View source for OSCA MT4

{{Infobox automobile
| image        = OSCA MT4 (1955) (5066831265).jpg
| caption      = 1955 OSCA MT4
| name         = OSCA MT4
| aka          = OSCA 1500 TN
| manufacturer = [[O.S.C.A.]]
| production   = 1948–1956 (72-79 produced)
| designer     =
| assembly     = [[Bologna]], Italy
| layout       = [[FR layout]]
| engine       = {{ubl
| 1089&nbsp;cc ''[[Fiat 1100 (1937)|Fiat]]'' [[Overhead valve engine|OHV]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| 1092&nbsp;cc ''MT4'' [[SOHC]] I4
| 1092&nbsp;cc ''MT4-2AD'' [[DOHC]] I4
| 1342&nbsp;cc ''MT4'' SOHC I4
| 1342&nbsp;cc ''MT4-2AD'' DOHC I4
| 1453&nbsp;cc ''MT4-2AD'' DOHC I4
| 1492&nbsp;cc ''1500TN'' DOHC I4
}}
| transmission = 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| wheelbase    = {{cvt|2200|mm|1}}
| length       =
| width        =
| height       =
| weight       = approximately {{cvt|600|kg|lb|-2}}
| successor    = OSCA FS 372
| sp           = uk
}}
The '''OSCA MT4''', also spelled the '''O.S.C.A. MT4''' or '''Osca MT4''', is an Italian [[sports car]] [[Sports prototype|prototype]], designed, developed, and made by [[O.S.C.A.|Officine Specializzata Costruzioni Automobili]], between 1948 and 1956, but was raced and used in active competition until 1966.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1954-osca-mt4-racer.htm|title=1954 OSCA MT-4 Sports Racer|date=October 24, 2007|website=HowStuffWorks|access-date=June 13, 2022|archive-date=July 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705043831/https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1954-osca-mt4-racer.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.classicdriver.com/en/car/osca/mt-4/1955/611120|title=1955 OSCA MT 4 - -2AD 1350|website=www.classicdriver.com|access-date=2022-06-13|archive-date=2022-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613024757/https://www.classicdriver.com/en/car/osca/mt-4/1955/611120|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/osca-winner-1956-osca-mt4 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918134401/https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/osca-winner-1956-osca-mt4 |date=2021-09-18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/news/this-osca-mt4-is-the-italian-racer-you-never-knew/|title=This OSCA MT4 is the Italian racer you never knew|date= 2021-02-01| archive-date= 2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613024713/https://www.hagerty.com/media/news/this-osca-mt4-is-the-italian-racer-you-never-knew/|url-status=live | first = Nik | last = Berg | work = Hagerty }}</ref>
Due to the variety of engines of different displacement sizes and the comparatively large number of chassis built (thanks to strong sales), the OSCA MT4 had an unusually long service life for a competition car. Between 1948 and 1966, it notched 92 wins, 109 class wins, 9 pole positions, and 194 podiums{{contradictory inline|section=Racing history|date=August 2024}} - an impressive record for a small manufacturer without the means of sustaining a factory competition effort.<ref>https://www.racingsportscars.com/type/Osca/MT4.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613024800/https://www.racingsportscars.com/type/Osca/MT4.html |date=2022-06-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.audrainautomuseum.org/1952-osca-mt4-lm-1120-vignale-berlinetta|title=1952 OSCA MT4 LM #1120 Vignale Berlinetta|website=Audrain Auto Museum|access-date=2022-06-13|archive-date=2022-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830184228/https://www.audrainautomuseum.org/1952-osca-mt4-lm-1120-vignale-berlinetta|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z14086/osca-mt4.aspx|title=1952 OSCA MT4|website=conceptcarz.com|access-date=2022-06-13|archive-date=2022-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613024712/https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z14086/osca-mt4.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
==The foundation of OSCA==
[[File:1948-04 OSCA MT4 chassis and Maserati brothers.jpg|thumb|left|Ernesto (seated) and Bindo Maserati in an early MT4 chassis in April 1948.]]
