View source for Orangery

{{Short description|Covered winter garden}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
[[Image:Moscow Kuskovo Park asv2018-08 img3.jpg|thumb|Orangery in [[Kuskovo]], [[Moscow]] (1760s)]]
[[File:County Cork - Fota House-Orangery - 20180910130154.jpg|thumb|Glazed roof at [[Fota Island#Fota Gardens|Fota House Orangery]], Fota Island, Ireland]]
[[Image:Orangerieschloss (Potsdam) August 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Orangery Palace|Orangerieschloss]] built by [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] in [[Potsdam]] in the mid-19th century]]
[[Image:Royal Greenhouse of Laken.jpg|thumb|The orangerie of the [[Royal Castle of Laeken]], Belgium (ca.1820), is the oldest part of the monumental [[Royal Greenhouses of Laeken]].]]
An '''orangery''' or '''orangerie''' is a room or dedicated building, historically where [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] and other [[fruit trees]] are protected during the winter, as a large form of [[greenhouse]] or [[Conservatory (greenhouse)|conservatory]].<ref>[[Gervase Markham]], in The Whole Art of Husbandry'' (London 1631) also recommends protecting other delicate fruiting trees— "Orange, Lemon, Pomegranate, Cynamon, Olive, Almond"— in "some low vaulted gallerie<!--gallerie in original--> adjoining upon the Garden".</ref> In the modern day an orangery could refer to either a conservatory or greenhouse built to house fruit trees, or a conservatory or greenhouse meant for another purpose.
The orangery provided a luxurious extension of the normal range and season of woody plants, extending the protection which had long been afforded by the warmth offered from a masonry [[Walled garden#Heated walls|fruit wall]].<ref>Billie S. Britz, "Environmental Provisions for Plants in Seventeenth-Century Northern Europe" ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' '''33'''.2 (May 1974:133–144) p 133.</ref> During the 17th century, fruits like [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], pomegranate, and bananas arrived in huge quantities to European ports.  Since these plants were not adapted to the harsh European winters, orangeries were invented to protect and sustain them.  The high cost of glass made orangeries a [[status symbol]] showing wealth and luxury.  Gradually, due to technological advancements, orangeries became more of a classic architectural structure that enhanced the beauty of an estate garden, rather than a room used for wintering plants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-20 |title=The History of the orangery |url=https://www.westburygardenrooms.com/blog/the-history-of-the-orangery/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Westbury Garden Rooms |language=en-GB}}</ref>
The orangery originated from the [[Italian Renaissance garden|Renaissance gardens]] of Italy, when glass-making technology enabled sufficient expanses of clear glass to be produced. In the north, the Dutch led the way in developing expanses of window glass in orangeries, although the engravings illustrating Dutch manuals showed solid roofs, whether beamed or vaulted, and in providing stove heat rather than open fires.<ref>Britz 1974:134f</ref> This soon created a situation where orangeries became symbols of status among the wealthy. The glazed roof, which afforded sunlight to plants that were not dormant, was a development of the early 19th century. The orangery at [[Dyrham Park]], Gloucestershire, which had been provided with a slate roof as originally built about 1702,<ref>Its columned exterior relates it to the architecture of the house, a feature of orangeries although not of their modern descendants, greenhouses.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}</ref> was given a glazed one about a hundred years later, after [[Humphrey Repton]] remarked that it was dark; although it was built to shelter oranges, it has always simply been called the "greenhouse" in modern times.<ref>[[Graham Stuart Thomas]], "Orangeries in the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]", ''Quarterly Newslette'' of the Garden History Society, 1967:25.</ref>
The 1617 ''Orangerie'' (now [[Musée de l'Orangerie]]) at the [[Palais du Louvre|Palace of the Louvre]] inspired imitations that culminated in Europe's largest orangery, the [[Versailles Orangerie]]. Designed by [[Jules Hardouin-Mansart]] for Louis XIV's 3,000 orange trees at [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]], its dimensions of {{convert|508|by|42|ft|m}} were not eclipsed until the development of the modern greenhouse in the 1840s, and were quickly overshadowed by the glass architecture of [[Joseph Paxton]], the designer of the 1851 [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]]. His "great conservatory" at [[Chatsworth House]] was an orangery and glass house of monumental proportions.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
The orangery, however, was not just a greenhouse but a symbol of prestige and wealth and a [[List of garden features|garden feature]], in the same way as a [[summer house|summerhouse]], [[folly]], or "Grecian temple". Owners would conduct their guests there on tours of the garden to admire not only the fruits within but also the architecture outside. Often the orangery would contain fountains, grottos, and an area in which to entertain in inclement weather.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
