View source for OPR-1000

{{Short description|South Korean nuclear reactor}}
__NOTOC__
The '''OPR-1000''' is a [[Republic of Korea|South Korean]]-designed two-loop 1000 MWe [[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]] [[Generation II reactor|Generation II]] nuclear reactor, developed by [[KHNP]] and [[Korea Electric Power Corporation|KEPCO]].<ref name=KEPCO-OPR1000>{{cite web |url=http://www.kepco-enc.com/English/sub.asp?Mcode=B010020 |title=OPR1000 |publisher=KEPCO |accessdate=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221004748/http://www.kepco-enc.com/English/sub.asp?Mcode=B010020 |archive-date=21 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The OPR-1000 was originally designated as the Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plant (KSNP), and was re-designated as the OPR-1000 in 2005 for foreign sales.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=Stephen |first2=Robert |last2=Rosner |title=Nuclear Reactors: Generation to Generation |year=2011 |page=5 |url=http://www.amacad.org/pdfs/nuclearreactors.pdf |accessdate=7 Jan 2014 |publisher=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |isbn=978-0-87724-090-7 }}</ref>  It was developed based  on the [[Combustion Engineering]] (C-E)'s [[system 80]] design, through a technology transfer agreement. The reactor core design was derived from the C-E designed [[Arkansas Nuclear One]] Unit 2, the nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) was derived from the C-E designed units at [[Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station]], and auxiliary plant design was derived from the earlier Unit-1 and Unit-2 at the Yeonggwang (now [[Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant|Hanbit]]) Nuclear Power Plant.<ref name=KHNP-2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloadable/Meetings/2011/2011-07-04-07-08-WS-NPTD/6_KOREA_APR1400_OPR1000_KHNP_Kim.pdf |title=GEN III/GENIII+ : Korean Perspective - APR1400 |author=Kim, Han Gon |publisher=Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. |date=4 July 2011 |accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref>
Based on the OPR-1000 design, KEPCO has developed a [[Generation III reactor]] uprated plant, the [[APR-1400]].<ref name=KHNP-2009>{{cite journal |title=The Design Features of the Advanced Power Reactor 1400 |author1=Lee, Sang-Seob |author2=Kim, Sung-Hwan |author3=Suh, Kune-Yull |journal=Nuclear Engineering and Technology |volume=41 |number=8 |date=October 2009 |pages=995–1004 |doi=10.5516/NET.2009.41.8.995 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Reactor fleet ==
The reference plants used to develop the OPR-1000 design using technology transfer are Yeonggwang (now [[Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant|Hanbit]]) Unit-3 and Unit-4, which came on-line in 1995 and 1996, respectively. The first plants designated as OPR-1000 plants are Ulchin (now [[Hanul Nuclear Power Plant|Hanul]]) Unit-3 and Unit-4, which came on-line in 1998 and 1999, respectively.
[[Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power]] (KHNP) states an improved OPR-1000 design has been implemented at eight units:
* [[Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant|Hanbit]] Unit-5 and Unit-6 (both on-line in 2002)
* [[Hanul Nuclear Power Plant|Hanul]] Unit-5 (on-line in 2004) and Unit-6 (on-line in 2005)
* [[Shin Kori Nuclear Power Plant]] Unit-1 (on-line in 2011) and Unit-2 (on-line in 2012)
* [[Shin-Wolsong Nuclear Power Plant]] Unit-1 (on-line in 2012) and Unit-2 (on-line in 2015)
