View source for Oglala

{{Short description|Traditional tribal grouping within the Lakota people}}
{{other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2010}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Oglala
| native_name          = Oglála Lakhóta Oyáte
| flag             = Pine Ridge Flag.svg
| population       = 46,855 enrolled tribal members (2013)<ref>[http://www.bia.gov/WhoWeAre/RegionalOffices/GreatPlains/WeAre/Agencies/PineRidge/index.htm "Pine Ridge Agency."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217190143/http://www.bia.gov/WhoWeAre/RegionalOffices/GreatPlains/WeAre/Agencies/PineRidge/index.htm |date=2013-02-17 }} ''US Department of the Interior Indian Affairs.'' Retrieved 25 Feb 2013.</ref>
| popplace         = {{flag|United States}} ({{flag|South Dakota}})
| langs            = [[Lakota language|Lakota]], [[English language|English]]<ref>Pritzker 329</ref>
| rels             = Traditional tribal religion, [[Sun Dance]],<ref>Pritzker 331</ref><br/>[[Native American Church]], [[Christianity]]<ref>Pritzker 335</ref>
| related          = other [[Lakota people]]s, [[Dakota people|Dakota]], [[Nakota]]<ref name=p328>Pritzker 328</ref>
}}
The '''Oglala''' (pronounced {{IPA-sio|oɡəˈlala|}}, meaning "to scatter one's own" in [[Lakota language]]<ref name=p328 />) are one of the seven subtribes of the [[Lakota people]] who, along with the [[Dakota people|Dakota]], make up the [[Sioux|Očhéthi Šakówiŋ]] (Seven Council Fires). A majority of the Oglala live on the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]] in [[South Dakota]], the eighth-largest [[Indian reservation|Native American reservation]] in the United States.
The Oglala are a [[List of federally recognized tribes|federally recognized tribe]] whose official title is the '''Oglala Lakota Nation'''. It was previously called the '''Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota'''. However, many Oglala reject the term "[[Sioux]]" due to the hypothesis (among [[Sioux#Names|other possible theories]]) that its origin may be a derogatory word meaning "snake" in [[Ojibwe language|the language]] of the [[Ojibwe]], who were among the historical enemies of the Lakota.  They are also known as '''Oglála Lakhóta Oyáte'''.
==History==
Oglala elders relate stories about the origin of the name "Oglala" and their emergence as a distinct group, probably sometime in the 18th century.
===Conflict with the European settlers===
In the early 19th century, Europeans and American passed through Lakota territory in increasing numbers. They sought furs, especially [[beaver]] fur at first, and later [[bison]] fur. The fur trade changed the Oglala economy and way of life.
In 1868, the United States and the [[Great Sioux Nation]] signed the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Fort Laramie Treaty]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soulek |first=Lauren |date=2024-01-12 |title=Native American treaty law 101 |url=https://www.keloland.com/news/local-news/native-american-treaty-law-101/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |work=KELOLAND |language=en-US}}</ref> In its wake, the Oglala became increasingly polarized over how they should react to continued American encroachment on their territory. This treaty forfeited large amounts of Oglala land and rights to the United States in exchange for food and other necessities.<ref>{{cite journal| last= Means| first= Jeffrey D. |title= 'Indians SHALL DO THINGS in Common': Oglala Lakota Identity and Cattle-Raising on the Pine Ridge Reservation| journal= [[Montana: The Magazine of Western History]] | volume= 61| number= 3| date= Autumn 2011| pages= 3–21, 91–93| jstor=23054756}}</ref> Some Lakota bands turned to the Indian agencies — institutions that later served [[Indian reservation]]s – for rations of beef and subsistence foods from the US government. Other bands held fast to Indigenous lifeways. Many Lakota bands moved between these two extremes, coming in to the agencies during the winter and joining their relatives in the north each spring. These challenges further split the various Oglala bands.
