia is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in [[mainland China]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
The Chairman of the Autonomous Region is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Ningxia. In its dual-party government system, the chairman has less power than the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) Ningxia Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Ningxia [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Party Chief]]".{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
Ningxia has a friendship agreement with [[Sogn og Fjordane]] county of Norway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rivedal |first=Henning |date=17 July 2015 |title=Ningxia og Sogn og Fjordane eit steg vidare på samarbeidsvegen |trans-title=Ningxia and Sogn og Fjordane One Step Further on the Co-Operation Road |url=http://www.sfj.no/cmssff/cmspublish.nsf/$all/CDA4C0B3C7F54B53C1257234006C0E90?open |access-date=7 May 2015 |website=Sfj.no |language=no}}</ref>
== Administrative divisions ==
{{main|List of administrative divisions of Ningxia|List of township-level divisions of Ningxia}}
Ningxia is divided into five [[prefecture-level division]]s: all [[Prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
! colspan="9" |'''Administrative divisions of Ningxia'''
|-
| colspan="9" style="font-size:larger" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Ningxia.svg|width={{{1|380}}}|link=|font-size=85%}}
{{Image label|x=510|y=410|scale={{{1|380}}}/970|text='''[[Yinchuan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=580|y=170|scale={{{1|380}}}/970|text='''[[Shizuishan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=610|y=720|scale={{{1|380}}}/970|text='''[[Wuzhong, Ningxia|Wuzhong]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=515|y=1260|scale={{{1|380}}}/970|text='''[[Guyuan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=290|y=880|scale={{{1|380}}}/970|text='''[[Zhongwei]]'''}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó xiàn yǐshàng xíngzhèng qūhuà dàimǎ |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |trans-title=Code of Administrative Divisions Above the County Level of the People's Republic of China |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |language=zh-hans |via=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]]}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km<sup>2</sup><ref name="nj2013">{{Cite book |last=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics |url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm |title=Shēnzhèn tǒngjì niánjiàn 2014 / 2014 Shenzhen Statistical Yearbook |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |language=zh-hans,en |script-title=zh:深圳统计年鉴2014 |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm |archive-date=12 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Population 2020<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China |title=Zhōngguó 2010 rénkǒu pǔchá fēn xiāng, zhèn, jiēdào zīliào |last2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |date=2012 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2 |edition=1 |location=Beijing |script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Seat
!! scope="col" colspan="3" | Divisions<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhonghua renmin gongheguo minzhengbu |title=Zhōngguó mínzhèng tǒngjì niánjiàn 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|Zhongguo tongji chuban she]] |isbn=978-7-5037-7130-9 |language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:中国民政统计年鉴2014 |author-link=Ministry of Civil Affairs}}</ref>
|-
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[District (China)|Districts]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|Counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[County-level city|CL cities]]
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 640000 !! Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
| 66,400.00 || 7,202,654 || [[Yinchuan]] city || 9 || 11 || 2
|-
! 640100 !! [[Yinchuan]] city
| 8,874.61 || 2,859,074 || [[Jinfeng District]] || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
! 640200 !! [[Shizuishan]] city
| 5,208.13 || 751,389 || [[Dawukou District]] || 2 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 640300 !! [[Wuzhong, Ningxia|Wuzhong]] city
| 21,420.14 || 1,382,713 || [[Litong District]] || 2 || 2 || 1
|-
! 640400 !! [[Guyuan]] city
| 13,449.03 || 1,142,142 || [[Yuanzhou District, Guyuan|Yuanzhou District]] || 1 || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 640500 !! [[Zhongwei]] city
| 17,448.09 || 1,067,336 || [[Shapotou District]] || 1 || 2 ||bgcolor="grey"|
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
! colspan="5" |Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English !! Chinese !! Pinyin !! Xiao'erjing
|-
| '''Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region''' || {{lang|zh|宁夏回族自治区}} || {{transl|zh|Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū}} || {{lang|zh-Arab|نِئٍ‌ثِيَا خُوِزُو زِجِ‌ٿِيُوِ}}
|-
| [[Yinchuan]] city || {{lang|zh|银川市}} || {{transl|zh|Yínchuān Shì}} || {{lang|zh-Arab|ءٍچُوًا شِ}}
|-
| [[Shizuishan]] city || {{lang|zh|石嘴山市}} || {{transl|zh|Shízuǐshān Shì}} || {{lang|zh-Arab|شِ‌ظُوِشًا شِ}}
|-
| [[Wuzhong, Ningxia|Wuzhong]] city || {{lang|zh|吴忠市}} || {{transl|zh|Wúzhōng Shì}} || {{lang|zh-Arab|وُجْو شِ}}
|-
| [[Guyuan]] city || {{lang|zh|固原市}} || {{transl|zh|Gùyuán Shì}} || {{lang|zh-Arab|قُ‌يُوًا شِ}}
|-
| [[Zhongwei]] city || {{lang|zh|中卫市}} || {{transl|zh|Zhōngwèi Shì}} || {{lang|zh-Arab|جْووِ شِ}}
|}
The five prefecture-level cities of Ningxia are subdivided into 22 [[county-level division]]s (9 [[District of China|district]]s, 2 [[county-level cities]], and 11 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]]).
