View source for Oslo

{{Short description|Capital and most populous city of Norway}}
{{About|the capital of Norway}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Oslo
| official_name      = {{native name|no|Oslo kommune}}<br>{{native name|sma|Osloven tjïelte}}
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city]], [[Municipalities of Norway|municipality]] and [[Counties of Norway|county]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| image_style = border:1;
| total_width = 262
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Bjørvika - Oslo, Norway 2020-12-23.jpg
| alt1 =
|caption1 = [[Bjørvika]]
| image2 = "Streifzug" mit der Kamera durch Oslo. 04.jpg
| alt2 =
|caption2 = [[National Theatre (Oslo)|National Theater]]
| image3 = Frogner plass sett fra parken.jpg
| alt3 =
|caption3 = [[:no:Frogner plass (Oslo)|Frogner plass]]
| image4 = IMG 0911 Nationalteateret stasjon i Oslo.jpg
| alt4 =
|caption4 = [[Victoria Terrasse]]
| image5 = 14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-370.jpg
| alt5 =
|caption5 = [[Akershus Fortress]]
| image6 = MUNCH Munch Museum Oslo opened 22 October 2021.jpg
| alt6 =
|caption6 = [[Munch Museum]]
| image7 = Oslo Grünerløkka (23470920130).jpg
| alt7 =
|caption7 = [[Grünerløkka]]
| image8 = Karl Johans gate Oslo 2022-08-17 04.jpg
| alt8 =
|caption8 = [[Karl Johans gate]]
| image9 = Møllergata 19, Oslo, 2019 (01).jpg
| alt9 =
|caption9 = [[Møllergata 19]], [[Youngstorget]]
| image10 = Huk - Oslo, Norway 2020-08-12.jpg
| alt10 =
|caption10 = [[Huk, Norway|Huk at Bygdøy]] in Oslo
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Oslo.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Oslo komm.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = Seal
| shield_size        =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Norway]]
| pushpin_map        = Norway Akershus#Norway#Europe
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| coordinates        = {{coord|59|54|48|N|10|44|20|E|region:NO-03|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name   = [[Norway]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Districts of Norway|District]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Eastern Norway|Østlandet]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Counties of Norway|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = Oslo
| subdivision_type3  = [[List of municipalities of Norway|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name3  =
| leader_title       = [[List of mayors of Oslo|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Anne Lindboe]] ([[Conservative Party (Norway)|H]])
| leader_title1      = [[Governing Mayor of Oslo|Governing mayor]]
| leader_name1       = [[Eirik Lae Solberg]] ([[Conservative Party (Norway)|H]])
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = 1048
| area_footnotes     = <ref name=AreaStats>{{cite web |title=Arealstatistikk for Norge |url=http://kartverket.no/Kunnskap/Fakta-om-Norge/Arealstatistikk/Oversikt/ |website=Kartverket.no | publisher=Kartverket |access-date=13 October 2015 |date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419002302/http://kartverket.no/kunnskap/fakta-om-norge/Arealstatistikk/Oversikt/ |archive-date=19 April 2016 }}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 480
| area_land_km2      = 454.20
| area_water_km2     = 26.64
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>The number pertains to [[Oslo Central Station|Oslo S]]: {{cite web|url=https://www.banenor.no/reisende/stasjonsoversikt/Stasjonssok/-O-/Oslo-S/|title=Oslo Sentralstasjon|publisher=[[Bane NOR|Bane Nor]]|language=no|access-date=17 November 2022|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417141341/https://www.banenor.no/reisende/stasjonsoversikt/Stasjonssok/-O-/Oslo-S/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Stats2016 a">{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-per-1-januar/2016-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=256001 |title=Population, 1 January 2016 |date=19 February 2016 |work=Statistics Norway |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=19 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419023611/http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-per-1-januar/2016-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=256001 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stats2015 b">{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar/2015-04-09?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=222371 |title=Population and land area in urban settlements, 1 January 2014 |date=9 April 2015 |work=Statistics Norway |access-date=6 September 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016021221/http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar/2015-04-09?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=222371 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pop2015Q2">{{cite web |title=Population and population changes, Q2 2015 |url=http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkendrkv/kvartal/2015-08-20?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=236795 |publisher=Statistics Norway |access-date=13 October 2015 |date=20 August 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016021221/http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkendrkv/kvartal/2015-08-20?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=236795 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 31 December 2022
| population_total   = 709,037{{increase}}
| population_density_km2 = auto−
| population_urban   = 1,064,235
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 1,588,457
| Population total as of 2024 = 1,101,000
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/stmeld-nr-31-2002-2003-/id402979/sec1 |title=St.meld. nr. 31 (2002–2003) |last=regionaldepartementet |first=Kommunal- og |date=9 May 2003 |website=Regjeringen.no |language=no |access-date=22 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206140559/https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/stmeld-nr-31-2002-2003-/id402979/sec1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-per-1-januar/2017-02-23 |title=Folketalet ved nyttår var 5 258 000 |work=ssb.no |access-date=22 December 2017 |language=nn-NO |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223052515/https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-per-1-januar/2017-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes =
| demographics2_title1 = [[Capital city]], [[Municipalities of Norway|municipality]] and [[Counties of Norway|county]]
| demographics2_info1 = €70.970 billion (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Metro
| demographics2_info2 = €132.716 billion (2021)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
| timezone           = [[Central European Time]]
| utc_offset         = +01:00
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +02:00
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 0001 – 1299 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://adressesok.posten.no/nb/postal_codes/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=oslo |title=Finn postnummer og adresser i Norge og utlandet |access-date=11 December 2014 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141211080043/http://adressesok.posten.no/nb/postal_codes/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=oslo |url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.980<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/NOR/?levels=1+4&years=2021&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |language=en |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320165122/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/NOR/?levels=1%204&years=2021&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><br/>{{color|green|very high}} · [[List of Norwegian regions by Human Development Index|1st]]
| website            = {{URL|http://www.oslo.kommune.no}}
| motto              = ''Unanimiter et constanter'' <small>(Latin) <br />"United and constant"</small>
| iso_code           = NO-03
| elevation_min_m    = 1
| elevation_max_m    = 631
| area_rural_km2     = 310
| elevation_max_point = [[Kjerkeberget]]
| elevation_min_point = [[Oslofjorden]]
| image_map          = Norway Counties Oslo Position.svg
| image_map1         = NO 0301 Oslo.svg
| map_caption        = Oslo highlighted in red in Norway
| map_caption1       = Oslo highlighted in red within [[Akershus]] County
}}