The influx of white settlers into the [[Idaho Territory]] often meant passing through Oglala territory, and, occasionally, brought with it its perils, as [[Fanny Kelly]] described in her 1871 book, ''Narrative of My Captivity among the Sioux Indians''.<ref>[[Fanny Kelly]] on her captivity among the Sioux Indians, {{YouTube|0Lx_5UkkWYE|Narrative of My Captivity Among the Sioux Indians by Fanny KELLY read by Tricia G. {{!}} Full Audio Book}}, LibriVox Audiobooks.</ref>
===Early reservation===
The [[Great Sioux Reservation]] was broken up into five portions. This caused the [[Red Cloud Agency]] to be moved multiple times throughout the 1870s until it was relocated and renamed the [[Pine Ridge Reservation]] in 1878. By 1890, the reservation included 5,537 people, divided into a number of districts that included some 30 distinct communities.
===2022 temporary Christian missions suspension===
In July 2022, the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council effected a temporary suspension of Christian missions on the Pine Ridge Reservation. The council called for an investigation into the financial practices of the Dream Center Missionary, and the Jesus is King Mission was ejected from the reservation for spreading pamphlets that the tribe saw as hateful.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Darren |title=Oglala Sioux Tribe Temporarily Suspends All Christian Missionary Work |url=https://www.nativenewsonline.net/sovereignty/oglala-sioux-tribe-temporarily-bans-all-christian-religious-operations |access-date=December 23, 2022 |work=Native News Online |date=July 28, 2022}}</ref>
==Social organization==
[[File:Bans off our bodies protest 5142725 01.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sarah Eagle Heart]] (Oglala Lakota), Emmy-award winning producer, author, and activist<ref>{{cite web |title=Get Involved: Sarah Eagle Heart on How to Support Native Communities |url=https://www.aetv.com/profiles-voices-magnified/get-involved-sarah-eagle-heart-on-how-to-support-native-communities |website=Voices Magnified |publisher=A&E |access-date=11 October 2023 |date=11 March 2021}}</ref>]]
[[File:Wake singers oglala.jpg|thumb|200px|The Wake Singers, band of Oglala Lakota musicians]]
The respected Oglala elder Left Heron once explained that before the coming of the [[White Buffalo Calf Woman]], "the people ran around the prairie like so many wild animals," not understanding the central importance of community. Left Heron emphasized that not only did this revered spirit woman bring the Sacred Pipe to the tribe but she also taught the Lakota people many valuable lessons, including the importance of family (''tiwahe'') and community (''tiyospaye''). The goal of promoting these two values then became a priority, and in the words of Dakota anthropologist [[Ella Cara Deloria]], "every other consideration was secondary—property, personal ambition, glory, good times, life itself. Without that aim and the constant struggle to attain it, the people would no longer be Dakotas in truth. They would no longer even be human."<ref>{{cite book| last= Deloria| first=  Ella| title= Speaking of Indians| place= New York| publisher= Friendship Press| year= 1944| page= 25}}</ref> This strong and enduring connection between related families profoundly influenced Oglala history.
===Community (''Tiyóšpaye'')===
Dr. John J. Saville, the U.S. [[Indian agent]] at the [[Red Cloud Agency]], observed in 1875 that the Oglala tribe was divided into three main groups: the ''Kiyuksa'', the ''Oyuĥpe'' and the True Oglala. "Each of these bands are subdivided into smaller parties, variously named, usually designated by the name of their chief or leader."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Saville |first=John J. |date=August 31, 1875 |title=To Commissioner of Indian Affairs |journal=Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs |publisher=[[Bureau of Indian Affairs]], Government Printing Office |page=250 |place=Washington, D.C.}} Dr. Saville also listed a fourth band, the ''[[Wajaje]]'', in his report, but while they were closely associated with the Oglala at that time, they were in fact [[Brulé]].</ref> As the Oglala were settled on the Pine Ridge Reservation in the late 1870s, their communities probably looked something like this:
'''Oyuȟpe Tiyóšpaye'''
*True Oyuȟpe ([[Chief Big Road|Big Road]]'s band). Other members include: [[Black Elk]]
*''Wakaŋ''
*''Makaicu'' ([[Red Dog (Oglala Lakota)|Red Dog]]'s band)
'''Oglala Tiyóšpaye'''
*''True Oglala''
*''Caŋkahuȟaŋ'' ([[He Dog]]'s band). Other members include: [[Grant Short Bull|Short Bull]]; [[Amos Bad Heart Bull]].