===Urban areas===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan=5 | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
|-
! # !! Cities !! style="background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2020 Urban area<ref name="2020PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2022 |script-title=zh:中国2020年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-9772-9}}</ref> !! style="background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2010 Urban area<ref name="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6}}</ref> !! style="background-color: #ffaaaa;" | 2020 City proper
|-
|1||'''[[Yinchuan]]'''||1,230,650||1,159,457||2,859,074
|-
|2||[[Shizuishan]]||422,043||403,901||751,389
|-
|3||[[Wuzhong, Ningxia|Wuzhong]]||400,677||232,134||1,382,713
|-
|4||[[Guyuan]]||267,810||130,155||1,142,142
|-
|5||[[Zhongwei]]||249,307||160,279||1,067,336
|-
|6||[[Lingwu]]||200,920||125,976||{{small|''see Yinchuan''}}
|-
|7||[[Qingtongxia]]||142,349||99,367||{{small|''see Wuzhong''}}
|}
== Economy ==
{{see also|List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP}}
[[Image:Rich Nature Wolfberry Farm1 7-06.jpg|thumb|[[Wolfberry]] harvest celebration.]] Rural Ningxia was for long an officially designated poverty area, and remains on the lower rungs of the developmental ladder.<ref name="Ho 2016" /> Its nominal GDP in 2023 was 531.50 billion yuan (US$75.43 billion) and its per capita GDP 72,957 yuan (US$10,353). It comprises 0.42% of the [[Economy of China|national economy]].
===Agriculture===
Similar to other areas, Ningxia has seen a gradual decline of its peasant population due to rural–urban migration. Despite this, the great majority (62.8 percent) was still agricultural at the time of the survey.<ref>Ningxia Bureau of Statistics 2013, 4.2</ref> Animal husbandry is important for the regional economy. In the main pastoral county, Yanchi, it is even the leading industry when specified for the primary sector. The dominant grazing animals are sheep and goat.<ref>Ningxia Bureau of Statistics 2013, 11.20</ref> In the (semi-)pastoral regions, herders engage in a mixed sedentary farming operation of dryland agriculture and extensive animal husbandry, while full nomadic pastoralism is no longer practiced.<ref name="Ho 2016"/> Since a cattle breeding plan was implemented in 2002, the province has become one of China's main dairy production areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ningxia dairies see success in quantity, quality |url=https://regional.chinadaily.com.cn/en/2022-01/21/c_742792.htm |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=regional.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-16 |title=Ningxia's dairies achieve high-quality development with smart factories, advanced breeding techniques |url=https://www.bastillepost.com/global/article/4000510-ningxias-dairies-achieve-high-quality-development-with-smart-factories-advanced-breeding-techniques |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.bastillepost.com}}</ref>
Ningxia is the principal region of China where [[Wolfberry|wolfberries]] are grown. Other specialties of Ningxia are [[licorice]], products made from Helan stone, [[fiddlehead]] and products made from [[sheepskin]].