'''Oslo'''<ref>({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|z|l|oʊ}} {{respell|OZ|loh}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|ɒ|s|l|oʊ}} {{respell|OSS|loh}}, {{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Oslo |access-date=22 April 2019}} {{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/oslo |title=Oslo |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422163606/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/oslo |url-status=live}}</ref> ({{IPA-no|ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ|lang|Oslo.ogg}} <small>or</small> {{IPA-no|ˈʊ̂slʊ, ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ|}}; {{langx|sma|Oslove}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/noereh-med-lokallag-i-oslo-1.12246767 |title=Noereh med lokallag i Oslo |date=7 March 2015 |author=Ballovara, Mette |website=[[NRK]] |language=no |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114020312/https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/noereh-med-lokallag-i-oslo-1.12246767 |url-status=live }}</ref>) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of towns and cities in Norway|most populous]] city of [[Norway]]. It constitutes both a [[Counties of Norway|county]] and a [[Municipalities of Norway|municipality]]. The municipality of Oslo had a population of {{formatnum:709037}} in 2022, while the city's greater [[urban area]] had a population of 1,064,235 in 2022,<ref name="SSB-2023">{{Cite web |title=De største byene og tettstedene i Norge |url=https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/folketall/artikler/de-storste-byene-og-tettstedene-i-norge |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=SSB |language=nb |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109144711/https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/folketall/artikler/de-storste-byene-og-tettstedene-i-norge |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[metropolitan area]] had an estimated population of {{formatnum:1546706}} in 2021.<ref name="regjeringen2010">{{cite web |url=https://snl.no/Osloregionen |title=Osloregionen |access-date=2 November 2022|trans-title=The Osloregion |work=SNL |date=15 August 2021 |language=no |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922084310/https://snl.no/Osloregionen |url-status=live}}</ref>
During the [[Viking Age]], the area was part of [[Viken (region)|Viken]]. Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in 1040 under the name '''Ánslo''', and established as a [[kjobstad|''kaupstad'']] or trading place in 1048 by [[Harald Hardrada]]. The city was elevated to a [[diocese of Oslo|bishopric]] in 1070 and a capital under [[Haakon V of Norway]] around the year 1300. [[Personal union]]s with Denmark from [[Kalmar Union|1397 to 1523]] and again from [[Denmark–Norway|1536 to 1814]] reduced its influence. After being destroyed by a fire in 1624, during the reign of [[Christian IV of Denmark|King Christian IV]], a new city was built closer to [[Akershus Fortress]] and named '''Christiania''' in honour of the king. It became a [[List of municipalities of Norway|municipality]] (''[[formannskapsdistrikt]]'') on 1 January 1838. The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814–1905 [[union between Sweden and Norway]]. From 1877, the city's name was spelled '''Kristiania''' in government usage, a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities in 1897, although 'Christiania' was also used. In 1925, the city, after incorporating the village retaining its former name, was [[#1900%E2%80%93present | renamed]] 'Oslo'. In 1948, Oslo merged with [[Aker, Norway|Aker]], a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger, thus creating the modern, much larger Oslo municipality.
Oslo is the [[Economy of Norway|economic]] and [[Politics of Norway|governmental]] centre of Norway. The city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for maritime industries and [[maritime trade]] in Europe. The city is home to many companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the world's largest shipping companies, shipbrokers and maritime insurance brokers. Oslo is a pilot city of the [[Council of Europe]] and the [[European Commission]] intercultural cities programme.
Oslo is considered a [[global city]] and was ranked "Beta World City" in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008 |publisher=Lboro.ac.uk |date=13 April 2010 |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-date=26 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826010640/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was ranked number one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by ''fDi'' magazine.<ref name="fdiintelligence.com">{{cite web |author=Rachel Craig |url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2012-13 |title=European Cities and Regions of the Future 2012/13 |publisher=fDiIntelligence.com |date=13 February 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173401/https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2012-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> A survey conducted by [[ECA International]] in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eca-international.com/news/press_releases/7355/Sydney_rockets_up_the_list_of_the_world_s_most_expensive_cities |title=Sydney rockets up the list of the world's most expensive cities |publisher=[[ECA International]] |date=8 June 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003163654/http://www.eca-international.com/news/press_releases/7355/Sydney_rockets_up_the_list_of_the_world_s_most_expensive_cities |archive-date=3 October 2011 }}</ref> In 2013, Oslo tied with the Australian city of [[Melbourne]] as the fourth most expensive city in the world, according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] (EIU)'s Worldwide Cost of Living study.<ref>{{cite news |title=The world's most expensive cities |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/datablog/2014/feb/14/most-expensive-cities |access-date=23 February 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=14 February 2014 |author=George Arnett |author2=Chris Michael |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308053925/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/datablog/2014/feb/14/most-expensive-cities |url-status=live}}</ref> Oslo was ranked as the 24th most liveable city in the world by Monocle magazine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://monocle.com/film/affairs/quality-of-life-survey-top-25-cities-2019/ |title=Quality of Life Survey: top 25 cities, 2019 – Film |website=Monocle |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301223340/https://monocle.com/film/affairs/quality-of-life-survey-top-25-cities-2019/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
Oslo's population was increasing at record rates during the early 2000s, making it the fastest growing major [[Metropolitan area|city]] in Europe at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article4070772.ece |title=Oslo europamester i vekst – Nyheter – Oslo |publisher=Aftenposten.no |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501191333/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article4070772.ece |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref> This growth stems for the most part from international [[Immigration to Norway|immigration]] and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. By 2010 the immigrant population in the city was growing somewhat faster than the [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] population,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article3424942.ece |title=Ola og Kari flytter fra innvandrerne – Nyheter – Oslo |date=4 January 2010 |publisher=Aftenposten.no |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155245/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article3424942.ece |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref> and in the city proper this had become more than 25% of the total population if the children of immigrant parents were included.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/innvandring_en/ |title=Immigration and immigrants |publisher=Ssb.no |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902060458/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/10/innvandring_en/ |archive-date=2 September 2009}}</ref>
==Urban region==
{{see also|List of boroughs of Oslo}}
The municipality of Oslo has a population of 717,710 as of 1 January 2024.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=27 February 2020 |title=2020-02-27 |url=https://www.oslo.kommune.no/statistikk/befolkning/befolkningsutviklingen-i-oslo-gjennom-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301184423/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/kvartal/2020-02-27 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=ssb.no |language=en}}</ref> The urban area extends far beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding [[counties of Norway|county]] of [[Akershus]] (municipalities of [[Asker]], [[Bærum]], [[Lillestrøm Municipality|Lillestrøm]], [[Enebakk]], [[Rælingen]], [[Lørenskog]], [[Nittedal]], [[Gjerdrum]], [[Nordre Follo]]); being, to a great degree suburbs of Oslo making up approximately 500,000 of the population of the [[Greater Oslo Region|greater Oslo region]]. the total population of this agglomeration was 1,546,706 in 2023.<ref name="SSB-2023" /> The city centre is situated at the end of the [[Oslofjord]], from which point the city sprawls out in three distinct "corridors"—inland north-eastwards, and southwards along both sides of the fjord—which gives the [[Urban area|urbanized area]] a shape reminiscent of an upside-down reclining "Y" (on maps, satellite pictures, or from high above the city).