==Earliest examples==
[[File:Château de Versailles orangerie.jpg|thumb|[[Versailles Orangerie]] built between 1684 and 1686]]
As early as 1545, an orangery was built in [[Padua, Italy]]. The first orangeries were practical and not as ornamental as they later became. Most had no heating other than open fires.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
In England, [[John Parkinson (botanist)|John Parkinson]] introduced the orangery to the readers of his ''Paradisus in Sole'' (1628), under the heading "Oranges". The trees might be planted against a brick wall and enclosed in winter with a plank shed covered with "cerecloth", a waxed precursor of [[tarpaulin]], which must have been thought handsomer than the alternative: <blockquote>For that purpose, some keep them in great square boxes, and lift them to and fro by iron hooks on the sides, or cause them to be rowled by trundels, or small wheeles under them, to place them in a house or close gallery.<ref>Such precaution against a sheltering south-facing wall was arranged by the architect [[Salomon de Caus]] at [[Heidelberg]] about 1619, with removable shutters on an unobtrusive permanent frame, according to Britz 1974:134.</ref></blockquote>
The building of orangeries became most widely fashionable after the end of the [[Eighty Years' War]] in 1648.  The countries that started this trend were France, Germany, and the Netherlands, these countries being the ones that saw merchants begin importing large numbers of orange trees, banana plants, and pomegranates to cultivate for their beauty and scent.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
==Construction materials==
[[File:Orangerie Meuselwitz.JPG|thumb|[[Roof lantern]] at [[:de:Orangerie Meuselwitz|Meuselwitz Orangery]], Meuselwitz, Germany]]
Orangeries were generally built facing south to take advantage of the maximum possible light, and were constructed using brick or stone bases, brick or stone pillars, and a [[corbel]] gutter. They also featured large, tall windows to maximise available sunlight in the afternoons, with the north facing walls built without windows in a very heavy solid brick, or occasionally with much smaller windows to be able to keep the rooms warm. Insulation at these times was one of the biggest concerns for the building of these orangeries, straw became the main material used, and many had wooden shutters fitted to keep in the warmth. An early example of the type of construction can be seen at [[Kensington Palace]], which also featured underfloor heating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington-gardens/facilities-in-kensington-gardens/the-orangery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903074834/http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington-gardens/facilities-in-kensington-gardens/the-orangery |archive-date=3 September 2013 |title=The Royal Parks - The Orangery}}</ref>
Contemporary domestic orangeries are also typically built using stone, brick, and hardwood, but developments in glass, other materials, and insulation technologies have produced viable alternatives to traditional construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countrylife.co.uk/property-guides/extensions-and-conversions-to-luxury-houses/how-to-build-an-orangery|title=How to build an orangery|date=8 July 2014|work=Country Life}}</ref> The main difference with a conservatory is in the construction of its roof – a conservatory will have more than 75 per cent of its roof glazed, while an orangery will have less than 75 per cent glazed. Domestic orangeries also typically feature a [[roof lantern]]. Improved design and insulation has also led to an increasing number of orangeries that are not built facing south, instead using light maximising techniques to make the most of available natural sunlight.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
==Early orangeries==
[[File:Wrest Park - Fountain and Pond - Orangery in the background.JPG|thumb|Orangery at [[Wrest Park]]]]
The first examples were basic constructions and could be removed during summer. Notably not only noblemen but also wealthy merchants, e.g., those of [[Nuremberg]], used to cultivate citrus plants in orangeries.<ref name=Oster>{{cite magazine|title=Goldene Äpfel der Hesperiden |language=de |magazine=[[Damals]] |volume=43 |issue=6 |year=2011 |first=Uwe A. |last=Oster |pages=65–69}}</ref> Some orangeries were built using the garden wall as the main wall of the new orangery, but as orangeries became more and more popular they started to become more and more influenced by [[garden designer]]s and architects, which led to the connection between the house and architectural orangery design. This became further influenced by the increased demand for beautiful exotic plants in the garden, which could be grown and looked after in the orangeries.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
This created the increased demand in [[garden design]] for the wealthy to have their own exotic private gardens, further fuelling the status of the orangery becoming even more the symbol of the elite.<ref name=Oster/> This in turn created the need for orangeries to be constructed using even better techniques such as underfloor heating and the ability to have opening windows in the roofs for ventilation. Creating [[microclimate]]s for the propagation of more and more exotic plants for the private gardens that were becoming creations of beauty all around Europe.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