In 1937, five years after Alfieri's death, Ettore and Ernesto Maserati were forced to sell Maserati after financial turmoil. However, the contract with the new Maserati owner Adolfo Orsi meant that the brothers had to remain with their former company for a ten-year term. In 1947 they were finally free to go their own way; Officine Specializzata Costruzioni Automobili Fratelli Maserati was founded and the first vehicle type, the MT4, was built.<ref name=MT11>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/giant-killer-osca-mt4/|title=Giant Killer: The OSCA MT4 was the little car that did - Automobile Magazine|date= 2011-08-02|website=MotorTrend|archive-date= 2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926195243/https://www.motortrend.com/news/giant-killer-osca-mt4/|url-status=live | first = Tim | last = Andrew }}</ref> In its original form, the chassis and engine were based on the [[Maserati 4CL|Maserati Tipo 4CL]] single-seater racing car, first built in 1939. Development of the MT4 began immediately, using plans and parts from the [[Maserati 4CL and 4CLT|Maserati 4CL]]. In all, OSCA built 77 chassis between 1949 and 1956 (some sources state 72, some 78).
==Design==
OSCA's first automobile was the '''MT4''', for ''Maserati Tipo 4 cilindri''. The initial cars used a [[Fiat 1100 (1937)|Fiat 1100]] block and the engine developed {{cvt|55|hp-metric|kW|0}}.<ref name=MT4paris>{{cite web | url = https://classiccars.com/listings/view/1182574/1955-osca-mt4-2ad-1350-for-sale-in-paris--75007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230109032259/https://classiccars.com/listings/view/1182574/1955-osca-mt4-2ad-1350-for-sale-in-paris--75007 | archive-date = 2023-01-09 | title = For Sale at Auction: 1955 OSCA MT4-2AD 1350 in Paris | publisher = The Collector Car Network, LLC | work = ClassicCar.com }}</ref> OSCA soon developed a new 1,092&nbsp;cc engine, which produced {{cvt|72|PS|kW hp|0}} at 6,000&nbsp;rpm, had a in-house designed aluminium block and [[alloy]] head. Some sources state that 9 cars were built with 1.1-liter engines.<ref name=MT11/> Originally a single-cam design, in 1950 this was changed to a twin-cam unit, indicated by using the name '''MT4-2AD''', with "2AD" signifying ''2 Alberi di Distribuzione'' (twin camshafts). The 2AD was originally available as an 1100 or a 1350. The bore and stroke changed over the years and to allow competing in various classes, meaning that the displacement of the engines increased from 1092&nbsp;cc via 1342&nbsp;cc and then 1453&nbsp;cc until finally reaching 1492&nbsp;cc. The four-speed quick-shift gearbox was also an in-house design. The bodywork on early models was a two-seater roadster with or without cycle fenders, lights, and the various other accoutrements required to make it street legal.<ref name=Retro0840>{{cite magazine | title = Sœurs Ennemies | trans-title = Sister enemies | language = fr | page = 40 | ref = JV08 | first = Jacques | last = Vassal | magazine = Rétroviseur | date = October 2008 | number = 238 | publisher = Éditions LVA | location = Fontainebleau, France | issn = 0992-5007 }}</ref> OSCA only supplied the chassis; the bodies were manufactured by Italian bodywork companies (or in some cases, by the buyers themselves<ref name=MT4paris/>) to the requirements of the individual buyers. Modifications and changes to keep cars competitive or due to changes in taste means that few preserved cars look much like each other.