*''Hokayuta'' ([[Black Twin]]'s band)
*''Huŋkpatila'' ([[Little Hawk]] and [[Crazy Horse]]'s band)
*''Ité šíčA'' ([[Red Cloud]]'s band)
*''Payabya'' ([[They Even Fear His Horses]]'s band)
*''[[Wagluhe|Wagluȟe]]'' ([[Chief Blue Horse]], [[American Horse]] and [[Three Bear]]'s band)
'''Kiyaksa Tiyóšpaye'''
*''True Kiyaksa''
*''Kuinyan'' ([[Little Wound]]'s band)
*''Tapišleca'' ([[Yellow Bear]]'s band)
{{clear}}
===Population===
By 1830, the Oglala had around 3,000 members. In the 1820s and 1830s, the Oglala, along with the [[Brulé]], another Lakota band, and three other Sioux bands, formed the Sioux Alliance. This Alliance attacked surrounding tribes for territorial and hunting reasons.
==Culture==
===Gender roles===
Historically, women have been crucial to the family's life: making almost everything used by the family and tribe. They have cultivated and processed a variety of crops; prepared the food; prepared game and fish; worked skins to make clothing and footwear, as well as storage bags, the covering of tipis, and other items. Women have historically controlled the food, resources and movable property, as well as owned the family's home.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=LaFromboise|first1=Teresa D.|last2=Heyle|first2=Anneliese M.|last3=Ozer|first3=Emily J.|title=Changing and diverse roles of women in American Indian cultures|journal=Sex Roles|volume=22|issue=7–8|pages=455–476|doi=10.1007/bf00288164|year=1990|s2cid=145685255|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4b62762r}}</ref>
Typically, in the Oglala Lakota society, the men are in charge of the politics of the tribe. The men are usually the [[Tribal chief|chief]]s for political affairs, war leaders and warriors, and hunters. Traditionally, when a man marries, he goes to live with his wife with her people.
==Oglala flag==
[[File:Pine Ridge Flag.svg|right|thumb|300px|Oglala flag in use since 1961]]
The Oglala flag's red field symbolizes the blood shed by the Sioux in defense of their lands and the very idea of the "red men". A circle of eight white tepees, tops pointing outward, represents the eight districts of the reservation: Porcupine, Wakpammi, Medicine Root, Pass Creek, Eagle Nest, White Clay, LaCreek, and Wounded Knee (FBUS, 260-262). When used indoor or in parades, the flag is decorated with a deep-blue fringe to incorporate the colors of the United States into the design.".<ref>[https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xa-oglal.html], CRW Flags</ref>
"The flag was first displayed at the Sun Dance ceremonies in 1961 and officially adopted on 9 March 1962. Since then it has taken on a larger role, perhaps because of its age, clear design, and universal symbolism. The Oglala flag is now a common sight at Native American powwows, not just Sioux gatherings, and is often flown as a generic Native American flag."<ref>[https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xa-oglal.html], CRW Flags</ref>
The flag pictured is the original not the current OST Flag.