To the north and east, wide forested hills (''Marka'') rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant [[amphitheatre]]. The urban [[List of municipalities of Norway|municipality]] (''bykommune'') of Oslo and county (''[[Counties of Norway|fylke]]'') of Oslo are two parts of the same entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated. Of Oslo's total area, {{cvt|130|km2|sqmi}} is built-up and {{cvt|9.6|km2|sqmi}} is agricultural. The open areas within the built-up zone amount to {{cvt|22|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ssb.no/kommunefakta/oslo |title=Kommunefakta Oslo |publisher=Ssb.no |date=1 January 2022 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117001140/https://www.ssb.no/kommunefakta/oslo |url-status=live }}</ref>
The city of Oslo was established as a municipality on 3 January 1838 (see [[formannskapsdistrikt]]). It was separated from the county of [[Akershus]] to become a county of its own in 1842. The rural municipality of [[Aker, Norway|Aker]] was merged with Oslo on 1 January 1948 (and simultaneously transferred from Akershus county to Oslo county). Furthermore, Oslo shares several important functions with Akershus county.
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ Boroughs as defined in January 2004 by the city council<ref>{{cite web |url=http://statistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no/webview/velocity?v=2&mode=cube&cube=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfCube%2FBe01-Befolkningen-etter-bydel-kjonn-og-alder-SSB_C1&study=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FBe01-Befolkningen-etter-bydel-kjonn-og-alder-SSB |title=Befolkningen etter bydel, kjønn og aldersgrupper 1.1.2020 |year=2020 |author=Municipality of Oslo |access-date=29 April 2020 |language=no |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520222959/http://statistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no/webview/velocity?v=2&mode=cube&cube=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfCube%2FBe01-Befolkningen-etter-bydel-kjonn-og-alder-SSB_C1&study=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FBe01-Befolkningen-etter-bydel-kjonn-og-alder-SSB |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|id4|note|none}}
|-
! Boroughs
! Inhabitants (2024)<ref>[https://bydelsfakta.oslo.kommune.no/bydel/alle/befolkningsutvikling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430050044/http://statistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no/webview/index.jsp?catalog=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfCatalog%2FCatalog48&submode=catalog&mode=documentation&top=yes|date=30 April 2020}}. Utviklings- og kompetanseetaten, Oslo kommune (Retrieved 23 October 2015)</ref>
! Area in km<sup>2</sup>
! Number
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Alna]]
| 50,378
| 13.7
| 12
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Bjerke (borough)|Bjerke]]
| 36,460
| 7.7
| 9
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Frogner]]
| 60,646
| 8.3
| 5
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Gamle Oslo]]
| 63,712
| 7.5
| 1
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Grorud]]
| 28,065
| 8.2
| 10
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Grünerløkka]]
| 65,577
| 4.8
| 2
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Nordre Aker]]
| 54,199
| 13.6
| 8
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Nordstrand, Norway|Nordstrand]]
| 53,969
| 16.9
| 14
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Sagene]]
| 47,660
| 3.1
| 3
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[St. Hanshaugen]]
| 40,095
| 3.6
| 4
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Stovner]]
| 34,158
| 8.2
| 11
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Søndre Nordstrand]]
| 39,069
| 18.4
| 15
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Ullern]]
| 35,425
| 9
| 6
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Vestre Aker]]
| 51,869
| 16.6
| 7
|-
| style="text-align: left" | [[Østensjø]]
| 51,785
| 12.2
| 13
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align: left" | '''Overall'''
| '''717,710'''
| '''151.8'''
|
|}
In addition is [[Marka, Oslo|Marka]] (1,610 residents, 301.1&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), that is administered by several boroughs; and [[Sentrum, Oslo|Sentrum]] (1,471 residents, 1.8&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) that is partially administered by St. Hanshaugen, and in part directly by the city council. As of 27 February 2020, there were 2,386 residents who were not allocated to a borough.
The 9 municipalities directly included in the Urban area of Oslo.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2023 |publisher=Statistisk sentralbyrå |title=Tettsteders befolkning og areal |url=https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/folketall/statistikk/tettsteders-befolkning-og-areal |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131174225/https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/folketall/statistikk/tettsteders-befolkning-og-areal |url-status=live }}<!-- auto-translated from Swedish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Municipalities !! County !! Population of the urban area (2023) !! precentage of population
|-
| Oslo || Oslo || align="right" | 705 643 || align="right" | 65,2 %
|-
| [[Bærum]] || [[Akershus county|Akershus]] || align="right" | 128 519 || align="right" | 11,9 %
|-
| [[Asker]] || [[Akershus county|Akershus]] || align="right" | 71 355 || align="right" | 6,6 %
|-
| [[Lillestrøm]] || [[Akershus county|Akershus]] || align="right" | 61 459 || align="right" | 5,7 %
|-
| [[Lørenskog]] || [[Akershus county|Akershus]] || align="right" | 46 452 || align="right" | 4,3 %
|-
| [[Nordre Follo]] || [[Akershus county|Akershus]] || align="right" | 40 876 || align="right" | 3,8 %
|-
| [[Rælingen]] || [[Akershus county|Akershus]] || align="right" | 14 815 || align="right" | 1,4 %
|-
| [[Nittedal]] || [[Akershus county|Akershus]] || align="right" | 10 909 || align="right" | 1,0 %
|-
| [[Lier, Norway|Lier]] || [[Buskerud county|Buskerud]] || align="right" | 2 547 || align="right" | 0,2 %
|-
| TOTAL || || align="right" | 1 082 575 || align="right" | 100,0 %
|}
==Name and seal==
After being destroyed by a fire in 1624, during the reign of [[Christian IV of Denmark|King Christian IV]], a new city was built closer to [[Akershus Fortress]] and named Christiania in the king's honour. The old site east of the Aker river was not abandoned, however, and the village of Oslo remained as a suburb outside the city gates. The suburb called Oslo was eventually included in the city proper. In 1925 the name of the suburb was [[#1900%E2%80%93present | transferred]] to the whole city, while the suburb was renamed [[Old Town, Oslo|"Gamlebyen"]], literally "the Old town", to avoid confusion.<ref>
Aftenposten, 12 October 2014, p. 15.</ref>
<ref name=Osloby>
[http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Han-har-kartlagt-Christianias-karthistorie-7810898.html Han har kartlagt Christianias karthistorie]
{{
Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113110837/http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Han-har-kartlagt-Christianias-karthistorie-7810898.html|date=13 January 2016
}},
''Osloby'',
8 December 2014.
</ref>
<ref name=SNL_Historie>
{{
cite web |url=http://snl.no/Oslo/historie |title=Oslo – historie |date=3 August 2018 |access-date=23 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020111834/https://snl.no/Oslo/historie |url-status=live | ref=SNL_Historie
}}
</ref>
The Old Town is an area within the administrative district [[Gamle Oslo]]. The previous names are reflected in street names like Oslo gate (Oslo street)<ref>
Knut Are Tvedt, red. (2000). ''«Oslo gate». Oslo byleksikon'' (4. utg.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Page 324.
{{ISBN|82-573-0815-3}}.
