View source for NlaIII

{{short description |Enzyme}}
{{italic title|string=Nla}}'''''Nla''III''' is a type II [[restriction enzyme]] isolated from [[Neisseria lactamica]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=nlaIIIR - Type-2 restriction enzyme NlaIII - Neisseria lactamica - nlaIIIR gene & protein|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q51083|access-date=2020-11-05|website=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> As part of the [[restriction modification system]], ''Nla''III is able to prevent foreign DNA from integrating into the host genome by cutting double stranded DNA into fragments at specific sequences.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sitaraman|first=Ramakrishnan|date=2016|title=The Role of DNA Restriction-Modification Systems in the Biology of Bacillus anthracis|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|language=English|volume=7|page=11|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00011|pmid=26834729|pmc=4722110|issn=1664-302X|doi-access=free}}</ref> This results in further degradation of the fragmented foreign DNA and prevents it from infecting the host genome.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berg|first1=Jeremy M.|last2=Tymoczko|first2=John L.|last3=Stryer|first3=Lubert|date=2002|title=Restriction Enzymes: Performing Highly Specific DNA-Cleavage Reactions|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22528/|journal=Biochemistry. 5th Edition|language=en}}</ref>[[File:NlaIII recognition site.png|thumb|Recognition site of ''Nla''III with a red line indicating the cutting pattern]]
''Nla''III recognizes the [[palindromic]] and complementary DNA sequence of CATG/GTAC and cuts outside of the G-C base pairs. This cutting pattern results in [[sticky ends]] with GTAC overhangs at the [[3' end]].<ref name="Pasternak2005">{{cite book|author=Jack J. Pasternak|title=An Introduction to Human Molecular Genetics: Mechanisms of Inherited Diseases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTUNkbzWso4C|date=14 June 2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-71917-5}}</ref>
== Characteristics ==
''Nla''III from N. lactamica contains two key components: a methylase and an endonuclease.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite journal|last1=Morgan|first1=R. D.|last2=Camp|first2=R. R.|last3=Wilson|first3=G. G.|last4=Xu|first4=S. Y.|date=1996-12-12|title=Molecular cloning and expression of NlaIII restriction-modification system in E. coli|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8996109/|journal=Gene|volume=183|issue=1–2|pages=215–218|doi=10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00561-6|issn=0378-1119|pmid=8996109}}</ref> The methylase is critical to recognition, while the endonuclease is used for cutting.<ref name="ref1" /> The gene (''Nla''IIIR) is 693 bp long and creates the specific 5’-CATG-3’ endonuclease.<ref name="ref2">{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Qing|last2=Morgan|first2=R. D.|last3=Roberts|first3=R. J.|last4=Xu|first4=S. Y.|last5=van Doorn|first5=L. J.|last6=Donahue|first6=J. P.|last7=Miller|first7=G. G.|last8=Blaser|first8=Martin J.|date=2002-09-01|title=Functional analysis of iceA1, a CATG-recognizing restriction endonuclease gene in Helicobacter pylori|url= |journal=Nucleic Acids Research|language=en|volume=30|issue=17|pages=3839–3847|doi=10.1093/nar/gkf504|pmid=12202769|pmc=137426|issn=0305-1048|doi-access=free}}</ref> A homolog of ''Nla''IIIR is ''iceA1'' from [[Helicobacter pylori]].<ref name="ref2" /> In ''H. pylori'', there exists a similar methylase gene called ''hpyIM'' which is downstream of ''iceA1''.<ref name="ref4">{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Q.|last2=Peek|first2=R. M.|last3=Miller|first3=G. G.|last4=Blaser|first4=M. J.|date=1997-11-01|title=The Helicobacter pylori genome is modified at CATG by the product of hpyIM.|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|language=en|volume=179|issue=21|pages=6807–6815|doi=10.1128/jb.179.21.6807-6815.1997|issn=0021-9193|pmid=9352933|pmc=179612|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''ICEA1'' is an endonuclease that also recognizes the 5’-CATG-3’ sequence.<ref name="ref2" /> ''IceA1'' in ''H. pylori'' is similar to that of ''NlaIII'' in ''N. lactamica''.
''Nla''III contains an ''ICEA'' protein that encompasses the 4 to 225 amino acid region.<ref name="ref2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=UniProtKB - Q51083 (T2N3_NEILA)|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q51083|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=December 2, 2020|website=UniProt}}</ref> ''H. pylori'' also contains the same protein.<ref name="ref5">{{Cite journal|last1=Wong|first1=Benjamin Chun Yu|last2=Yin|first2=Yan|last3=Berg|first3=Douglas E.|last4=Xia|first4=Harry Hua-Xiang|last5=Zhang|first5=Jian Zhong|last6=Wang|first6=Wei Hong|last7=Wong|first7=Wai Man|last8=Huang|first8=Xiao Ru|last9=Tang|first9=Vera Shun Yim|last10=Lam|first10=Shiu Kum|date=2001|title=Distribution of Distinct vacA, cagA and iceA Alleles in Helicobacter pylori in Hong Kong|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-5378.2001.00040.x|journal=Helicobacter|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=317–324|doi=10.1046/j.1523-5378.2001.00040.x|pmid=11843964|s2cid=10084164|issn=1523-5378}}</ref> ''H. pylori'' infection often leads to gastrointestinal issues such as peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kusters|first1=Johannes G.|last2=Vliet|first2=Arnoud H. M. van|last3=Kuipers|first3=Ernst J.|date=2006-07-01|title=Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=449–490|doi=10.1128/CMR.00054-05|issn=0893-8512|pmid=16847081|pmc=1539101|doi-access=free}}</ref> Researchers speculate that ''ICEA'' proteins serve as potential markers for gastric cancer <ref name="ref4" />
=== Isoschizomers ===
''Nla''III [[isoschizomer]]s recognize and cut the same recognition sequence 5’-CATG-3’.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enzyme Finder|url=https://enzymefinder.neb.com/#!/isoschizomerByName/NlaIII#nebheader|access-date=23 October 2020|website=New England Biolabs}}</ref> Endonucleases that cut at this sequence include:
* ''Fael''
* ''Fatl''
* ''Hin1''II
* ''Hsp92''II
* ''CviA''II
* ''IceA1''
== Applications ==
''NlaIII'' can be used in many different experimental procedures<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hin1II (NlaIII) (5 U/µL)|url=https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/ER1831#/ER1831|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=November 3, 2020|website=Thermo Fisher Scientific}}</ref> such as:
* [[Serial analysis of gene expression]]<ref name="Pasternak2005"/>
* [[Molecular cloning]]
* Restriction site mapping
* [[Genotyping]]
* [[Southern blotting]]
* [[Restriction fragment length polymorphism]] (RFLP) analysis
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{restriction enzyme}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nlaiii}}
[[Category:Restriction enzymes]]
[[Category:Bacterial enzymes]]
{{Genetics-stub}}