View source for Norwegian and Swedish Travellers

{{short description|Romani subgroup in Norway and Sweden}}
{{Distinguish|Indigenous Norwegian Travellers}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Romanisael <br />''Romanisæl''
| image            = File:Vandringsfolk i Bohuslän.jpg
| caption          = Romanisael family pictured in northern [[Bohuslän]], 1919
| total            = ≈&nbsp;75,000
| langs            = [[Scandoromani]]
| rels             =
| related          =
}}
{{Romani people}}
'''Norwegian and Swedish Travellers''', commonly known as '''Romanisael''' ({{langx|no|romanifolket, tatere, sigøynere}}; {{langx|sv|resande, zigenare, tattare}}; {{langx|rmu|romanisæl, romanoar, rom(m)ani, tavringer/ar, tattare}}), are a group or branch of the [[Romani people]] who have been resident in [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]] for some 500 years.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmg|title=Norwegian, Traveller|website=ethnologue.com|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref> The estimated number of Romanisael in Sweden is 65,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ne.se/romer|title=romer - Uppslagsverk - NE|website=www.ne.se|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref> while in Norway, the number is probably about 10,000.<ref name="Parliamentary Assembly - Documents, Working papers- 2002 Ordinary Session (second part), 22-26">{{cite book |title=Parliamentary Assembly - Documents, Working papers- 2002 Ordinary Session (second part), 22-26 |volume=4 |publisher=Council of Europe Online Bookshop |location=Strasbourg Cedex, FR |date=April 2002 |url={{Google books|JFDEtIBHuDEC|page=45|plainurl=yes|keywords=gypsies norway population}} |page=45 |isbn=9789287149176 |access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref>
==Origins==
[[File:Tater-Milla.jpg|thumb|Romanisael woman in Norway]]
Romanisael history and culture is particularly related to other Romani groups in [[Northern Europe]] such as [[Finnish Kale]], [[Kale (Welsh Roma)|Welsh Kale]], [[Romanichal]] and [[Scottish Romani and Traveller groups|Scottish Lowland Roma]].<ref>Eltzler. Zigenarna och deras avkomlingar i Sverige (Uppsala 1944) cited in: Angus. M. Fraser. The Gypsies (The Peoples of Europe) p120</ref>
Modern-day Romanisael (Tater) are the descendants of the first Roma who arrived in Scandinavia during the 16th century. Most were deportees from [[Great Britain|Britain]] to [[Norway]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luton.gov.uk/media%20library/pdf/lifelong%20learning/traveller%20edcuation%20support%20service/pid737%20-%20a%20history%20of%20travelling%20people.pdf|title=Luton government website|website=luton.gov.uk|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> but small numbers came via [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmu|title=Romani, Tavringer|website=ethnologue.com|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref> Norwegian and Swedish Romani identify as Romanisæl; this word has origins in the [[Angloromani language|Angloromani]] word {{Lang|rme|Romanichal}}. {{Lang|rme|Romanichal}} is the word English Romani, Scottish Border Romani, and Southern Welsh Romani use to identify themselves.
The [[Finnish Kale]] ({{Lang|rmf|Kàlo}}) are descendants of early Scandinavian Roma who were deported in the 17th century from Sweden proper to Finland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=26474|title=National Minorities of Finland, The Roma — Virtual Finland|website=finland.fi|access-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219085144/http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=26474|archive-date=19 February 2008}}</ref> The Finnish Kale, however, maintain that their ancestors had originally come from [[Scotland]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmf|title=Romani, Kalo Finnish|website=ethnologue.com|access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref> They and other Scandinavian Romanisael are related to the present-day Romanichal of England and Scotland.
Romanisael in Norway at times have been confused with the [[indigenous Norwegian Travellers]], although they perceive the latter group to be non-Roma by culture and origins.
==Names for the group==
{{Further|Names of the Romani people}}
By the settled majority population, the Norwegian Romanisael are known as {{Lang|no|Romanifolk}} or the [[exonym]] {{Lang|no|tatere}}, and in Sweden they used to be called the similar exonym {{Lang|sv|tattare}}, but are officially called by the term ''Roma'' today, while the endonyms in use are {{Lang|sv|dinglare}} or {{Lang|sv|resande}}. Norwegian Roma most often use the endonyms {{Lang|no|reisendes}} or {{Lang|no|vandriar}}. Both exonymous terms hint to the original misconception that these people were [[Tatars]]. Before the turn of the 20th century, the majority population made little distinction between {{Lang|no|tatere}}/{{Lang|sv|tattare}} and "Gypsies" ({{langx|no|sigøynere}}; {{langx|sv|zigenare}});<ref>Cf. [[W:da:Tater|Tater]] in Danish Wikipedia.</ref> this situation changed mainly due to the arrival of [[Kalderash]] Roma from Russia and Central Europe in the last decades of the 19th century, to whom the latter term came to be applied almost exclusively.
{{Lang|sv|Skojare}} was a former name for Romanisael in Sweden;<ref>S.v. "Skojare", Gösta Bergman, ''Ord med historia'' (Stockholm: Prisma, 2003), pp. 536–7.</ref> in Norway {{Lang|no|skøyere}} was associated with indigenous Travellers. {{Lang|no|Fant}} or {{Lang|no|Fanter}} was another term formerly applied to both Romanisael and non-Romani Travellers in southern Norway. Many of these terms nowadays are considered pejorative due to their connotation of [[Vagabond (person)|vagabondage]] and [[Vagrancy (people)|vagrancy]].<ref>Cf. [http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/show.phtml?filenr=1/248/63335.html Skojare] from ''Svenska Akademiens ordbok''.</ref>
In Sweden, ''{{Lang|sv|tattare}}'' is now considered a disparaging term and has been completely abandoned in official use. Since 2000 Swedish Roma are officially referred to as ''{{Lang|sv|resande}}'' (Travellers), and counted as one of several groups within the "Roma" [[national minority]]. They often refer to themselves as {{Lang|sv|resandefolket}} (Travelling people), or ''{{Lang|sv|dinglare}}''. Less common is the term {{Lang|sv|tavringar}}. In recent years{{When?|date=November 2024}} there has been an attempt to term Swedish Roma as {{Lang|sv|tschiwi}}, but this usage is contested.