</ref>
and Oslo hospital.<ref>
Pål Abrahamsen et al. (red.): ''Fra dollhus til moderne psykiatri. Oslo Hospital 1538 – 1988.'' Selskapet for Oslo bys vel. Oslo 1988.
</ref>
===Toponymy===
{{Hatnote|For full article, see [[History of Oslo's name]]}}The origin of the name ''Oslo'' has been the subject of much debate. It is nigh-certainly derived from [[Old Norse]] and was—in all probability—originally the name of a large farm at [[Bjørvika]], while the meaning of that name is disputed. Modern linguists generally interpret the original ''Óslo'', ''Áslo'' or ''Ánslo'' as either "meadow at the foot of a hill" or "meadow consecrated to the [[Æsir|Gods]]", with both considered equally likely.<ref>Cf. Bjorvand, Harald (2008). "Oslo." In: ''Namn och bygd. Tidskrift för nordisk ortnamnsforskning'', vol. 96, 2008.</ref>
Erroneously, it was once assumed that ''Oslo'' meant "the mouth of the Lo river", a supposed previous name for the [[Alnaelva|river Alna]]. Not only has no evidence been found of a river "Lo" predating the work where [[Peder Claussøn Friis]] first proposed this etymology, but the very name is ungrammatical in Norwegian: the correct form would have been ''Loaros'' (cf. [[Nidaros]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Peder_Clauss%C3%B8n_Friis/utdypning |title=Peder Claussøn Friis |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |language=no |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |last=Jørgensen |first=Jon G. |location=Oslo |editor=Helle, Knut |editor-link=Knut Helle |date=28 September 2014 |access-date=14 September 2009 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515040125/http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Peder_Clauss%c3%b8n_Friis/utdypning |url-status=live}}</ref> The name ''Lo'' is now believed to be a [[back-formation]] arrived at by Friis in support of his [idea about] etymology for ''Oslo''.<ref>[http://www.snl.no/Alna/elv_i_Oslo "Alna – elv i Oslo"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019011703/https://snl.no/Alna%2Felv_i_Oslo|date=19 October 2016 }}, In: ''Store Norske Leksikon'' (in Norwegian).</ref>
===Seal===
{{Main|Seal of Oslo}}
Oslo is one of very few cities in Norway, besides [[Bergen]] and [[Tønsberg]], that does not have a formal [[coat of arms]], but which uses a city seal instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/government/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014174658/http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/government/ |url-status=dead |title=Government – Oslo kommune |archive-date=14 October 2014 |access-date=29 November 2010 }}</ref> The seal of Oslo shows the city's [[patron saint]], [[Hallvard Vebjørnsson|St. Hallvard]], with his attributes, the [[millstone]] and [[arrow]]s, with a naked woman at his feet. He is seated on a throne with lion decorations, which at the time was also commonly used by the [[List of Norwegian monarchs|Norwegian kings]].<ref name="Heraldry">{{cite web |url=http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/o/oslo.htm |title=Oslo byvåpen |last=Heraldry of the World |work=ngw.nl |year=2010 |access-date=5 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728135507/http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/o/oslo.htm |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Other names===
Oslo has various nicknames and names in other languages. The city is sometimes known as "The Tiger City" ({{langx|no|Tigerstaden}}), probably inspired by an 1870 poem by [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]] which referenced then-Christiania in central Oslo. The nickname is mostly used by Norwegians from out of town, and rarely by people from the Oslo region.<ref>"Fra Språkrøret: Hvorfor kaller vi Oslo for Tigerstaden?," ''St. Hallvard'', 3/1991, p. 61</ref>
==History==
{{For timeline}}
===The Viking Age===
During the [[Viking Age]], the area that includes modern Oslo was located in [[Viken, Norway|Viken]], the northernmost province of [[Denmark]]. Control over the area shifted between Danish and Norwegian kings in the Middle Ages, and Denmark continued to claim the area until 1241.
According to the Norse [[saga]]s, Oslo was founded around 1049 by [[Harald Hardrada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g190479-s1/Oslo:Norway:Inside.html |title=Inside Oslo : Inside |publisher=TripAdvisor |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222230238/http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g190479-s1/Oslo:Norway:Inside.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Recent archaeological research, however, uncovered Christian burials which could be dated to prior to AD 1000, evidence of a preceding urban settlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oslo, Norway – History of city {{!}} Oslo.com |url=https://www.oslo.com/v/history/ |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=www.oslo.com |archive-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025061528/https://www.oslo.com/v/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This called for the celebration of Oslo's millennium in 2000 rather than 2049.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
===1000–1600===
{{Main|Old Town, Oslo}}
Under the reign of [[Olaf III of Norway]] (1067-1093), Oslo became a cultural centre for [[Eastern Norway]]. [[Hallvard Vebjørnsson]] became the city's [[patron saint]] and is depicted on the city's seal.
In 1174, [[Hovedøya Abbey]] was built. The churches and abbeys became major owners of large tracts of land, which proved important for the city's economic development, especially before the Black Death.
At the end of the 12th century, [[Hanseatic League]] traders from [[Rostock]] moved into the city and gained major influence in the city.
On 25 July 1197, [[Sverre of Norway]] and his soldiers attacked Oslo from [[Hovedøya]].<ref name="AttackFromHovedøya">{{cite news |author1=Leif Gjerland |title=Kongen som angrep Oslo fra Hovedøya |newspaper=Aftenposten |date=25 July 2014 |author1-link=Leif Gjerland}}</ref>
During the [[Middle Ages]], Oslo reached new heights during the reign of [[Haakon V of Norway]] (1299–1319). He was the first king to reside permanently in the city, and it has been regarded as the capital city of Norway since his reign. He also started the construction of the [[Akershus Fortress]] and the Oslo [[Kongsgård]].
The Black Death came to Norway in 1349 and, like other cities in Europe, the city suffered greatly. The churches' earnings from their land dropped so much that the Hanseatic traders dominated the city's foreign trade in the 15th century.
In 1380, Norway was the weaker part in a [[personal union]] with Denmark, and Oslo's role was reduced to that of provincial administrative centre, with the monarchs residing in [[Copenhagen]].
===17th century===
Over the years, fires destroyed significant parts of the city multiple times, as many of the city's buildings were built entirely of wood. After the fourteenth calamity, in 1624, which lasted for three days, [[Christian IV of Denmark]] decided that the old city should not be rebuilt again. His men built a network of roads on the other side of the bay in Akershagen near [[Akershus Castle]]. He demanded that all citizens move their shops and workplaces to the newly built city of "Christiania", named in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christiania - Norsk Folkemuseum |url=https://norskfolkemuseum.no/en/christiania |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=norskfolkemuseum.no |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821073158/https://norskfolkemuseum.no/en/christiania |url-status=live }}</ref> The part of the city built starting in 1624 is now often called ''{{Wikidata fallback link|Q11982577}}''<!--[[Kvadraturen (Oslo)|Kvadraturen]]--> because of its orthogonal layout in regular, square blocks.<ref>{{cite book |year=2000 |title=Oslo byleksikon |isbn=9788257308155 |place=Oslo |publisher=Kunnskapsforl. |url=http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2009011300087 |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025621/https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2009011300087 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anatomigården]] is a historic timber framing house located on the north side of Christiania Torv; it was built in 1640.
