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{{Short description|Belgian railway engineer and administrator}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Odon Jadot
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1884|04|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Liège]], Belgium
| death_date =  {{Death date and age|1968|04|16|1884|04|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kraainem]], Belgium
| nationality = Belgian
| other_names =
| occupation = Railway engineer
| known_for =
}}
'''Odon Jadot''' (13 April 1884 – 16 April 1968) was a Belgian railway engineer and administrator. He was responsible for building more than {{convert|1,650|km}} of railroad in the [[Belgian Congo]].
The lines helped carry copper mined in the [[Katanga Province]] to the sea via the ports of [[Matadi]] in the Congo, [[Dilolo]] in Angola and [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]] in Mozambique.
They also supported troop movements during [[World War I]] (1914–1918) and [[World War II]] (1939–1045).
==Family==
Odon Jadot was born on 13 April 1884 in [[Liège]], Belgium.
His parents were Odon Jadot (born 1850) and Adeline Leroy.{{sfn|Pierfit}}
His uncle Jean Baptiste Jadot (1839–1887) was father of [[Jean Jadot (banker)|Jean Jadot]] and [[Lambert Jadot]].{{sfn|Pierfit2}}
Both of them later had distinguished careers as engineers and colonial businessmen.{{sfn|Vanthemsche|2019}}
His aunt Christine Jadot (1841–1911) was mother of [[Alexis Bertrand]] (1870–1946), who became a senior colonial administrator in the [[Belgian Congo]].{{sfn|Vanthemsche|2019}}
==Early career (1906–1914) ==
[[File:Belgian Congo Railway Network pre-1960.svg|thumb|Railways in the Belgian Congo]]
Odon Jadot joined the army, studied at the School of Practical Artillery and Engineering and graduated with a diploma in civil engineering in 1906.
He went on to the Montefiore Institute in Liège, where he obtained a diploma as an electrical engineer in 1908.
He was a second lieutenant in engineering when he left the army in July 1909 and joined the ''[[Compagnie du chemin de fer du bas-Congo au Katanga]]'' (BCK).
Although he had an assured career as an army engineer, he wanted to emulate his cousins in their work overseas.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 205}}
The ''[[Comité Spécial du Katanga]]'' (CSK), the Congo Free State and the ''[[Société Générale de Belgique]]'' had founded the BCK on 31 October 1906.
The ''[[Union Minière du Haut-Katanga]]'' (UMHK) acquired almost 10% of the BCK, but the government was the main shareholder.
Odon Jadot's cousin Jean Jadot was made managing director.{{sfn|BCK - KDL}}
The BCK was to survey, build and operate a railway line from the navigable part of the Lualaba to the southern border of Katanga where it could connect to the Rhodesian network.
It was also to survey, build and operate railway lines to Port Franqui on the Kasai River, from where river boats could carry ore to Léopoldville and Bas-Congo, and to the Portuguese [[Benguela railway]].{{sfn|BCK - KDL}}
During Odon Jadot's first term in the [[Belgian Congo]] from 1909 to 1912 he worked under the British contractor [[Pauling & Co.]], which had built the line from [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]] to [[Kabwe|Broken Hill]] (Kabwe)  in [[Rhodesia (region)|Rhodesia]], and had been contracted by the BCK to extend the line to the UMHK's [[Etoile Mine|Etoile]] copper mine.
Jadot learned his trade during this project, in which the line was often extended by {{convert|5|km}} or more in a single day.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 205}}
He later wrote that he learned from the English how they planned and built railways in Central Africa, and applied these practices with no significant change to build {{convert|1650|km}} of railroad in the Congo.
Jadot carried out initial studies for the line from Elisabethville ([[Lubumbashi]]) to the [[Kambove mines|Kambove]] copper mine in 1911, and in 1912 was involved in the start of construction of this section.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 206}}
Jadot returned to [[Southampton]] in 1912, where his brother met him with a letter from his cousin [[Jean Jadot (banker)|Jean Jadot]] offering him charge of an expedition to find a river and rail route from the Léopoldville ([[Kinshasa]])) on the Stanley Pool ([[Pool Malebo]]) to Katanga.
The railroad would extend southeast from the highest navigable point on the [[Kasai River]] or its left tributaries.
Odon Jadot led 25 soldier and 100 porters on this mission, which had to face several attacks from the local people.
The project was abandoned and the expedition dissolved at the start of [[World War I]] (1914–1918).{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 206}}
==World War I (1914–1918)==
[[File:Baron Dhanis WWI.jpg|thumb|right|''Baron Dhanis'' on the lake, c. 1916.]]
The Germans were masters of [[Lake Tanganyika]] when the war began, although they soon lost control due to combined operations by the British and Belgians.