==Continental Europe==
[[File:Orangery - Lower Belvedere.jpg|thumb|[[Belvedere, Vienna|Belvedere]] Orangery, Vienna, Austria]]
[[File:Orangery at Parc de Bagatelle, Paris 17 July 2016 003.jpg|thumb|Orangery at [[Château de Bagatelle]]]]
[[File:Schloßgarten Schwerin - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|[[Schwerin Castle]] Orangery, Schwerin, Germany]]
[[File:Сад Оранжерейный.jpg|thumb|Grand Orangery (Peterhof)]]
[[Image:Finspångs slott, orangeriet, juli 2005.jpg|thumb|Orangerie at [[Finspång Castle]], Sweden (1832)]]
===Austria===
* [[Belvedere, Vienna|Belvedere]], [[Vienna]]
* [[Schönbrunn Palace|Schönbrunn]], Vienna
===France===
* [[Versailles Orangerie]], in the gardens of the Palace of Versailles
* [[Strasbourg]], park of the Orangerie
* [[Tuileries]]: [[Musée de l'Orangerie|Orangerie]] in the Tuileries Gardens, Paris
===Belgium===
* [[Freÿr]], Orangerie of the [[Castle of Freÿr|Château de Freÿr]], the collection includes some of the oldest citrus trees kept in containers, dating back to around 1700.<ref>Axel Baron Bonaert, 'The Oldest Orange Trees in Containers in Europa. The Origin of Orange Trees at Freÿr',in: Orangerien in Europa (...), ICOMOS - Journal of the German National Committee, XLIII, 2007, pp.93-96</ref>
* [[Royal Greenhouses of Laeken|Laeken]], Orangerie of the [[Royal Castle of Laeken]] (ca. 1820), an exceptional collection of very tall and old citrus trees.
* Mariemont, Orangerie of the [[Mariemont, Belgium|Domaine de Mariemont]] (ca. 1850 in its present form)
* [[Seneffe]], Orangerie of the [[Château de Seneffe]] (ca. 1765)
===Germany===
* [[Darmstadt]], [[Orangerie (Darmstadt)|Orangerie]]
* [[Düsseldorf-Benrath]], Orangerie
* [[Fulda]], Orangerie
* [[Gera]], Orangery and "Küchengarten"
* [[Hanover]], a part of the [[Herrenhausen Gardens]]
* [[Ingolstadt]], Orangerie in Harderstraße 10
* [[Kassel]], [[Orangerie (Kassel)|Orangerie]]
* [[Schlossgarten Oldenburg|Oldenburg]], Cactus House
* [[Philippsthal (Werra)|Philippsthal]], Orangerie
* [[Potsdam]], [[Orangery Palace]]
* [[Schwerin]], [[Schwerin Castle]], Orangerie
* [[Weimar]], [[Schloss Belvedere, Weimar|Belvedere]] Orangerie
* [[Wertheim am Main]], Bronnbach abbey
=== Italy ===
* [[Palace of Venaria]], Citroneria (en: ''Orangery,'' built by [[Filippo Juvarra]])
===Poland===
* [[Warsaw]], [[Łazienki Park#Old Orangery|Stara Pomarańczarnia]] (en: ''Old Orangery''; built 1786–1788) and [[Łazienki Park#New Orangery|Nowa Pomarańczarnia]] (en: ''New Orangery''; built 1860) at the Royal [[Łazienki Park]]
===Russia===
* [[Petergof|Peterhof]], Bolshaya Kamennya Oranzhereya
* [[Tsarskoe Selo]], Bolshaya Oranzhereya (1762, 1820)
* [[Kuskovo]], [[Moscow]], Oranzhereya (''illustration, right'')
===Sweden===
* [[:sv:Linneanum|Linneanum]], [[Botaniska trädgården (Uppsala)]] – The Orangery, Botanical Garden, [[Uppsala University]] 1787
* [[Linnaean Garden|Linnéträdgården]], Uppsala 1655
* [[Finspång Castle]] Orangerie 1832
* [[Nynäs Castle|Nynäs Slott]], Manorial Estate (Castle) and Orangery, Nynäs
* [[Bergianska trädgården]], Stockholm, gamla orangeriet, now used as a restaurant
==Great Britain and Ireland==
The orangery built adjacent to [[Kensington Palace]], believed to be designed by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]], was constructed between 1704 and 1705.<ref name="RP">{{cite web |title=Kensington Gardens: The Orangery |url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington-gardens/food-and-drink/the-orangery |website=The Royal Parks |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref>
The orangery at the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], was designed in 1761 by Sir William Chambers and at one time was the largest glasshouse in England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/heritage/places/orangery.html|title=Iconic London Attractions - Visit Kew Gardens|work=kew.org|access-date=25 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025180359/http://www.kew.org/heritage/places/orangery.html|archive-date=25 October 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The orangery at [[Margam Park]], Wales, was built between 1787 and 1793 to house a large collection of orange, lemon, and citron trees inherited by [[Thomas Mansel Talbot]]. The original house has been razed, but the surviving orangery, at {{convert|327|ft|m}}, is the longest one in Wales.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.margamorangery.co.uk/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120074948/http://margamorangery.co.uk/history |archive-date=20 January 2013 |title=History of the Margam Orangery}}</ref>
An orangery dating from about 1700 is at [[Kenwood House]] in [[London]], and a slightly earlier one at [[Montacute]]. Other orangeries in the hands of the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] include:<ref>The list was given in Stewart-Thomas, ''loc. cit.''.</ref>
*[[Ham House]], Richmond, Surrey, in brick, a somewhat less fancy building than others, placed at the end of the walled [[kitchen garden]].