The transformation of Christiania went slowly for the first hundred years. However, outside of the city at [[Vaterland, Norway|Vaterland]], [[Grønland, Oslo|Grønland]], and the [[Old Town, Oslo|old town of Oslo]], a new, unmanaged part of the city arose populated by citizens of lower class status.{{cn|date=March 2023}}
The last [[Black Death]] outbreak in Oslo occurred in 1654.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnms.no/index.php?seks_id=110569&a=1 |title=DNMS.NO : Michael: 2005 : 03/2005 : Book review: Black Death and hard facts |publisher=Norwegian Medical Society |author=Øivind Larsen |access-date=11 March 2014 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311050728/http://www.dnms.no/index.php?seks_id=110569&a=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===18th century===
In the 18th century, after the [[Great Northern War]], the city's economy boomed with shipbuilding and trade. The strong economy transformed Christiania into a trading port.{{cn|date=March 2023}}
===19th century===
The Royal Frederick University (now the [[University of Oslo]]) was founded in 1811; the fact that it was founded this late reportedly had an adverse effect on the development of the nation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drake |first=Michael |date=July 1965 |title=The growth of population in Norway 1735–1855 |journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=97–142 |doi=10.1080/03585522.1965.10414366 |issn=0358-5522|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Royal Palace, Oslo (2015).JPG|alt=Royal Palace|thumb|Royal Palace, Oslo (2015)]]
In 1814 the former provincial town of Christiania became the capital of the independent Kingdom of Norway, when the union with Denmark was dissolved and replaced by a [[Union between Sweden and Norway|personal union with Sweden]]. Several state institutions were established and the city's role as a capital initiated a period of rapidly increasing population. The government of this new state needed buildings for its expanding administration and institutions. Several important buildings and landmarks were erected in the 19th century, including the [[Royal Palace, Oslo|Royal Palace]] (1825-1848), the [[Oslo Stock Exchange|Stock Exchange]] (1826-1828), the [[Bank of Norway]] (1828), the [[Storting]] (1861-1866), the [[National Theatre (Oslo)|National Theatre]] (1899), and several [[University of Oslo|University]] buildings. Among the world-famous artists who lived here during this period were [[Henrik Ibsen]] and [[Knut Hamsun]] (the latter was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature).
Large areas of the surrounding [[Aker, Norway|Aker municipality]] were incorporated in 1839, 1859, and 1878. The 1859 expansion included [[Grünerløkka]], [[Grønland, Oslo|Grønland]], and [[Old Town, Oslo|Oslo]]. At that time the area called ''Oslo'' (now ''Gamlebyen'' or Old Town) was a village or suburb outside the city borders east of Aker river.<ref>Boye, Else: ''Christiania 1814–1905''. Oslo: Grøndahl, 1976.</ref> The population increased from approximately 10.000 in 1814 to 230.000 in 1900. In 1850, Christiania overtook [[Bergen]] and became the most populous city in the country. Christiania expanded its industry from 1840, most importantly around [[Akerselva]]. There was a spectacular building boom during the last decades of the 19th century, with many new apartment buildings and renewal of the city center, but the boom collapsed in 1899.
In 1877 the city was renamed ''Kristiania''.
===1900–present===
The city and municipality used the name ''Kristiania'' until 1 January 1925 when the original name of ''Oslo'' [[Geographical renaming|was restored]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.byarkivet.oslo.kommune.no/OBA/tobias/tobiasartikler/tob2001-1_01.htm |title=Oslo kommune byarkivet (Oslo City Archives) |publisher=Oslo Kommune |author=Bård Alsvik |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304212803/http://www.byarkivet.oslo.kommune.no/OBA/tobias/tobiasartikler/tob2001-1_01.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> This was because Norway became fully independent in 1905, and Norwegians argued that a name memorializing a Danish king ([[Christian IV of Denmark]]) was inappropriate as the name of the capital of their country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nrk.no/ostlandssendingen/xl/da-oslo-ble-oslo-1.13150638 |title=Da Oslo ble Oslo |last=NRK |work=NRK |access-date=5 May 2018 |language=nb-NO |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323202849/https://www.nrk.no/ostlandssendingen/xl/da-oslo-ble-oslo-1.13150638 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The municipality developed new areas such as [[Ullevål Hageby|Ullevål garden city]] (1918–1926) and [[Torshov]] (1917–1925). [[Oslo City Hall|City Hall]] was constructed in the former slum area of [[Vika, Oslo|Vika]] from 1931 to 1950. In 1948, Oslo merged with [[Aker, Norway|Aker]], a municipality which surrounded the capital and was 27 times larger, thus creating the modern, vastly enlarged Oslo municipality. At the time, Aker was a mostly affluent, green suburban community, and the merger was unpopular in Aker.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/oslo/kommunen-som-ble-slukt-av-oslo-1.1080868 |title=Da Høyre kjempet mot kommunesammenslåing |website=www.dagsavisen.no |date=8 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=4 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104012534/https://www.dagsavisen.no/oslo/kommunen-som-ble-slukt-av-oslo-1.1080868 |url-status=live}}</ref>  Other suburbs, such as [[Lambertseter]], began to be developed in the 1950s. [[Aker Brygge]] was constructed on the site of the former [[shipyard]], [[Aker ASA|Akers Mekaniske Verksted]], from 1982 to 1998.
Norway was [[Operation Weserübung|invaded by Germany]] on 9 April 1940. Efforts to stop the invasion, most notably the [[Battle of Drøbak Sound|sinking of the ''Blücher'']], delayed the occupation of Oslo for several hours which allowed [[Haakon VII of Norway|King Haakon]] to escape the city. Oslo remained occupied throughout the war until Germany capitulated in 1945. During this time, the occupying troops were harried by saboteurs in acts of resistance. On 31 December 1944, allied bombers missed their intended target and hit a tram, resulting in 79 civilian deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/oslo/i/w00o/hele-familien-ble-drept-av-britiske-bomber-paa-nyttaarsaften-anne-lise-juuls-far-erik-18-overlevde |title=Hele familien ble drept av britiske bomber på nyttårsaften. Anne-Lise Juuls far Erik (18) overlevde. |date=31 December 2014 |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008235033/https://www.aftenposten.no/oslo/i/w00o/hele-familien-ble-drept-av-britiske-bomber-paa-nyttaarsaften-anne-lise-juuls-far-erik-18-overlevde |url-status=live }}</ref>
During the [[2011 Norway attacks]], Oslo was hit by a bomb blast that ripped through the [[Regjeringskvartalet|Government Quarter]], damaging several buildings including the building that houses the [[Office of the Prime Minister (Norway)|Office of the Prime Minister]]. Eight people died in the bomb attack.