However, to support the armies fighting east of the lake a railway was needed between [[Kabalo]] on the [[Lualaba River]] and Albertville ([[Kalemie]]) on the west shore of the lake.{{sfn|Jacquemin|1965|p=61}}
Jadot was mobilized in 1915 and assigned to the troops stationed on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, where he drafted plans for building the port of Albertville.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 206}}
Commandant Jadot organized and directed the service engineers in construction of the Albertville naval base.{{sfn|Dellicour|1948|p=394}}
In January 1916 [[Georges Moulaert]] was given command of a unit on [[Lake Tanganyika]].
In April 1916 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel of the ''Force publique''.{{sfn|Vanthemsche|2013}}
Moulaert built the dry dock and port.{{sfn|Jacquemin|1965|p=61}}
The ''[[Compagnie du chemin de fer du Congo supérieur aux Grands Lacs africains]]'' (CFL) had the railway concession in this region.{{sfn|Lederer|1965|p=68}}
The section from [[Kabalo]] to AIbertville ([[Kalemie]]) ran along the rocky [[Lukuga River]] valley, and had been started in April 1911.
Progress was slow, and an outbreak of [[beriberi]] at the start of 1914 caused further delays.{{sfn|Rixke|2012}}
Jadot quickly completed the railway.{{sfn|Jacquemin|1965|p=61}}
Construction was completed in 1915, and a navigation service was established on Lake Tanganyika.{{sfn|Archives du groupe Empain|p=2}}
The boat ''Baron Dhanis'' was brought up by rail, assembled and put into service on the lake on 17 November 1916.{{sfn|Jacquemin|1965|p=61}}
Temporary wooden bridges had been replaced by permanent bridges by 1921.{{sfn|Rixke|2012}}
The companies depended for meat on subcontractors of Italian, Greek, English or Scottish origin, who organized teams of native hunters recruited from Rhodesia and the Lake Bangwelo region.{{sfn|Van Schuylenbergh|2009|p=33}}
According to Jadot,
{{quote|Each subcontractor maintained several native hunters who approached easily, in the savannah, these not very shy animals, at least in the beginning. In each camp, porters were seen arriving every day, announcing themselves with often very beautiful songs, bringing antelopes, zebras or wild pigs, butchered or whole depending on their size. All of this was immediately cut up and distributed to black workers.{{sfn|Van Schuylenbergh|2009|p=34}} }}
After the Belgian [[Battle of Tabora|victory at Tabora]] Jadot was responsible from repairing the [[Central Line (Tanzania)|central line]] from [[Kigoma]] to [[Tabora]].
He then returned to Belgium where he commanded a company of engineers on the Yser front.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 206}}
==Bukama to Port-Francqui (1920–1928)==
[[File:Congo Transport Map.PNG|thumb|Diagrammatic map of the river and rail network]]
In 1920 Jadot undertook a temporary assignment for the UMHK.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 206}}
Odon Jadot's cousin [[Lambert Jadot]] was managing director of the BCK, which had continued to expand during the war.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 206}}
The line from Elisabethville ([[Lubumbashi]]) northwest to [[Bukama]] on the [[Lualaba River]] had been started in 1911 and completed in 1918.{{sfn|Bobb|2010|p=449}}
The route leading south up the [[Lualaba River]] from Stanleyville ([[Kisangani]]) had reached [[Bukama]] in 1919, beyond which the Lualaba was not navigable.
However, the Elisabethville–Stanleyville–Léopoldville–Matadi route involved three river sections and four rail links to avoid non-navigable sections, and was not an economical solution for export of copper from Katanga.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 206}}
In 1921 the minister [[Louis Franck (politician)|Louis Franck]] obtained permission from parliament to start work on a one-stop rail / river link running northwest from Bukama to Léopoldville, the project that Odon Jadot had abandoned in 1914.
Odon Jadot was charged by Lambert Jadot with resuming this project.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 206}}
The railway line would run from Bukama to the navigable part of the [[Kasai River]].{{sfn|Bobb|2010|p=449}}
There the minerals would be transshipped to riverboats and carried to Léopoldville ([[Kinshasa]]).
From there, they would be taken on the [[Matadi–Kinshasa Railway]] down to the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] port of [[Matadi]] for export.{{sfn|Bobb|2010|p=449}}{{efn|The Elisabethville–Port Francqui–Léopoldville–Matadi route was superior to the Elisabethville–Stanleyville–Léopoldville–Matadi route, but still involved two transshipments.}}
To reduce cost, the new route was to avoid crossing the Kasai tributaries, and instead was to follow a ridge line to the head of navigation.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 207}}
Originally Charlesville ([[Djoko Punda]]) had been planned as the terminus on the Kasai, but Jadot did not believe the water would be deep enough for shipping throughout the year.{{sfn|Vansina|2010|p=151}}
Jadot prospected a {{convert|1123|km}} route to Port-Francqui ([[Ilebo]]) near the confluence of the [[Sankuru River]] with the Kasai.