While the original [[barchetta]] design was factory built, coachworkers such as Morelli, Moho, [[Vignale]], and [[Pietro Frua]] soon supplanted the in-house design. In addition to the barchettas, a few examples were built with [[berlinetta]] bodies by Frua and Vignale. A Vignale-bodied MT4 Berlinetta won in the 1,100&nbsp;cc class at the [[1953 24 Hours of Le Mans]].<ref name="Audrain Museum">{{cite web|url=https://www.audrainautomuseum.org/racetrack-to-the-opera/1952-osca-mt4-lm-1120-vignale-berlinetta|title=OSCA MT4 LM #1120 Vignale|publisher=audrainautomuseum.org|accessdate=2022-06-26|archive-date=2022-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830184145/https://www.audrainautomuseum.org/racetrack-to-the-opera/1952-osca-mt4-lm-1120-vignale-berlinetta|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Changes==
In 1949 the engine was enlarged to 1,342&nbsp;cc, with power increasing to {{cvt|80-90|hp-metric|kW|0}} at 5,500&nbsp;rpm depending on the tune specified.<ref>[http://www.maserati-alfieri.co.uk/alfieri06.htm story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922204819/http://www.maserati-alfieri.co.uk/alfieri06.htm |date=2021-09-22}} from maserati-alfieri.co.uk</ref> In 1950, the new [[DOHC]] (MT4-2AD) raised power to a maximum of {{cvt|100|hp-metric|kW|0}} at 6,300&nbsp;rpm for the 1350 engine, and in 1953 the engine was enlarged to 1,453&nbsp;cc to compete in the 1500&nbsp;cc class, producing {{cvt|110|hp-metric|kW|0}} at 6,200&nbsp;rpm.<ref name=Retro0841>[[#JV08|Vassal (2008)]], p. 41.</ref> In 1954, this was bored out to a square {{cvt|78|x|78|mm|in|2}} for 1,491&nbsp;cc and fitted with [[twin spark]]plugs. This "proper" 1500 engine produced {{cvt|120|hp-metric|kW|0}} at 6,300&nbsp;rpm and was aimed directly at the [[Porsche 550]].<ref name=gretaMar>{{cite web | url = http://www.gretaemme.it/index.php/la-storia/o-s-c-a/251-l-anno-dei-record | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230110025118/http://www.gretaemme.it/index.php/la-storia/o-s-c-a/251-l-anno-dei-record | archive-date = 2023-01-10 | title = L'anno dei record | trans-title = Year of records | work = Greta Emme | language = it }}</ref> The bore and stroke of the 1500 engine are the same as those of the [[Maserati 4CL and 4CLT|Maserati 4CL]], also developed by the Maserati brothers.<ref name=Retro0842>[[#JV08|Vassal (2008)]], p. 42.</ref>
In a period road test, ''[[Road & Track]]'' got a MT4-2AD 1500 (chassis number 1148) to reach {{cvt|120|mph|km/h|0}} in spite of having been fitted with the lowest gearing, while doing the {{cvt|0-60|mph|km/h|0}} sprint in 7.0 seconds.<ref name=RT5513>{{cite magazine | magazine = [[Road & Track]] | url = https://rapleyclassiccars.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/OSCA-RT-test.2-scaled.jpg | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230110021119/https://rapleyclassiccars.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/OSCA-RT-test.2-scaled.jpg | archive-date = 2023-01-10 | ref = F955 | title = How does the OSCA go? | page = 13 | date = August 1955 | via = Rapley Classic Cars }}</ref> The listed price was $10,000, enough to buy three V8-engined [[Ford Thunderbird (first generation)|Ford Thunderbirds]] with a good margin, but on the other ''Road & Track'' stated that the OSCA had outperformed every lower-priced car ever tested by them. The reviewers also remarked on the rarity of an Italian-made car matching the manufacturer's claimed top speed, acceleration, and weight figures.<ref name=RT5512>[[#F955|''How does the OSCA go?'']], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230110015344/https://rapleyclassiccars.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/OSCA-RT-test.1-scaled.jpg p. 12.]</ref> The trunk on this example did meet the requirements for competition but mainly housed a spare tire and a {{convert|20|usgal|L|0|adj=on}} fuel tank.<ref name=RT5513/> By this time, about half of OSCA's production was earmarked for the United States, with another ten percent being exported elsewhere.<ref name=gretaMar/>
<gallery widths=220 heights=150>
1949 OSCA MT4 Siluro (44728947571).jpg|1949 OSCA MT4 'Siluro'
1952 OSCA MT4 MM Spyder (29792709867).jpg|1952 OSCA MT4 MM Spider
OSCA MT4 LM Vignale Berlinetta.png|Le Mans class winner MT4 Vignale Berlinetta
1954 OSCA MT4 1500 Vignale Spider, front left.jpg|1954 OSCA MT4 1450 Spider by [[Vignale]] (fitted with a 1500 engine)
1955 Osca MT4 Morelli Spider.jpg|OSCA MT4 Morelli Spider 1955
1955 OSCA MT4 spider engine.jpg|The OSCA twin cam engine
1955 O.S.C.A. MT4-2AD Coupé by Vignale, front left.jpg|1955 MT4 1500 Coupé by Vignale, one of a handful of MT4 ''berlinettas''
</gallery>
===1500 TN===
The final iteration was the 1500 TN (for ''Tipo Nuovo'', "new model") engine, tuned to {{cvt|125|hp-metric|kW|0}}. The first such engine was installed in the Simpson Special; a record-breaking streamliner on an MT4 chassis which beat numerous [[land speed record]]s at the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in 1955. In competition, however, the TN engine was too powerful for the MT4 chassis and the Maserati brothers quickly developed a new, more rigid design also called the 1500&nbsp;TN. The MT4 design, however, was finally reaching the end of its development. The fragile 1500&nbsp;TN, while fast, rarely finished and only three cars were built in 1955. Three more, called S&nbsp;1500&nbsp;TN were finished for the 1957 season and had another five horsepower.