On 25 June 2022, two people were killed and 21 others injured in [[2022 Oslo shooting|a mass shooting]]. An Iranian-born Norwegian citizen was subsequently charged with "aggravated terrorism".<ref name="BBC News-2022">{{Cite news |date=25 June 2022 |title=Oslo shooting: Norway attack being treated as Islamist terrorism, police say |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61933817 |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625164715/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61933817 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2023 |first=Jan |last=Olsen |title=Iranian-born Norwegian man is charged over deadly Oslo Pride attack in 2022 |language=en-GB |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/norway-terror-radical-islamist-oslo-pride-attack-21cf3dcb4fcad4c24e2e5d0ec7c640ff |access-date=22 February 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222070527/https://apnews.com/article/norway-terror-radical-islamist-oslo-pride-attack-21cf3dcb4fcad4c24e2e5d0ec7c640ff |url-status=live }}</ref>
The city has continued to expand. For a few years, new large scale housing areas and infrastructure projects are being built and planned across the city, notably in [[Hasle, Oslo|Hasle]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Årdal |first=Tore |date=2021-10-01 |title=Haslelinje - Gigantutbyggingen gjennomført i løpet av ti år |url=https://www.estatenyheter.no/magasin/haslelinje---gigantutbyggingen-gjennomfort-i-lopet-av-ti-ar/309716 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=www.estatenyheter.no |language=nb-NO |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406234611/https://www.estatenyheter.no/magasin/haslelinje---gigantutbyggingen-gjennomfort-i-lopet-av-ti-ar/309716 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Helsfyr]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Store planer for områdene: Dette bygges på Bryn og Helsfyr nå |url=https://eiendomswatch.no/nyheter/kontor/article16601529.ece |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=eiendomswatch.no |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406234612/https://eiendomswatch.no/nyheter/kontor/article16601529.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>[[Bjørvika]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-13 |title=Bjørvika - Fjordbyen |url=https://www.oslo.kommune.no/slik-bygger-vi-oslo/fjordbyen/bjorvika/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Oslo kommune |language=no |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226035007/https://www.oslo.kommune.no/slik-bygger-vi-oslo/fjordbyen/bjorvika/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nydalen]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-14 |title=Det er Nydalens siste ubebygde tomt. Kravene om park er blitt hørt, men blir den stor nok? |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/oslo/i/69B9jr/slik-planlegges-den-siste-store-utbyggingen-i-nydalen |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=www.aftenposten.no |language=nb |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406234610/https://www.aftenposten.no/oslo/i/69B9jr/slik-planlegges-den-siste-store-utbyggingen-i-nydalen |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Sinsen]], this is increasing the density in and around [[Ring 2 (Oslo)|Ring 2]] and [[Ring 3 (Oslo)|Ring 3]]. The [[Fornebu Line|Fornebu line]] on the metro is under construction as of 2024, and further subway lines crossing the inner city are being planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-27 |title=Fornebubanen - Slik bygger vi Oslo |url=https://www.oslo.kommune.no/slik-bygger-vi-oslo/fornebubanen/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Oslo kommune |language=no |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626185225/https://www.oslo.kommune.no/slik-bygger-vi-oslo/fornebubanen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Geography==
{{See also|Hadelandshøgda|Oslo Graben}}
[[File:Oslo by Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Oslo, July 2018]]
[[File:Tettstedet Oslo 2005.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|A map of the urban areas of Oslo in 2005. The grey area in the middle indicates Oslo's city centre.]]
Oslo occupies an arc of land at the northernmost end of the [[Oslofjord]]. The [[fjord]], which is nearly bisected by the [[Nesodden]] peninsula opposite Oslo, lies to the south; in all other directions Oslo is surrounded by green hills and mountains. There are 40 islands within the city limits, the largest being [[Malmøya]] ({{cvt|0.56|km2|sqmi|disp=or}}), and scores more around the Oslofjord. Oslo has 343 lakes, the largest being [[Maridalsvannet]] ({{cvt|3.91|km2|sqmi|disp=or}}). This is also a main source of drinking water for large parts of Oslo.
Although [[Eastern Norway]] has a number of rivers, none of these flow into the ocean at Oslo. Instead Oslo has two smaller rivers: [[Akerselva]] (draining Maridalsvannet, which flows into the fjord in [[Bjørvika]]), and [[Alna River|Alna]]. The waterfalls in Akerselva gave power to some of the first modern industry of Norway in the 1840s. Later in the century, the river became the symbol of the stable and consistent economic and social divide of the city into [[East End and West End of Oslo|an East End and a West End]]; the labourers' neighbourhoods lie on both sides of the river, and the divide in reality follows Uelands street a bit further west. River Alna flows through Groruddalen, Oslo's major suburb and industrial area. The highest point is Kirkeberget, at {{cvt|629|m}}. Although the city's population is small compared to most European capitals, it occupies an unusually large land area, of which two-thirds are [[protected area]]s of forests, hills and lakes. Its boundaries encompass many [[Parks and open spaces in Oslo|parks and open areas]], giving it an airy and green appearance. {{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
{{wide image|Tjuvholmen Aker brygge.jpg|900px|align-cap=center[[Aker Brygge]]}}
===Climate===
Oslo has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dfb'')<ref name="en.climate-data.org">{{cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/81/ |title=Climate Oslo: Temperature, Climograph, Climate table for Oslo - Climate-Data.org |website=en.climate-data.org |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613015149/https://en.climate-data.org/location/81/ |url-status=live}}</ref> or, if the original [[köppen climate|Köppen]] winter threshold {{cvt|-3|°C}} is used, an [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'') bordering on a [[humid continental climate]] in the 1991–2020 base period.  Oslo has some of the warmest summers of Norway and fairly cold winters.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://snl.no/klima_i_Norge#-Middeltemperaturer_(%C2%B0C)_i_Norge | title=Klima i Norge | date=14 February 2024 | access-date=7 June 2023 | archive-date=13 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613123617/https://snl.no/klima_i_Norge#-Middeltemperaturer_(%C2%B0C)_i_Norge | url-status=live }}</ref> Oslo receives a fair amount of precipitation during the year.<ref name="en.climate-data.org"/>  The driest seasons are winter and spring, and the wettest are summer and autumn. Because of the city's northern latitude, daylight varies greatly, from more than 18 hours in midsummer, when it never gets completely dark at night (no darker than [[nautical twilight]]), to around 6 hours in midwinter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/norway/oslo |title=Sun & moon times today, Oslo, Norway |website=www.timeanddate.com |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603044910/https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/norway/oslo |url-status=live}}</ref>
The warmest month on record is July 1901 with mean {{cvt|22.7|°C|1}}, and the all-time high {{cvt|35|C|F}} was also recorded in July 1901.<ref>{{cite web |author=Julie Berg Melfald |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/7lA6RW/fredag-kan-en-117-aar-gammel-varmerekord-i-oslo-staa-for-fall-vi-kan-ogsaa-begynne-aa-snuse-paa-landsrekorden |title=Fredag kan en 117 år gammel varmerekord i Oslo stå for fall: – Vi kan også begynne å snuse på landsrekorden |publisher=Aftenposten.no |date=26 July 2018 |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025621/https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/7lA6RW/fredag-kan-en-117-aar-gammel-varmerekord-i-oslo-staa-for-fall-vi-kan |url-status=live}}</ref> The warmest month in more recent years is July 2018 with mean {{cvt|22.2|°C|1}} and average daily high {{cvt|29|°C|1}}. The record summer of 2018 also recorded the warmest May and May all-time high with {{cvt|31.1|C|F}} on 30th, and 2018 was even the sunniest year on record with 2133 sunhours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2018/05/25/warm-weather-sets-new-record/ |title=Warm weather sets new records |date=25 May 2018 |access-date=30 May 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528114421/http://www.newsinenglish.no/2018/05/25/warm-weather-sets-new-record/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/det-har-aldri-noensinne-blitt-malt-hoyere-temperatur-i-norge-i-mai/69855090 |title=Det har aldri noensinne blitt målt høyere temperatur i Norge i mai |date=30 May 2018 |work=Dagbladet.no |access-date=13 August 2018 |language=no |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813144626/https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/det-har-aldri-noensinne-blitt-malt-hoyere-temperatur-i-norge-i-mai/69855090 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://norwaytoday.info/news/oslo-bergen-set-heat-records/ |title=Oslo and Bergen set heat records – Norway Today |date=31 May 2018 |work=Norway Today |access-date=13 August 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806084426/http://norwaytoday.info/news/oslo-bergen-set-heat-records/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On [[2018 European heat wave|27 July 2018]], the temperature in Oslo rose to {{cvt|34.6|C|F}}, the hottest recorded since 1937, when weather recordings started at Blindern.