==Notable Oglala==
[[File:American.Horse.1900.ws.jpg|thumb|180px|[[American Horse|American Horse "The Younger"]]]]
[[File:Ola Mildred Rexroat.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Ola Mildred Rexroat]], the only Native American pilot in the [[Women Airforce Service Pilots]] (WASP)]]
===Leaders===
*[[American Horse]] (''The Younger'')
*[[American Horse (elder)|American Horse]] (''The Elder'')
*[[Ohitika]] (Brave)
*[[Bryan Brewer]]
*[[Crazy Horse]]
*[[Crow Dog]] (''Kangisanka'')
*[[Kicking Bear]]
*[[Little Wound]]
*[[Old Chief Smoke]] (''Šóta'')
*[[Red Cloud]]
*[[Iron Tail]]
*[[Flying Hawk]]
*[[Big Mouth (chief)|Big Mouth]]
*[[Cecilia Fire Thunder]]
*[[Theresa Two Bulls]]
*[[They Even Fear His Horses]] (''Tȟašúŋke Kȟokípȟapi'')
*[[Black Elk]]
*[[Red Shirt (Oglala)]]
*[[Luther Standing Bear]]
*[[Henry Standing Bear]]
*[[Russell Means]] (''Oyate Wacinyapin'')
*[[John Yellow Bird Steele]]
*[[Steve Livermont]]
===Military personnel===
*[[Ed McGaa]] – [[Korean War|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War]] veteran
*[[Ola Mildred Rexroat]] – [[Women Airforce Service Pilots|WASP]], [[World War II]]<ref>{{cite web|title=American Indian Heritage Month&nbsp;– Native American Women Veterans|url=http://www.defense.gov/specials/nativeamerican01/women.html|publisher=[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]}}</ref>
===Artists===
* [[Imogene Goodshot Arquero]], beadwork artist
* [[Arthur Amiotte]], mixed-media artist
* [[Amos Bad Heart Bull]]
* [[Kicking Bear]], ledger artist
=== Poets ===
*[[Layli Long Soldier]]
=== Storytellers ===
*[[Albert White Hat]]
Lame Deer - Medicine Man https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fire_Lame_Deer
===Athletes===
*[[Billy Mills]], Olympic champion ([[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|1964]])
*[[Teton Saltes]], professional football player signed by the New York Jets of the NFL (2021)
*[[SuAnne Big Crow]], basketball player for Pine Ridge High School
===Performers===
* Albert Afraid of Hawk – member of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show who died and was buried in Danbury, Connecticut, while on tour in 1900. His remains were exhumed and re-interred on Pine Ridge Reservation in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Albert Afraid of Hawk|url=http://www.afraidofhawk.org/Afraid_of_Hawk/Bio.html|website=Albert Afraid of Hawk|access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
===Culinary activists===
* [[Sean Sherman]] ([[Pine Ridge, South Dakota]]), co-author of ''[[The Sioux Chef's Indigenous Kitchen]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sioux Chef|url=https://sioux-chef.com/about/|website=The Sioux Chef|access-date=13 January 2019}} From website ("Sean Sherman: Founder / CEO Chef"): "The Sioux Chef team continues with their mission statement to help educate and make indigenous foods more accessible to as many communities as possible."</ref>
==See also==
*''[[Sicangu|Sicaŋǧu]]'', Brulé (Burned Thighs)
*''[[Sans Arc|Itazipco]]'', Sans Arc (No Bows)
*''[[Hunkpapa|Huŋkpapa]]'' (End of Village)
*''[[Miniconjou]]'' (Swamp Plant)
*''[[Sihasapa]]'' (Blackfoot Sioux)
*''[[Two Kettles|O'ohenuŋpa]]'' (Two Kettles)
*''[[Four Guns]]''
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
* [http://www.oglalalakotanation.org Oglala Sioux Tribe: A Profile]
* Pritzker, Barry M. ''A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-19-513877-1}}.
==Further reading==
*''Ruling Pine Ridge: Oglala Lakota Politics from the IRA to Wounded Knee'' [[Texas Tech University Press]]
*''Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux'' [[University of Nebraska Press]]
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.olc.edu/ Oglala Lakota College]
*[https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/search?edan_fq%5B%5D=set_name:%22Oglala+Lakota+%5BPine+Ridge%5D%22 National Museum of the American Indian: Oglala Lakota art]
{{Lakota people}}
{{Native Americans in Nebraska}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oglala Lakota}}
[[Category:Oglala| ]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in South Dakota]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Nebraska]]
[[Category:Federally recognized tribes in the United States]]
[[Category:Native American history of South Dakota]]