Including the reference Unit-3 and Unit-4 at Hanbit (formerly Yeonggwang), there are a total of twelve OPR-1000 plants, all inside [[South Korea]].<ref name=IAEA>{{cite web |url=https://pris.iaea.org/pris/CountryStatistics/CountryDetails.aspx?current=KR |title=Korea, Republic of |author=<!--Staff writer(s), no by-line.--> |date=2015 |website=IAEA Power Reactor Information System |accessdate=11 March 2015 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ OPR-1000 Summary<ref name=IAEA />
!Site
!Unit
!Status
!Construction<br /> Start
!First<br /> Criticality
!Operation
|-
| rowspan=4 |Hanbit
|3{{efn |name=reference |Reference design unit}}
| rowspan="12" |operational
| style= "text-align:center;" |23 December 1989
| style= "text-align:center;" |13 October 1994
| style= "text-align:center;" |31 March 1995
|-
|4{{efn |name=reference }}
| style= "text-align:center;" |26 May 1990
| style= "text-align:center;" |7 July 1995
| style= "text-align:center;" |1 January 1996
|-
|5{{efn |name=improved |Improved design}}
| style= "text-align:center;" |29 June 1997
| style= "text-align:center;" |24 November 2001
| style= "text-align:center;" |21 May 2002{{efn |name=2012FO |Forced shut down in 2012 due to fraudulently-certified parts<ref name=WNN121107 />}}
|-
|6{{efn |name=improved }}
| style= "text-align:center;" |20 November 1997
| style= "text-align:center;" |1 September 2002
| style= "text-align:center;" |24 December 2002{{efn |name=2012FO }}
|-
| rowspan=4 |Hanul
|3
| style= "text-align:center;" |21 July 1993
| style= "text-align:center;" |21 December 1997
| style= "text-align:center;" |11 August 1998
|-
|4
| style= "text-align:center;" |1 November 1993
| style= "text-align:center;" |14 December 1998
| style= "text-align:center;" |31 December 1999
|-
|5{{efn |name=improved }}
| style= "text-align:center;" |1 October 1999
| style= "text-align:center;" |28 November 2003
| style= "text-align:center;" |29 July 2004
|-
|6{{efn |name=improved }}
| style= "text-align:center;" |29 September 2000
| style= "text-align:center;" |16 December 2004
| style= "text-align:center;" |22 April 2005
|-
| rowspan=2 |Shin-Kori
|1{{efn |name=improved }}
| style= "text-align:center;" |16 June 2006
| style= "text-align:center;" |15 July 2010
| style= "text-align:center;" |28 February 2011{{efn |name=2013FO |Forced shut down in 2013 due to fraudulently-certified cables<ref name=WNN130528 />}}
|-
|2{{efn |name=improved }}
| style= "text-align:center;" |5 June 2007
| style= "text-align:center;" |27 December 2011
| style= "text-align:center;" |20 July 2012{{efn |name=2013FO }}
|-
| rowspan=2 |Shin-Wolsong
|1{{efn |name=improved }}
| style= "text-align:center;" |20 November 2007
| style= "text-align:center;" |6 January 2012
| style= "text-align:center;" |31 July 2012{{efn |name=2013FO }}
|-
|2{{efn |name=improved }}
| style= "text-align:center;" |23 September 2008
| style= "text-align:center;" |8 February 2015{{efn |Delayed due to fraudulently-certified cables<ref name=WNN130528 />}}
| style= "text-align:center;" |24 July 2015
|}
===Notes===
{{notelist |30em}}
The first plants incorporating the [[APR-1400]] design are still under construction. Ten units are planned:
* Unit-1 and Unit-2 at [[Shin Hanul Nuclear Power Plant]] in South Korea
* Unit-3, -4, -5 and -6 at [[Shin Kori Nuclear Power Plant]] in South Korea
* Unit-1, -2, -3 and -4 at [[Barakah Nuclear Power Plant]] in the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=WNA-UAE>{{cite web|title=Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-T-Z/United-Arab-Emirates/|publisher=World Nuclear Association|date=December 2013|access-date=2014-01-07|archive-date=2016-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118223642/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-T-Z/United-Arab-Emirates/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== History ==
The first start of the OPR-1000 at [[Shin Kori Nuclear Power Plant]] Unit-1 was 28 February 2011.