[[Ningxia wines]] are a promising area of development. The Chinese authorities have given approval to the development of the eastern base of the [[Helan Mountains]] as an area suitable for wine production. Several large Chinese wine companies including Changyu and Dynasty Wine have begun development in the western region of the province. Together they now own 20,000 acres of land for wine plantations and Dynasty has ploughed 100 million yuan into Ningxia. In addition, the major oil company [[China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation]] has founded a grape plantation near the Helan Mountains. The household appliance company [[Midea (company)|Midea]] has also begun participating in Ningxia's wine industry.<ref>[http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?cid=1102&MainCatID=11&id=20111215000020 "Grape expansion: Chinese wine companies move west"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731231303/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?cid=1102&MainCatID=11&id=20111215000020 |date=31 July 2015 }}, ''Want China Times'', 15 December 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.</ref> Vineyards have been set up in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=14 June 2016 |title=China's Bordeaux: winemakers in 'gold rush' to turn desert into vineyards |work=The Guardian |location=Helan county, Ningxia province |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/14/china-bordeaux-wine-region-desert-ningxia-vineyards-gold-rush}}</ref>
===Industries and economic zones===
Ningxia was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]] campaign.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Lan |first=Xiaohuan |title=How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-981-97-0079-0 |translator-last=Topp |translator-first=Gary |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6}}</ref>{{Rp|page=298}}
[[Yinchuan]] [[Economic and Technological Development Zones|Economic and Technological Development Zone]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2015 |script-title=zh:欢迎访问银川经济技术开发区网站 |url=http://www.ycda.gov.cn |access-date=7 May 2015 |publisher=Ycda.gov.cn}}</ref> was established in 1992. Spanning {{convert|32|km2|abbr=on}}, it has an annual economic output Rmb23.7 billion (25.1% up) (US$3.5 billion). Major investors are mainly local enterprises such as Kocel Steel Foundry, FAG Railway Bearing (Ningxia), Ningxia Little Giant Machine Tools, etc. Major industries include machinery and equipment manufacturing, new materials, fine chemicals and the animation industry.
Desheng Industrial Park (in [[Helan County]]) is a base for about 400 enterprises. The industrial park has industrial chains from Muslim food and commodities to trade and logistics, new materials and bio-pharmaceuticals that has 80 billion yuan in fixed assets. Desheng is looking to be the most promising industrial park in the city. It achieved a total output value of 4.85 billion in 2008, up 40 percent year-on-year. The local government plans to cut taxes and other fees to reduce the burden on local enterprises. The industrial output value reached 2.68 billion yuan in 2008, an increase of 48 percent from a year earlier.
==Transport==
[[File:YinChuan airport.jpg|thumb|Yinchuan Hedong Airport]]
===Airports===
* [[Yinchuan Hedong International Airport]]
* [[Zhongwei Shapotou Airport]]
* [[Guyuan Liupanshan Airport]]
* [[Wuhai Airport]] (serves the northern area)
===Highways===
* [[China National Highway 109]]
* [[China National Highway 110]]
* [[China National Highway 211]]
* [[China National Highway 307]]
* [[China National Highway 309]]
* [[China National Highway 312]]
===Bridge===
* [[Taole Yellow River Expressway Bridge]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|陶乐黄河大桥}})
===Rail===
* [[Baotou–Lanzhou railway]]
* [[Baoji–Zhongwei railway]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|宝中铁路}})
== Education ==
{{Further|List of universities and colleges in Ningxia}}
== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|title       = Historical population
|footnote    = Ningxia Province/AR was part of Gansu 1914–1929 and 1954–1958<br />In 1947 parts of Ningxia Province/AR were incorporated into Inner Mongolia AR.
|1912<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:1912年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html |access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |303,000
|1928<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:1928年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm |access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |1,450,000
|1936–37<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:1936–37年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm |access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |978,000
|1947<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:1947年全国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm |access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |759,000
|1982<ref name="census1982">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=10 May 2012 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref> |3,895,578
|1990<ref name="census1990">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=19 June 2012 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref> |4,655,451
|2000<ref name="census2000">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=29 August 2012 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref> |5,486,393
|2010<ref name="census2010">{{Cite web |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=27 July 2013 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref>
|6,301,350
|2020<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2021 |title=Key Takeaways from China's 2020 Population Census |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-society-census-takeaways-idUSL4N2MY2I6}}</ref>
|7,202,654
}}
=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Ningxia (around 2010)