<gallery widths=220 heights=150>
1955 O.S.C.A. MT4-TN (Tipo Nuovo) at Lime Rock.jpg|1955 OSCA 1500 TN (chassis 1169)
1955 O.S.C.A. MT4-TN (Tipo Nuovo) interior, Lime Rock.jpg|1500 TN interior
Kristianstad GP31 - O.S.C.A 1500TN.jpg|1955 OSCA 1500 TN (chassis 1163)
1956-10-21 Roma WINNER Osca MT4 1163 Musso.jpg|[[Luigi Musso]] driving chassis 1163 to a class victory (S1.5) at [[Rome Grand Prix|Rome]] 1956
</gallery>
The OSCA MT4 is best known for the [[1954 12 Hours of Sebring]], where it won outright against much more powerful cars with drivers [[Stirling Moss]] and [[Bill Lloyd (race driver)|Bill Lloyd]]<ref>{{cite web |first=Stefan | last = Dierkes |url=http://www.pietro-frua.de/1953_osca.htm |title=Pietro Frua (1913-1983) - OSCA MT4-2AD 1953 |publisher=Pietro-frua.de |access-date=2010-07-04 |archive-date=2010-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214103120/http://www.pietro-frua.de/1953_osca.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> as part of the [[Briggs Cunningham|Briggs Cunningham Team]]. In the April 6, 1992 issue of [[AutoWeek]], Cunningham stated that, of all the automobiles he built, owned, and raced, the OSCA was his favorite racecar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supercars.net/blog/1950-osca-mt4/|title=1950 OSCA MT4 &#124;|date=December 29, 2015|access-date=June 13, 2022|archive-date=August 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830184229/https://www.supercars.net/blog/1950-osca-mt4/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==FS 372==
After the MT4, the all new tipo 372&nbsp;DS engine with desmodromic valves (hence "DS"; 372 represents the individual displacement of each cylinder) was developed for the 1957 Formula 2 season. F2 racing cars are called OSCA F2/S while the sports version, which succeeded the MT4/TN, was called the FS&nbsp;372.<ref name=Bertschi>{{cite web | url = https://velocetoday.com/o-s-c-a-fs372-chassis-1189/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141230112409/https://velocetoday.com/o-s-c-a-fs372-chassis-1189/ | archive-date = 2014-12-30 | editor-first = Pete | editor-last = Vack | first = Cris | last = Bertschi | title = O.S.C.A. FS372 Chassis 1189 | date = 2014-02-04 | work = VeloceToday }}</ref> Five FS&nbsp;372 were built from 1957 until 1959; all were bodied by Morelli.<ref name=Wouter>{{cite web | url = http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/4275/OSCA-FS-372-Morelli-Spider.html | title = OSCA FS 372 Morelli Spider | publisher = Ultimatecarpage.com | last = Melissen | first = Wouter | date = 2009-11-09 | access-date = 2013-02-02 | archive-date = 2013-03-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130324225506/http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/4275/OSCA-FS-372-Morelli-Spider.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The new engine produces {{cvt|135|hp-metric|kW|0}} in sports racing (FS) trim; the new design meant that unlike on earlier OSCAs, the exhaust exited on the right hand side of the car.<ref name=Bertschi/> One of these belonged to Sir [[Stirling Moss]], who raced his car in historic races across the globe until his retirement in 2011. Derivatives of this engine went on to be used in coupé and convertible models of regular Fiats from 1959 to 1966.