In January, on average three out of four days are below freezing ({{cvt|0|C|F|disp=sqbr}}) and one out of four days is colder than {{cvt|-10|C|F}} (1961–1990).<ref name="met.no">{{cite web |url=http://met.no/Klima/Klimastatistikk/Vanlig_var/Sor-_og_Austlandet/Blindern_Oslo/ |access-date=10 January 2016 |title=Blindern (Oslo) |work=Norwegian Meteorological Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215143202/http://met.no/Klima/Klimastatistikk/Vanlig_var/Sor-_og_Austlandet/Blindern_Oslo/ |archive-date=15 December 2010 }}</ref> The coldest temperature recorded is {{cvt|-29.6|C|F|1}}, on 21 January 1841, while the coldest recorded at Blindern is {{cvt|-26|C|F|1}} in January 1941. The coldest temperature more recently was on 6 January 2024, where the temperature reached -23.1 °C (-17 °F) at Oslo-Blindern, which is the coldest measured temperature since January 1987. The coldest month on record is January 1941 and also January 1947 with mean {{cvt|-12.9|°C|1}} and average daily low {{cvt|-16.7|°C|1}}. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below {{convert|0|°C|1|abbr=on|disp=comma}}) in spring is 23 April<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yr.no/artikkel/siste-frostnatt-om-varen-1.8119060 |title=Siste frostnatt om våren |language=Norwegian |website=yr.no |date=4 May 2012 |access-date=25 January 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306095039/https://www.yr.no/artikkel/siste-frostnatt-om-varen-1.8119060 |url-status=live }}</ref> and average date for first freeze in autumn is 17 October<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yr.no/artikkel/forste-frostnatt-1.11261900|title=Første frostnatt|date=25 September 2013|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807222743/https://www.yr.no/artikkel/forste-frostnatt-1.11261900|url-status=live}}</ref> giving a frost-free season of 176 days (1981–2010 average for Blindern). Oslo sits right on the border between [[hardiness zones]] 7a and 7b.
Oslo Gardermoen airport is located 35 km northeast of Oslo and has a [[humid continental climate]] (Köppen climate classification: ''Dfb'') bordering on a [[subarctic climate]] (Köppen climate classification: ''Dfc'') in the 1991–2020 base period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/|date=14 February 2024|title=WMO Climate Normals|access-date=15 February 2024|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215001827/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location=Oslo (Blindern), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1937-present
|collapsed=
|metric first=Yes
|single line=Yes
|Jan record high C=12.5
|Feb record high C=13.8
|Mar record high C=21.5
|Apr record high C=25.4
|May record high C=31.1
|Jun record high C=33.7
|Jul record high C=34.6
|Aug record high C=34.2
|Sep record high C=27.2
|Oct record high C=21.0
|Nov record high C=16.1
|Dec record high C=12.6
|year record high C=
|Jan avg record high C=6.4
|Feb avg record high C=7.7
|Mar avg record high C=13.1
|Apr avg record high C=18.6
|May avg record high C=24.6
|Jun avg record high C=26.9
|Jul avg record high C=28.5
|Aug avg record high C=26.7
|Sep avg record high C=21.9
|Oct avg record high C=15.6
|Nov avg record high C=10.6
|Dec avg record high C=7.3
|year avg record high C=29.6
|Jan high C=0.1
|Feb high C=1.1
|Mar high C=5.3
|Apr high C=11.0
|May high C=16.7
|Jun high C=20.4
|Jul high C=22.7
|Aug high C=21.3
|Sep high C=16.4
|Oct high C=9.6
|Nov high C=4.4
|Dec high C=0.9
|year high C=10.8
|Jan mean C=-2.3
|Feb mean C=-1.9
|Mar mean C=1.3
|Apr mean C=6.2
|May mean C=11.4
|Jun mean C=15.3
|Jul mean C=17.6
|Aug mean C=16.5
|Sep mean C=12.1
|Oct mean C=6.5
|Nov mean C=2.1
|Dec mean C=-1.4
|year mean C=7.0
|Jan low C=-4.7
|Feb low C=-4.7
|Mar low C=-2.1
|Apr low C=2.1
|May low C=6.8
|Jun low C=10.8
|Jul low C=13.4
|Aug low C=12.5
|Sep low C=8.6
|Oct low C=3.8
|Nov low C=-0.0
|Dec low C=-3.7
|year low C=3.6
|Jan avg record low C=-13.8
|Feb avg record low C=-13.3
|Mar avg record low C=-9.3
|Apr avg record low C=-3.5
|May avg record low C=0.7
|Jun avg record low C=6.0
|Jul avg record low C=9.0
|Aug avg record low C=7.2
|Sep avg record low C=2.5
|Oct avg record low C=-2.6
|Nov avg record low C=-6.9
|Dec avg record low C=-11.9
|year avg record low C=-15.9
|Jan record low C=-26.0
|Feb record low C=-24.9
|Mar record low C=-21.3
|Apr record low C=-14.9
|May record low C=-3.4
|Jun record low C=1.4
|Jul record low C=3.7
|Aug record low C=3.7
|Sep record low C=-3.3
|Oct record low C=-8.0
|Nov record low C=-16.0
|Dec record low C=-20.8
|year record low C=
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm=57.9
|Feb precipitation mm=44.6
|Mar precipitation mm=41.4
|Apr precipitation mm=48.3
|May precipitation mm=60.1
|Jun precipitation mm=79.7
|Jul precipitation mm=86.7
|Aug precipitation mm=102.7
|Sep precipitation mm=82.2
|Oct precipitation mm=93.4
|Nov precipitation mm=84.6
|Dec precipitation mm=53.6
|year precipitation mm=
| Jan precipitation days = 10.1
| Feb precipitation days = 8.0
| Mar precipitation days = 7.3
| Apr precipitation days = 7.9
| May precipitation days = 9.1
| Jun precipitation days = 10.0
| Jul precipitation days = 11.2
| Aug precipitation days = 11.3
| Sep precipitation days = 9.2
| Oct precipitation days = 10.6
| Nov precipitation days = 11.2
| Dec precipitation days = 10.0
| year precipitation days =
|snow colour=green
| Jan snow cm = 44
| Feb snow cm = 36
| Mar snow cm = 30