It had to pass through {{convert|200|mi}} of tropical forest, cutting across the [[Kuba Kingdom]], but by the end of 1922 the company and the government had agreed on this route.{{sfn|Vansina|2010|p=152}}
Jadot planned the construction project carefully with the full cooperation of the territorial administration.{{sfn|Vansina|2010|p=152}}
Jadot was asked to start construction of the central section in April 1923.
Separate teams were building the {{convert|178|km}} section from Ilebo to [[Mweka, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Mweka]], and the southern section near Bukama.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 207}}
Early on there was a [[smallpox]] outbreak in the laborer's camps at Ilebo and Mweka, but it was swiftly contained and followed by campaigns to vaccinate the laborers.{{sfn|Vansina|2010|p=153}}
To attract workers from employment by [[Forminière]], Jadot offered better wages and living conditions, and built a service road so that fresh food could be supplied by truck.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 207}}
The Kuba king cooperated, growing surplus maize and manioc to feed the workforce, helping to clear the forest along the route, and providing laborers to build roads, rest houses and auxiliary airfields.{{sfn|Vansina|2010|p=153}}
In 1924 Jadot inspected progress near Bukama before taking leave in Europe.
[[Émile Francqui]], chairman of the BCK, arranged for Jadot to be appointed general manager of the BCK in July 1924.
Construction of the "national road" continued under Jadot's leadership at over {{convert|200|km}} per year.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 207}}
More than 170,000 tons of material were imported for the project.
1,000 Europeans and 100,000 Congolese worked on construction of the BCK, although there were no more than 15,000 local workers at any given time.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 207}}
The railway was built in five years, with little loss of life compared to other projects in the region.{{sfn|Vansina|2010|p=153}}
The railway had a major impact on the economy, politics and demography of the region it crossed, and caused the emergence of the [[Luba people|Luba]] tribal grouping.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 207}}
At first it was a drain on the ''[[Société Générale de Belgique|Société Générale]]'''s profits.
In April 1927 the ''[[Société des Chemins de fer Léopoldville-Katanga-Dilolo]]'' (Léokadi or LKD) was founded to take over the railway concession.
In July 1928 the line was formally inaugurated by King [[Albert I of Belgium]], Queen [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium|Elisabeth]] and the governor of the Société Générale.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 208}}
==BCK senior executive==
===Pre.war (1928–1939)===
[[File:Mapa do Caminho de Ferro de Benguela.jpg|thumb|[[Benguela railway]] and Katanga link]]
Jadot was appointed administrator of the BCK later in 1928 and at once began construction of a {{convert|522|km}} link to the [[Benguela railway]], built by the British [[Tanganyika Concessions]] and extending from [[Lobito]] on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast of Angola to [[Dilolo]] on the border with Katanga.
Construction began in March 1929 and was completed in two years, opening a third and much more economical link from Katanga to the sea when compared with the BCK and the Beira line.
During the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s the Congo economy suffered badly, affecting profitability of the BCK and Benguela lines.
Jadot suggested that the state should help the indigenous peasantry by providing agricultural implements and seeds, and tried to promote exports of corn from the [[Lomami River|Lomami]]-Kasaï region to Belgium.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 208}}
As of 1936 Jadot was managing director of LKD, under Guilleaume Olyff as president, and administrative director of CFK under Lambert Jadot as president.{{sfn|Belgian Congo (1) 1936}}
In June 1937 Jadot was appointed managing director of BCK.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 208}}
In July 1937 the CFL began a line from Kongolo to [[Kabalo]], which was inaugurated on 31 December 1939.
There was now a continuous railway line from the river port of Kindu to Albertville on Lake Tanganyika.{{sfn|Rixke|2012}}
Jadot started to explore the possibility of linking the BCK to the CFL, which would open a route from Katanga to the Indian Ocean via Lake Tanganyika.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 208–209}}
A road was built from [[Kamina]] to Kabalo in preparation for building the rail link, but the project was put on hold when [[World War II]] (1939–1945) began.
The road was useful for transport of troops between South Africa, Rhodesia and the East African territories.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 209}}
===World War II (1939–1945)===
Jadot remained in the Congo throughout the war, and ensured that the BCK and ''[[Société minière du Bécéka]]''{{efn|In 1919 the BCK had founded the subsidiary ''Société Minière du Bécéka'' for mining research.{{sfn|BCK - KDL}} }} made a full contribution to the war effort.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 209}}
The UMHK exported uranium ore, described as "special crude ore", to the United States via the port of [[Matadi]].