This OPR-1000's first malfunction was noted on 2 October 2012 at 8:10&nbsp;a.m. Shin Kori-1 was shut down after a warning signal indicated a malfunction in the control rod, which is used to control the rate of fission of nuclear materials, according to the Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. It is the first time that reactor, located 450 kilometers southeast of Seoul, has been shut down due to a malfunction since it began commercial operation on 28 Feb. 2011. An investigation was undertaken to verify the exact cause of the problem.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Yonhap News |date=2 October 2012 |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/2012/10/02/12/0501000000AEN20121002002400320F.HTML |title=Nuclear reactor halts operation due to malfunction |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |accessdate=11 March 2015 }}</ref>
In 2012, a probe was opened regarding some fraudulently-certified parts installed in five OPR-1000 reactors  over a ten-year period.<ref name=WNN121107>{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS-Korea_probes_forged_quality_certificates-0711124.html |title=Korea probes forged quality certificates |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=7 November 2012 |publisher=World Nuclear News |accessdate=11 March 2015 }}</ref> Hanbit-5 and -6, which had a greater number of fraudulent parts, were shut down until the parts could be replaced, and Hanbit-3 and -4 and Hanul-3 were allowed remain on-line pending parts replacement.<ref name=WNN121107 /> Hanbit-5 and -6 were cleared for restart in early 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS-Korean_units_restart_after_forgery_probe-0201135.html |title=South Korean units restart after probe |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2 January 2013 |publisher=World Nuclear News |accessdate=11 March 2015 }}</ref> but in April 2013, following a tip, four additional units were shut down and not allowed to restart until fraudulently-certified safety-related control cabling was replaced: Shin Kori-1 and -2 and Shin Wolsong-1 and -2; although construction on Shin Wolsong-2 was complete, it had not yet achieved operational status, and it was not allowed to start up until cabling was replaced.<ref name=WNN130528>{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS-Substandard_cables_lead_to_Korean_shutdowns-2805134.html |title=New component issues idle Korean reactors |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=28 May 2013 |publisher=World Nuclear News |accessdate=11 March 2015 }}</ref> The same cabling was used at the APR-1400 units then under construction at Shin Kori (Units 3 & 4),<ref name=WNN130528 /> forcing a year-long delay in their startup.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Recabling_delays_Shin_Kori_start_ups-1810135.html |title=Recabling delays Shin Kori start ups |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=18 October 2013 |publisher=World Nuclear News |accessdate=11 March 2015 }}</ref> After cabling was replaced, Shin Kori-1 and -2 and Shin Wolsong-1 were approved for restart in January 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS-Korean-reactors-cleared-for-restart-0201144.html |title=Korean reactors cleared for restart |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2 January 2014 |publisher=World Nuclear News |accessdate=11 March 2015 }}</ref> Shin Wolsong-2 was connected to the grid in February 2015,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Grid-connection-for-South-Korean-reactor-2602155.html |title=Grid connection for South Korean reactor |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=26 February 2015 |publisher=World Nuclear News |accessdate=11 March 2015 }}</ref> with commercial operation commencing in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-South-Korean-reactor-enters-commercial-operation-2407155.html |title=South Korean reactor enters commercial operation |date=24 July 2015 |newspaper=World Nuclear News |accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref>
==APR1000==
A variant incorporating a number of advanced features from the larger [[APR-1400]] design, named the APR1000, has been designed for European use. It was certified as compliant by the European Utility Requirements (EUR) organisation in March 2023. The assessment was requested in November 2019, and the assessment started in February 2021. It will still require design approval in each country it is used in.<ref name=wnn-20230302>{{cite news |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/South-Korea-s-APR1000-certified-for-European-use |title=South Korea's APR1000 certified for European use by EUR |website=World Nuclear News |date=2 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref name=khnp-2019>{{cite web |url=https://aris.iaea.org/PDF/APR1000_20191130_R2.pdf |title=APR1000 – Advanced Power Reactor 1000 |work=Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Corporation | publisher=IAEA |year=2019 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>
KHNP is in an intellectual property legal dispute with Westinghouse, which claims Westinghouse technology is incorporated in the APR1000 design, while KHNP claims the APR1000 is an independently developed design.<ref name=nei-20240828>{{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/korea-advances-czech-nuclear-deal-despite-westinghouse-challenge/?cf-view |title=Korea advances Czech nuclear deal despite Westinghouse challenge |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=28 August 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Nuclear power in South Korea]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Nuclear fission reactors}}
[[Category:Nuclear reactors]]
[[Category:Nuclear power reactor types]]
[[Category:Pressurized water reactors]]