*[[Hanbury Hall]], Worcestershire
*[[Croome Court]], called the "Temple Greenhouse"; an elaborate [[Roman temple]] facade designed by [[Robert Adam]] in 1761.<ref>[https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/croome/features/the-temple-greenhouse-at-croome National Trust, "The Temple Greenhouse at Croome"]</ref>
*[[Ickworth House]], Suffolk, where it forms part of the garden front of the dwelling wings
*[[Powis Castle]], Montgomeryshire, a central feature on the late-18th-century terraces
*[[Saltram House]], Devon, probably to a [[Robert Adam]] design
*[[Seaton Delaval Hall]], Northumberland
*[[Blickling]], Norfolk
*[[Gibside]], near Newcastle-on-Tyne, now a ruined shell
In 1970, Victor Montagu constructed an orangery in his formal Italianate gardens at Mapperton, Dorset.<ref>Note by T. E. C. W. in the ''Quarterly Newsletter'' of the Garden History Society.</ref>
A mid-19th-century orangery at [[Norton Hall]] in [[Sheffield]], England, has been{{when|date=March 2017}} converted to apartments.<ref name="Brit Listed Build 1">[http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-455863-norton-hall-hospital-with-colonnade-and British Listed Buildings.] Gives details of orangery at Norton Hall.</ref>
In Ireland, orangeries were built at [[Killruddery House]] and Loughcrew House.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMILAQAAMAAJ&q=Orangery+irish |title = Irish Gardens and Demesnes from 1830|isbn = 9780214206283|last1 = Malins|first1 = Edward Greenway|last2 = Bowe|first2 = Patrick|year = 1980| publisher=Barrie & Jenkins }}</ref>
<gallery widths="165">
File:Kew Gardens 004.JPG|The Orangery at [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], now used as a restaurant
File:Temple Greenhouse (geograph 2214432).jpg|The "Temple Greenhouse" of [[Croome Court]], 1761, now a cafe
File:Vegetable garden at Ham House Estate - geograph.org.uk - 4530.jpg|[[Ham House]], kitchen garden with the orangery at the end (inevitably, now a cafe)
File:Kensington Palace Orangery.jpg|Kensington Palace Orangery
File:Hanbury Hall Orangery and Mushroom House 2016.jpg|The orangery and mushroom house at [[Hanbury Hall]]
File:Orangery and maze Longleat.jpg|Orangery and maze at [[Longleat]]
File:Orangery garden, Hampton Court.JPG|[[Hampton Court]] orangery
File:Orangery, Belton House - geograph.org.uk - 1498894.jpg|Orangery, [[Belton House]]
</gallery>
==United States==
[[File:Wye House, Orangery.png|thumb|Wye Plantation Orangery photographed in 1937]]
[[File:Mount Vernon Orangery.JPG|thumb|The reconstructed Mount Vernon Orangery designed by George Washington]]
===18th century===
In the United States, the earliest partially intact surviving orangery is at the Tayloe Family Seat, [[Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia|Mount Airy]], but today is an overgrown ruin, consisting only of one major wall and portions of the others' foundations.<ref>Toler, Kathleen [http://www.virginialiving.com/house-and-garden/colonial-classic/ Colonial Classic: Mount Airy] Virginia Living, Cape Fear Publishing Co. Inc., 2016.</ref> A ruined orangery can also be seen in the gardens of [[Eyre Hall]] in [[Northampton County, Virginia]].<ref>Virginia is for Lovers, [https://www.virginia.org/listings/HistoricSites/EyreHallGardens/ Eyre Hall Gardens.] Official Tourism Website of the Commonwealth of Virginia, 2018.</ref>
The oldest-known extant orangery in America can be seen at the [[Wye House]], near Tunis Mills (Easton), Maryland.<ref>[http://images.doaks.org/garden-histories/items/show/218 Orangery at Wye House.] D.O. Garden Stories, accessed October 27, 2018.</ref><ref>Historic American Buildings Survey.[https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.md0775.photos?st=gallery Wye House, Orangery, Bruffs Island Road, Tunis Mills, Talbot County, MD] 1936.</ref> The builder, [[Edward Lloyd (Continental Congress)|Edward Lloyd IV]] had married Elizabeth Tayloe, the daughter of [[John Tayloe II]] builder of the aforementioned [[Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia|Mount Airy]]. This orangery sits behind the main house and consists of a large open room with two smaller wings added at some point after the initial construction. The south-facing wall consists of large triple-hung windows.  