View source for Nothonotus

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
| image = Etheostoma aquali.jpg
| image_caption = Coppercheek darter ''(N. aquali)''
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| taxon =  Nothonotus
| authority = [[Frederic Ward Putnam|Putnam]], 1863
| type_species = ''Etheostoma maculata''
| type_species_authority = Kirtland, 1840<ref name = CofF>{{Cof record | genid=3257 | title = Nothonotus | access-date= 28 October 2020}}</ref>
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Nothonotus''''' is a [[genus]] or [[subgenus]] of freshwater [[ray-finned fish]], a darter from the [[subfamily]] [[Etheostomatinae]], part of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Percidae]], which also contains the [[perch]]es, [[Gymnocephalus|ruffes]] and [[Sander (fish)|pikeperches]]. It is [[endemism|endemic]] to the southeastern [[United States]]. First proposed as a sub-genus of ''[[Etheostoma]]'' in 1988, there is still debate regarding the appropriate taxonomic rank of ''Nothonotus'' in the literature .<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Nothonotus| month = March | year = 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruble |first1=Crystal L. |last2=Rakes |first2=Patrick L. |last3=Shute |first3=John R. |last4=Welsh |first4=Stuart A. |title=Captive propagation, reproductive biology, and early life history of ''Etheostoma wapiti'' (boulder darter), ''E. vulneratum'' (wounded darter), and ''E. maculatum'' (spotted darter) |journal=Southeastern Naturalist |date=March 2016 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.1656/058.015.0109 |s2cid=88307222 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=R. M. |last2=Etnier |first2=D. A. |title=Comments on the subgenera of darters (Percidae) with descriptions of two new species of ''Etheostoma'' (''Ulocentra'') from southeastern United States |journal=Miscellaneous Publications |publisher=Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan |volume=175 |pages=1–47 |date=1988 |hdl=2027.42/56419 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Darter (fish)|Darter]] species comprise more than 180 of the [[Percidae]] taxa.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico
| last = Page and Burr
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin
| year = 1991
| isbn =
| location = Boston
| pages =
}}</ref>
==''Nothonotus'' species==
*FishBase lists the following four species:<ref name=FishBase/>
** ''[[Coppercheek darter|Nothonotus aquali]]'' {{small|(Williams & Etnier, 1978)}} (Coppercheek darter)
** ''[[Smallscale darter|Nothonotus microlepidus]]'' {{small|(Raney & Zorach, 1967)}} (Smallscale darter)
** ''[[Bloodfin darter|Nothonotus sanguifluus]]'' {{small|(Cope, 1870)}} (Bloodfin darter)
** ''[[Nothonotus starnesi]]'' {{small|Keck & Near, 2013}} (Caney fork darter)
*Thomas Near and colleagues also included the following,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Bossu |first2=Christen M. |last3=Bradburd |first3=Gideon S. |last4=Carlson |first4=Rose L. |last5=Harrington |first5=Richard C. |last6=Hollingsworth |first6=Phillip R. |last7=Keck |first7=Benjamin P. |last8=Etnier |first8=David A. |title=Phylogeny and temporal diversification of darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) |journal=Systematic Biology |date=1 October 2011 |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=565–595 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr052 |pmid=21775340 |doi-access= }}</ref> which, where they are described at all in this treatment, are listed under ''[[Etheostoma]]''.
** ''[[Sharphead darter|N. acuticeps]]''
** ''[[Orangefin darter|N. bellus]]''
** ''[[Bluebreast darter|N. camurus]]''
** ''[[Greenfin darter|N. chlorobranchius]]''
** ''[[Nothonotus chuckwachattee|N. chuckwachattee]]''
** ''[[Golden darter|N. denoncourti]]''
** ''[[Nothonotus douglasi|N. douglasi]]''
** ''[[Etowah darter|N. etowahae]]
** ''[[Greenbreast darter|N. jordani]]''
** ''[[Yoke darter|N. juliae]]''
** ''[[Nothonotus maculatus|N. maculatus]]''
** ''[[Yellowcheek darter|N. moorei]]''
** ''[[Bayou darter|N. rubrus]]''
** ''[[Redline darter|N. rufilineatus]]''
** ''[[Tippecanoe darter|N. tippecanoe]]''
** ''[[Wounded darter|N. vulneratus]]''
** ''[[Boulder darter|N. wapiti]]''
==Phylogenetics==
Members of the ''Nothonotus'' subspecies last shared a common ancestor approximately 18.5 MYA.<ref name=":1" /> Frequent hybridization, the rich diversity of the subgenus, and the limitations of the fossil record complicate phylogenetic assessments, which have not been fully resolved.  Various conflicting relationships have been proposed using morphological characters, allozyme analysis, microsatellites, and mtDNA sequencing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Keck|first1=Benjamin P.|last2=Near|first2=Thomas J.|date=2008-02-01|title=Assessing phylogenetic resolution among mitochondrial, nuclear, and morphological datasets in ''Nothonotus'' darters (Teleostei: Percidae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=46|issue=2|pages=708–720|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.08.015|pmid=17920301}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal
| last = Wood
| first = Robert M.