<gallery widths=220 heights=150>
1959OSCA-FS372.jpg|1959 OSCA FS 372 (#1196)
OSCA FS372 Moss in Bahamas.jpg|Moss in his FS 372 (#1191) in the Bahamas
</gallery>
==Racing history==
The starts and racing successes of the MT4 are extensive and go beyond the usual framework of sports car models: 449 entries, 939 race starts, 81 overall, and 98 class victories.{{contradictory inline|reason=Contradicts stats given in the article lead.|date=August 2024}}
The first use of an MT4 was in 1948 in the [[Coppa Acerbo]] sports car race at [[Pescara]]. Driving chassis 1101 was Franco Cornacchia, who failed to finish the race.<ref>https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Pescara-1948-08-15-6011.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613024802/https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Pescara-1948-08-15-6011.html |date=2022-06-13 }}</ref> The MT4's first success came later that year, at the [[Grand Prix of Naples]], where it was driven to a win by [[Luigi Villoresi]]. In 1949, [[Giulio Cabianca]] won a sports car race in Ferrara and three weeks later a race in Tigullio.<ref>https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Ferrara-1949-05-26-7198.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613024715/https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Ferrara-1949-05-26-7198.html |date=2022-06-13 }}</ref><ref>https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Tigullio-1949-06-05-7195.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613024759/https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Tigullio-1949-06-05-7195.html |date=2022-06-13 }}</ref> The Giro delle Calabria was won by [[Dorino Serafini]] and Alberico Cacciari ahead of [[Luigi Fagioli]], who also drove an MT4.<ref>https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Giro_delle_Calabria-1949-09-25.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613024757/https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Giro_delle_Calabria-1949-09-25.html |date=2022-06-13 }}</ref>
From 1950 onwards, the MT4 established itself as a fast racing car that was not prone to defects and was hard to beat in the racing classes with displacements of less than 2 liters. At the Mille Miglia in 1951, Luigi Fagioli won the class for sports cars with displacements of up to 1.1 liters. In the overall standings, he finished eighth, just under an hour behind the winner Villoresi in the Ferrari 340 America Berlinetta Vignale. Cabianca repeated the class win in 1952. In the same year, the model was driven for the first time in the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Mario Damonte and a French racing driver using the pseudonym Martial drove a Vignale-bodied 1.3-liter MT4. Their race ended after 19 hours of driving due to a damaged clutch.
With the start of the sports car world championship in [[1953 World Sportscar Championship|1953]], MT4s were also used there. After countless successes at national races in Europe and the United States, 1954 saw the greatest international success for an MT4. At the [[1954 12 Hours of Sebring|12 Hours of Sebring]], Stirling Moss and Bill Lloyd won the general classification for Briggs Cunningham's team. To date, it is the only overall victory for a sports car with a displacement of less than 1.5 liters in this long-distance race.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Sebring-1954-03-07.html | title = Sebring 12 Hours | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211103025145/https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Sebring-1954-03-07.html | archive-date=2021-11-03 | work = Racing Sports Cars }}</ref>
The light and maneuverable racing cars were often on a par with the high-capacity cars, especially on narrow and winding courses. This was evident, for example, at the [[1956 Mille Miglia]], where Cabianca and [[Umberto Maglioli]] fought for the lead in the early stages of the race with the Ferrari and Maserati works drivers. Gianfranco Stanga celebrated the last race victory with an MT4 at the Campagnana Vallelunga in 1961, ahead of an OSCA S1000 and a number of ''Etceterini''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Vallelunga-1961-09-10-11268.html | title = Campagnana Vallelunga [S1.0] | work = Racing Sports Cars | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220613024803/https://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Vallelunga-1961-09-10-11268.html | archive-date=2022-06-13 }}</ref> The last known use outside of historical races was in 1966 in the sports car world championship. Giuseppe Rossi finished 38th overall and won the class for prototypes with a displacement of up to 2 liters at the [[Mugello Circuit|Mugello 500&nbsp;km]] race.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1940s cars]]
[[Category:1950s cars]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Cars of Italy]]
[[Category:24 Hours of Le Mans race cars]]
[[Category:Sports prototypes]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1946]]