A second story was traditionally part of the style of orangeries at the time of its construction in the middle to late 18th century as a way of further insulating the main section where the plants were kept. According to the current resident, Ms. Tilghman (a descendant of the Lloyd family), it served as a billiards room for the family. This plantation is also notable as having been the home of [[Frederick Douglass]] as a young slave boy.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|first=John Noble|last=Wilford|title=An Abolitionist Leads the Way in Unearthing of Slaves' Past|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/05/science/05doug.html?ex=1315108800&en=fd78b91d520f5e33&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 6, 2006|access-date=2007-07-13}}</ref>
[[George Washington]] designed and constructed an orangery for his home at [[Mount Vernon, Virginia]].  It was designed in the [[Georgian Style]] of architecture and stands just north of the mansion facing the upper garden.  Completed in 1787, it is one of the largest buildings on the [[Mount Vernon|Mount Vernon estate]]. Washington grew lemon and orange trees and sago palms there. Considered an ambitious structure by his contemporaries, the main room featured a [[vaulted ceiling]] for air circulation, and incorporated [[radiant heating]] from a series of flues under the floor. The original greenhouse burned in 1835, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1951 using original plans.<ref>Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. [https://www.mountvernon.org/the-estate-gardens/location//greenhouse George Washington's Mount Vernon:  Greenhouse] 2018.</ref>
===19th century===
The [[Dumbarton Oaks]] estate in Washington, D.C., includes an orangery built in 1810 that is now used to house gardenias, oleander, and citrus plants during the winter.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Orangery|url=http://www.doaks.org/gardens/virtual_tour/ggr_virtual_tour_07.html|access-date=2011-03-12|author=Dumbarton Oaks}}</ref>
Another orangery stands at [[Hampton National Historic Site]] near [[Towson, Maryland]]. Originally built in 1820, it was part of one of the most extensive collections of citrus trees in the U.S. by the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher V. Novelli|title=Battersea|publisher=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form|year=2006}}</ref> The current structure is a reconstruction built in the 1970s to replace the original, which burned in 1926.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umbc.edu/che/hampton/virtual_trip/ |title=Hampton: A Revolutionary Place |publisher=Umbc.edu |access-date=2013-04-27}}</ref>
The orangery at the Battersea Historic Site in [[Petersburg, Virginia]], is currently under restoration. Originally built between 1823 and 1841, it was converted into a garage in a later period.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ann Milkovich McKee|title=Images of America — Hampton National Historic Site|publisher=Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7385-4418-2}}</ref>
In the late 19th century, [[Florence Adele Vanderbilt Twombly|Florence Vanderbilt]] and husband [[Hamilton McKown Twombly|Hamilton Twombly]] built an ''orangerie'' on their estate, [[Florham]], designed by architects [[McKim, Mead & White]]. It is now on the Florham Campus of [[Fairleigh Dickinson University]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Florham: Lives of an American Estate|date=2011|publisher=Friends of Florham|isbn=978-0615567433|pages=55–56}}</ref>
===20th century===
An 18th-century style orangery was built in the 1980s at the [[Tower Hill Botanic Garden]] in Boylston, Massachusetts.<ref>[https://www.towerhillbg.org/the-orangerie/ Tower Hill Botanic Garden: The Orangerie]  Worcester County Horticultural Society.</ref>
==See also==
* [[Cupola]]
* [[Daylighting (architecture)|Daylighting]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* Woods, Mary (1996). ''Glass Houses: A History of Greenhouses, Orangeries and Conservatories''.
{{Commons category|Orangeries}}
==External links==
{{Garden features}}
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[[Category:Orangeries| ]]
[[Category:Landscape design history]]
[[Category:Landscape garden features]]
[[Category:Types of garden]]