| date = 1996-01-01
| title = Phylogenetic systematics of the darter subgenus ''Nothonotus'' (Teleostei: Percidae)
| jstor = 1446846
| journal = Copeia
| volume = 1996
| issue = 2
| pages = 300–318
| doi = 10.2307/1446846
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Etnier |first1=D. A |last2=Williams |first2=J. D. |title=''Etheostoma (Nothonotus) wapiti'' (Osteichthyes: Percidae), a new darter from the southern bend of the Tennessee River system in Alabama and Tennessee |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |date=1989 |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=987–1000 |id={{INIST|6646550}} |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34551377 }}</ref>
==Life history==
''Nothonotus'' darters are native to the riffle domains of highly graded drainages in North America.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Zorach
| first = Timothy
| date = 1970-01-01
| title = The systematics of the percid fish ''Etheostoma rufilineatum'' (Cope)
| jstor = 2423737
| journal = The American Midland Naturalist
| volume = 84
| issue = 1
| pages = 208–225
| doi = 10.2307/2423737
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Eisenhour
| first = David J.
| date = 1995-01-01
| title = Systematics of ''Etheostoma camurum'' and ''E. chlorobranchium'' (Osteichthyes: Percidae) in the Tennessee and Cumberland River drainages with analysis of hybridization in the Nolichucky River system
| jstor = 1446900
| journal = Copeia
| volume = 1995
| issue = 2
| pages = 368–379
| doi = 10.2307/1446900
}}</ref> ''Nothonotus'' species vary in locality preference, but are known to cooccur in several drainages in the Eastern United States.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47428219|title=A young clade repeating an old pattern: Diversity in ''Nothonotus'' darters (Teleostei: Percidae) endemic to the Cumberland River|last=Keck and Near|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=19|issue=22|pages=5030–5042|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04866.x|pmid=20946590|access-date=2016-02-28|year=2010|s2cid=44967411}}</ref> ''Nothonotus'' darters engage in three reproductive strategies: egg burial, egg guarding, and egg tending, strategies hypothesized to have evolved multiple times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=N. B. |last2=Near |first2=T. J. |last3=Alonzo |first3=S. H. |title=Diversification of egg-deposition behaviours and the evolution of male parental care in darters (Teleostei: Percidae: Etheostomatinae): Evolution of egg deposition in darters |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |date=May 2012 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=836–846 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02473.x |pmid=22356511 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Most species have limited mobility, moving approximately 33–100 meters per year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freeman|first=Mary C.|date=1995-01-01|title=Movements by two small fishes in a large stream |jstor=1446899|journal=Copeia|volume=1995|issue=2|pages=361–367|doi=10.2307/1446899}}</ref> They are restricted to suitable breeding and feeding grounds, making novel niche exploration rare, particularly in fast flowing drainages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/animal/darter-fish|title=darter {{!}} fish|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref> Low mobility is hypothesized to have facilitated speciation in regions where multiple species appear to have historical sympatric distributions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fluker |first1=Brook L. |last2=Kuhajda |first2=Bernard R. |last3=Harris |first3=Phillip M. |title=The influence of life-history strategy on genetic differentiation and lineage divergence in darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) |journal=Evolution |date=November 2014 |volume=68 |issue=11 |pages=3199–3216 |doi=10.1111/evo.12505 |pmid=25130551 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Various life history traits like body size determine the niche range available to a particular species (Knouft, 2004)The biogeographic dispersal model has been proposed as the most likely explanation of diversification and speciation of the subgenera.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Keck |first2=Benjamin P. |title=Dispersal, vicariance, and timing of diversification in ''Nothonotus'' darters |journal=Molecular Ecology |date=October 2005 |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=3485–3496 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02671.x |pmid=16156817 |s2cid=6319671 }}</ref> It has also been postulated that speciation occurred following niche partitioning, in response to competition where distributions overlap.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Page|first1=Lawrence M.|last2=Schemske|first2=Douglas W.|date=1978-01-01|title=The effect of interspecific competition on the distribution and size of darters of the subgenus ''Catonotus'' (Percidae: ''Etheostoma'')|jstor=1443603|journal=Copeia|volume=1978|issue=3|pages=406–412|doi=10.2307/1443603}}</ref>