|label1  = Others ([[Chinese folk religion|Chinese religions]], [[Buddhism]], or [[irreligion|not religious]])
|value1  = 64.83
|color1  = Honeydew
|label3  = Christianity<ref name="Wang2015" />
|value3  = 1.17
|color3  = DodgerBlue
|label2  = [[Islam]]<ref name="2010-Islam" />
|value2  = 34
|color2  = Green
}}
[[Islam]] is the single biggest religious tradition in Ningxia, adhered to by 34% of the population according to a 2010 survey.<ref name="2010-Islam">Min Junqing. ''The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China''. JISMOR, 8. [https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf 2010 Islam by province, page 29]. Data from: Yang Zongde, ''Study on Current Muslim Population in China'', Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.</ref> Many of the [[Han Chinese]] practise [[Chinese folk religion]]s, [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]] and [[Chinese Buddhism]]. [[Christianity]] was the religion of 1.17% of the province's population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2004.<ref name="Wang2015">China General Social Survey 2004. Report by: {{Cite thesis |last=Wang |first=Xiuhua |title=Explaining Christianity in China: Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground |date=2015 |degree=Master's |publisher=Baylor University |url=https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |page=15}}</ref>
In 2008, there were 3,760 mosques in Ningxia, which is about one per 1730 residents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-05-09 |title=Níngxià měi 577 míng mùsīlín yǒngyǒu yīzuò qīngzhēnsì-sōuhú xīnwén |script-title=zh:宁夏每577名穆斯林拥有一座清真寺-搜狐新闻 |url=http://news.sohu.com/20080509/n256759631.shtml |access-date=2021-01-11 |website=news.sohu.com |language=zh}}</ref>
{{clear}}
== Hospitals ==
* People's Hospital of Ningxia
* Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ningxia
* Ningxia Medical College Affiliated Hospital
* Yinchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
* Yinchuan People's Hospital
* Yinchuan Stomatological Hospital
* Yinchuan Women and Children's Healthcare Center
* Women and Children's Healthcare Center of Ningixa
* Yinchuan No.1 People's Hospital
* Yinchuan No.2 People's Hospital
* Yinchuan No.3 People's Hospital
* Shizuishan No.2 People's Hospital
* Guyuan Hospital of Ningxia
== Tourism ==
One of Ningxia's main tourist spots is the internationally renowned [[Xixia Tombs]] site located {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} west of [[Yinchuan]]. The remnants of nine [[Western Xia Dynasty|Western Xia]] emperors' tombs and two hundred other tombs lie within a {{convert|50|km²|abbr=on}} area. Other famous sites in Ningxia include the [[Helan Mountains]], the mysterious [[One Hundred and Eight Stupas|108 stupas]], the [[twin pagodas of Baisikou]] and the desert research outpost at [[Shapotou, Zhongwei|Shapotou]]. A less visited tourist spot in Ningxia is the [[Xumishan grottoes|Mount Sumeru Grottoes]] ({{lang|zh-hans|须弥山}}), which is among the ten most famous grottoes in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guyuan Travel Guide: Map, Location, Climate, Attractions |url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/ningxia/guyuan/ |access-date=29 January 2015 |website=travelchinaguide.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Museums ==
* [[Ningxia Museum]], opened in 1988
* [[Ningxia Transportation Museum]], opened in August 2008
* [[Museum of Contemporary Art Yinchuan]] (MOCA Yinchuan), opened on 8 August 2015.
== Notable people ==
* [[Emma Gao]], winemaker
* [[Zhang Jin (physical chemist)|Zhang Jin]], physical chemist and nanotechnologist
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Yinchuan_aerial.JPG|View of [[Yinchuan]] looking east from top of [[Chengtian Temple Pagoda]].
Image:Yinchuan square.JPG|People's Square in Yinchuan.
Image:Yinchuan fountain.JPG|[[Fenghuang|Phoenix]] Tablet fountain in Yinchuan.
File:Tongxin mosque.JPG|[[Tongxin Great Mosque]], one of the oldest [[mosque]]s in Ningxia and a famous cultural relic among the locals.
File:XiXia Tomb 3 F.jpg|A tomb of the [[Western Xia]]
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Ningxia)|Major national historical and cultural sites in Ningxia]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting |last=Lin |first=Hsiao-ting |title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2011 |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]] |language=en}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{sister project links|Ningxia|voy=Ningxia}}
* [http://www.nx.gov.cn/ Ningxia Provincial Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415041859/http://www.nx.gov.cn/ |date=15 April 2012 }}
* {{Britannica}}
* [http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/ningxia.htm Economic profile for Ningxia] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]
* [http://www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/database/chinadata/ningxia.htm Ningxia Profile – UNESCAP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116080639/http://www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/database/chinadata/ningxia.htm |date=16 January 2014 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316063206/http://www1.cei.gov.cn/ce/region/Ningxia/Ningxia.htm Ningxia Profile – China Economic Information Network]
{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Ningxia
|North     = [[Inner Mongolia]]
|Northeast =
|East      = [[Shaanxi]]
|Southeast =
|South     = [[Gansu]]
|Southwest =
|West      =[[Gansu]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{Ningxia topics}}
{{Ningxia}}
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Hui autonomy in the People's Republic of China}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ningxia| ]]
[[Category:Autonomous regions of China]]
[[Category:Western China]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1958]]