Governor [[Pierre Ryckmans (governor-general)|Pierre Ryckmans]] was uncertain about what it was to be used for, but supported the shipments.{{sfn|Williams|2016|p=37}}
Soon after the invasion of Belgium a meeting was held in the Elisabethville home of Jules Cousin, administrative head of UMHK, where ways of supporting Hitler and Léopold III were discussed.
Odon Jadot was present, as were Jean-Félix de Hemptinne, [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lubumbashi|vicar apostolic of Katanga]], and Delannoy, head of the local court of appeals.
They decided to write to Ryckmans asking him keep the Congo neutral, willing to trade with America, England and Germany, and not to make any anti-German gestures.
However, Jadot backed out at the last minute, noting that his brother was a prisoner of war in Germany, and that in his view the letter would be unpatriotic.
Soon after, Jadot came out firmly in support of Ryckmans, which was key to ensuring the uranium shipments over the BCK line went ahead.
He may have been influenced by the fact that the United States was facilitating and partly funding new cranes, sidings and wagons and repairs to existing equipment.{{sfn|Williams|2016||p=38}}
Rail traffic doubled, and in 1943–1944 Jadot had the BCK quays, stores and warehouses expanded to meet anticipated post-war demand.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 209}}
===Post-War (1945–1968)===
[[File:Rolling stock, Kamina switching yards, Kamina, Zaire.png|thumb|Rolling stock, [[Kamina]] switching yards]]
Jadot returned to Belgium in July 1945, and from now on only visited the Congo for short trips.
He was appointed president of the CFK (Kamina–Kabalo line) and LKD in 1949.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 209}}
LKD held the rail network concessions in Katanga, while BCK was the operator.{{sfn|BCK - KDL}}
Jadot sponsored studies of the link between Kamina and Kabalo in 1948–1949.
The Minister of Colonies authorized construction in 1951, and Jadot resigned as managing director of BCK but remained vice-chairman of the board.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 209}}
On 29 February 1952 the BCK and CFMK formally merged to form the ''[[Compagnie des Chemins de fer Katanga-Dilolo-Léopoldville]]'' (KDL).{{sfn|Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa 1978}}
Between 1952 and 1956 the CFL built a {{convert|246|km}} line from Kabalo to [[Kabongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Kabongo]].
The line from Kabongo to [[Kamina]] was built by the BCK for the KDL.
In September 1955 the CFL [[Track gauge conversion|converted]] from {{track gauge|1m|lk=on}} to {{track gauge|1,067mm|lk=on}} gauge to match the KDL gauge.{{sfn|Rixke|2012}}
Jadot also pressed for construction of a line from Port-Francqui to [[Léopoldville]], bypassing the Kasai river section, but was unable to gain support for this project.{{sfn|Brion|Moreau|2007|loc=col 210}}
Odon Jadot died on 16 April 1968 in [[Kraainem]], Belgium at the age of 84.{{sfn|Pierfit}}
==Acronyms==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Acr. !! Founded !! Full name !! Description
|-
|BCK || 1906 || ''[[Compagnie du chemin de fer du bas-Congo au Katanga]]'' || Operator of rail and river transport in Katanga founded in 1906
|-
|CFK || |1902 || ''[[Compagnie de Chemin de fer du Katanga]]'' || Operator of railway line in Katanga from the Lualaba down to the Rhodesian border. Controlled by the BCK from 1906
|-
|CFL || 1902 || ''[[Compagnie du chemin de fer du Congo supérieur aux Grands Lacs africains]]'' || Operator of rail and river transport south of Stanleyville (Kisangani) to Lake Tanganyika
|-
|CFMK || 1887 || ''[[Chemin de Fer Matadi-Kinshasa]]'' || [[Matadi–Kinshasa Railway]]
|-
|CSK || 1900 || ''[[Comité Spécial du Katanga]]'' || Parastatal responsible for administering and developing Katanga
|-
|KDL || 1952 || ''[[Compagnie des Chemins de fer Katanga-Dilolo-Léopoldville]]'' || Holding company for all Katanga railway concessions: BCK and CFK
|-
|LKD || 1927 || ''[[Société des Chemins de fer Léopoldville-Katanga-Dilolo]]'' || Holding company for the BCK concessions
|-
|UMHK || 1906 || ''[[Union Minière du Haut-Katanga]]'' || Mining company in Katanga
|}
==Notes==
{{notes}}
==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Sources==
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{{refend}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadot, Odon}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Belgian engineers]]
[[Category:Belgian civil engineers]]
[[Category:People from Liège]]