==Anthropogenic influences and conservation implications==
The low mobility and habitat specialization associated with the subgenus make ''Nothonotus'' species particularly sensitive to habitat degradation.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Gillette |first1=David P. |last2=Fortner |first2=Allison M. |last3=Franssen |first3=Nathan R. |last4=Cartwright |first4=Sara |last5=Tobler |first5=Courtney M. |last6=Wesner |first6=Jeff S. |last7=Reneau |first7=Paulette C. |last8=Reneau |first8=Franz H. |last9=Schlupp |first9=Ingo |last10=Marsh-Matthews |first10=Edie C. |last11=Matthews |first11=William J. |last12=Broughton |first12=Richard E. |last13=Lee |first13=Corey W. |title=Patterns of change over time in darter (Teleostei: Percidae) assemblages of the Arkansas River basin, northeastern Oklahoma, USA |journal=Ecography |date=September 2012 |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=855–864 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06560.x }}</ref>  Darter populations are frequently assessed as a proxy for stream habitat quality. In a comparative species richness survey, museum specimen from 1948-1955 contained approximately 33% more diversity than samples collected from 2005-2006 in the same localities despite more intensive sampling efforts in contemporary populations.<ref name=":2"/> The following ''Nothonotus'' species have been designated conservation statuses by IUCN redlist: Vulnerable : ''N. maculatum, N. acuticeps'', ''N. denoncourti, N. etowahae, N. wapiti'';  Near threatened: ''N. aquali'', ''N. tippecanoe''; Endangered: ''N. moorei'', ''N. rubrum''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|website=www.iucnredlist.org|access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref>  Impoundment by dams and siltation restrict gene flow between previously continuous populations, threatening the genetic diversity of various ''Nothonotus'' species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jenkins|first1=Robert E.|last2=Burkhead|first2=Noel M.|date=1975-01-01|title=Recent capture and analysis of the sharphead darter, ''Etheostoma acuticeps'', an endangered percid fish of the upper Tennessee River drainage|jstor=1443325|journal=Copeia|volume=1975|issue=4|pages=731–740|doi=10.2307/1443325}}</ref> Siltation has been cited as the most concerning mode of [[habitat destruction]] in aquatic habitats.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chapman|first1=Jacqueline M.|last2=Proulx|first2=Catherine L.|last3=Veilleux|first3=Maxime A. N.|last4=Levert|first4=Caroline|last5=Bliss|first5=Shireen|last6=André|first6=Marie-Ève|last7=Lapointe|first7=Nicolas W. R.|last8=Cooke|first8=Steven J.|date=2014-06-01|title=Clear as mud: A meta-analysis on the effects of sedimentation on freshwater fish and the effectiveness of sediment-control measures|journal=Water Research|volume=56|pages=190–202|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.047|pmid=24681235}}</ref> Sediment issues occur when anthropogenic activities like mining, deforestation, urbanization, and road construction alter flow regimes and erosion rates. Genetic diversity assessments of ''Nothonotus'' populations are often conducted to determine the consequences of siltation on aquatic communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Stephen T. |last2=O'Connell |first2=Martin T. |last3=Patrick |first3=David M. |last4=Latorre |first4=Carlos A. |last5=Slack |first5=William T. |last6=Knight |first6=Jeremy G. |last7=Wilkins |first7=S. David |title=Stream erosion and densities of ''Etheostoma rubrum'' (Percidae) and associated riffle-inhabiting fishes: biotic stability in a variable habitat |journal=Copeia |date=December 2001 |volume=2001 |issue=4 |pages=916–927 |jstor=1448381 |doi=10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0916:SEADOE]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> Coloration, particularly conspicuous in males, is hypothesized to have evolved in response to sexual selection and habitat preference. Species residing higher in the water column, in clear water, and in habitats with low predation typically express stronger nuptial coloration patterns.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bossu |first1=Christen M. |last2=Near |first2=Thomas J. |title=Ecological constraint and the evolution of sexual dichromatism in darters |journal=Evolution |date=May 2015 |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=1219–1231 |doi=10.1111/evo.12655 |pmid=25824960 |s2cid=5391630 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Sedimentation may also interfere with mate identification due to reduced water clarity.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15627790}}
[[Category:Nothonotus| ]]
[[Category:Etheostomatinae]]
[[Category:Perciformes genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frederic Ward Putnam]]