For Norwegian Romanisael, however, the name ''{{Lang|no|tatere}}'' is severely disputed. It does not carry the same stigma as in Sweden; their Norwegian counterparts have fought for the same rights as Swedish Romani for many years. Some Romani organizations maintain this term in their official names. In Norway, Romanisael are categorized as a national minority group, officially referred to as {{Lang|no|romanifolk}} or ''{{Lang|no|tatere}}'', {{Lang|no|reisende}} (Travellers). Norwegian Romanisæl refer to themselves by various names, such as {{Lang|rmu|romany}}, {{Lang|rmu|romanoar}}, {{Lang|rmu|romanisæl}}, ''vandriar'' (Wanderers), etc. In contrast to Sweden, in Norway a distinction is made between {{Lang|no|romanifolket}} and {{Lang|no|rom}} (i.e., Roma groups that arrived since the 19th century) in the official legislation on national minorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/sweden-narrative-essay/|title=Sweden – narrative essay - RomArchive|website=www.romarchive.eu}}</ref>
==Language==
Romanisael speak a form of [[Para-Romani]] referred to as [[Scandoromani language|Scandoromani]]. Many words of Nordic Romani origin have survived in the Scandinavian languages, both in common speech and slang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abf.se/vastra_gotaland/sydvastra_gotaland/images/getfile.aspx?TreeId=35621|title=Sidan kunde inte hittas på abf.se|website=www.abf.se|language=sv|access-date=2017-06-14}}</ref> Examples from Swedish:
* {{Lang|sv|tjej}}, meaning 'girl' (originally slang, but now a more common alternative to the older {{Lang|sv|flicka}})
* {{Lang|sv|puffra}}, meaning 'gun' (used to be common slang)
* {{Lang|sv|hak}}, meaning 'place, joint, establishment' (used to be common slang)
* {{Lang|sv|vischan}}, meaning 'the countryside', 'boondocks' or 'rural areas' (used to be common slang)
==Organisations==
Romanisael have founded organisations for preserving their culture and lobbying for their collective rights. One example is Föreningen Resandefolkets Riksorganisation, based in [[Malmö]], Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.resandefolketsriksorganisation.se|title=Start - Resande Folket|website=www.resandefolketsriksorganisation.se|access-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710045750/http://www.resandefolketsriksorganisation.se/|archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>
==Media==
{{Lang|no|Romani Posten}} (also {{Lang|no|Romaniposten}}, {{Gloss|The Romani Post}}; {{ISSN|0809-8379}}) was a news magazine for the Romani community in Norway. It had no political or religious affiliation, and published articles in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]. At its most frequent, it came out eight times per year. On 6 September 2003, it was founded as an on-line publication; the first print edition was published in October 2006. Jone Pedersen was the founding publisher and editor-in-chief. As of 2007, it had ceased publication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romani-posten.com|title=''Romani Posten'', no. 6-2006, p. 2|website=romani-posten.com|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929002636/http://www.romani-posten.com/|archive-date=29 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:UMFA53710 0010 En romsk familj passerar på Kålgårdsbergsgatan, Uddevalla.jpg|Romanisæl in [[Uddevalla]], 1925–35
File:Romer, Södra folkparken-Västberga folkpark, södra Stockholm, NMA.0080536.jpg|Romanisæl in Stockholm, 1931
File:NMA.0080538 Romsk boplats Södra folkparken Västberga-folkpark--exteriör.jpg|Romanisæl in Stockholm, 1931
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Romani people in Norway]]
* [[Romani people in Sweden]]
==References==
<references/>
===Sources, further reading===
* {{cite book |title=Beretning om Fante- eller Landstrygerfolket i Norge: Bidrag til Kundskab om de laveste Samfundsforholde |last=Sundt |first=Eilert |author-link=Eilert Sundt |year=1852 |edition=2nd |publisher=J. Chr. Abelsted |location=[[Oslo|Christiania]] |language=no |oclc=7451358 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zsCAAAAQAAJ }}
* {{cite book |title=Resandefolket: Från tattare till traveller |last=Hazell |first=Bo |year=2002 |publisher=Ordfront |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-7324-682-4 |oclc=185986575 }}
* Andrej Kotljarchuk (2019) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03468755.2019.1668476 STATE, EXPERTS, AND ROMA: Historian Allan Etzler and pseudo-scientific racism in Sweden], Scandinavian Journal of History.
==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Romani folkets Hemsida |trans-title=Romani People's Website |website=romanifolket.info.se |url=http://www.romanifolket.info.se/ |language=sv |access-date=2018-04-11}}
* {{cite web |url=http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/get_pdf.php?file=pdf_docs/ROMANI_CULTURE/English/C_3_4_tatare.pdf |title=Fact sheet |website= romafacts.uni-graz.at|access-date=2020-08-28}}
{{Romani diaspora}}
{{Europe topic |Romani people in}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Norway]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sweden]]
[[Category:Romani in Norway]]
[[Category:Romani in Sweden]]
[[Category:Romanichal]]