| Apr snow cm = 3
| May snow cm = 0.3
| Jun snow cm = 0
| Jul snow cm = 0
| Aug snow cm = 0
| Sep snow cm = 0
| Oct snow cm = 0.3
| Nov snow cm = 8
| Dec snow cm = 17
| Jan humidity = 83.3
| Feb humidity = 79.2
| Mar humidity = 70.4
| Apr humidity = 64.7
| May humidity = 61.8
| Jun humidity = 63.8
| Jul humidity = 68.1
| Aug humidity = 71.8
| Sep humidity = 75.6
| Oct humidity = 80.1
| Nov humidity = 83.7
| Dec humidity = 84.7
| year humidity =
|Jan sun=46.8
|Feb sun=77.4
|Mar sun=143.5
|Apr sun=181.6
|May sun=250.8
|Jun sun=240.8
|Jul sun=242.8
|Aug sun=208.0
|Sep sun=154.1
|Oct sun=93.6
|Nov sun=51.0
|Dec sun=34.2
|year sun=
| Jan percentsun = 22
| Feb percentsun = 30
| Mar percentsun = 39
| Apr percentsun = 42
| May percentsun = 47
| Jun percentsun = 43
| Jul percentsun = 44
| Aug percentsun = 43
| Sep percentsun = 40
| Oct percentsun = 30
| Nov percentsun = 22
| Dec percentsun = 18
| year percentsun =
| Jan uv = 0
| Feb uv = 1
| Mar uv = 1
| Apr uv = 3
| May uv = 4
| Jun uv = 5
| Jul uv = 5
| Aug uv = 4
| Sep uv = 3
| Oct uv = 1
| Nov uv = 0
| Dec uv = 0
|source=Seklima<ref name = "Seklima">seklima.met.no</ref>
and Weather Atlas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/norway/oslo-climate |title=Oslo, Norway – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |publisher=Yu Media Group |website=Weather Atlas |language=en |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702220728/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/norway/oslo-climate |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| location = Oslo (Blindern), 1961–1990 normals and extremes
| collapsed = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 12.5
| Feb record high C = 12.8
| Mar record high C = 17.0
| Apr record high C = 21.8
| May record high C = 27.7
| Jun record high C = 32.2
| Jul record high C = 30.5
| Aug record high C = 34.2
| Sep record high C = 24.9
| Oct record high C = 21.0
| Nov record high C = 14.4
| Dec record high C = 12.4
| year record high C =
| Jan avg record high C = 5.2
| Feb avg record high C = 6.1
| Mar avg record high C = 10.9
| Apr avg record high C = 16.9
| May avg record high C = 23.6
| Jun avg record high C = 27.6
| Jul avg record high C = 27.6
| Aug avg record high C = 25.6
| Sep avg record high C = 20.7
| Oct avg record high C = 15.5
| Nov avg record high C = 9.8
| Dec avg record high C = 6.8
| year avg record high C = 28.9
| Jan high C = -1.8
| Feb high C = -0.9
| Mar high C = 3.5
| Apr high C = 9.1
| May high C = 15.8
| Jun high C = 20.4
| Jul high C = 21.5
| Aug high C = 20.1
| Sep high C = 15.1
| Oct high C = 9.3
| Nov high C = 3.2
| Dec high C = -0.5
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = -4.2
| Feb mean C = -4.0
| Mar mean C = -0.2
| Apr mean C = 4.6
| May mean C = 10.7
| Jun mean C = 15.2
| Jul mean C = 16.4
| Aug mean C = 15.3
| Sep mean C = 11.0
| Oct mean C = 6.4
| Nov mean C = 0.8
| Dec mean C = -3.0
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = -6.8
| Feb low C = -6.8
| Mar low C = -3.3
| Apr low C = 0.8
| May low C = 6.5
| Jun low C = 10.6
| Jul low C = 12.2
| Aug low C = 11.3
| Sep low C = 7.5
| Oct low C = 3.8
| Nov low C = -1.5
| Dec low C = -5.6
| year low C =
| Jan avg record low C = -16.1
| Feb avg record low C = -15.4
| Mar avg record low C = -11.6
| Apr avg record low C = -4.9
| May avg record low C = 0.9
| Jun avg record low C = 5.5
| Jul avg record low C = 7.5
| Aug avg record low C = 6.4
| Sep avg record low C = 1.3
| Oct avg record low C = -2.7
| Nov avg record low C = -9.1
| Dec avg record low C = -14.6
| year avg record low C = -18.9
| Jan record low C = -24.3
| Feb record low C = -24.9
| Mar record low C = -20.2
| Apr record low C = -9.8
| May record low C = -2.7
| Jun record low C = 1.4
| Jul record low C = 5.0
| Aug record low C = 3.7
| Sep record low C = -2.0
| Oct record low C = -7.4
| Nov record low C = -16.0
| Dec record low C = -20.8
| year record low C =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 48.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 36.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 46.8
| Apr precipitation mm = 40.7
| May precipitation mm = 52.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 65.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 80.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 89.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 90.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 83.9
| Nov precipitation mm = 73.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 55.1
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan precipitation days = 9.3
| Feb precipitation days = 7.5
| Mar precipitation days = 8.4
| Apr precipitation days = 7.3
| May precipitation days = 8.3
| Jun precipitation days = 9.8
| Jul precipitation days = 10.9
| Aug precipitation days = 10.9
| Sep precipitation days = 11.0
| Oct precipitation days = 11.0
| Nov precipitation days = 10.1
| Dec precipitation days = 8.8
| year precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 40.5
| Feb sun = 76.0
| Mar sun = 126.0
| Apr sun = 178.0
| May sun = 220.2
| Jun sun = 249.6
| Jul sun = 245.8
| Aug sun = 215.8
| Sep sun = 144.3
| Oct sun = 86.4
| Nov sun = 51.2
| Dec sun = 35.2
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 19
| Feb percentsun = 29
| Mar percentsun = 35
| Apr percentsun = 41
| May percentsun = 41
| Jun percentsun = 45
| Jul percentsun = 44
| Aug percentsun = 45
| Sep percentsun = 37
| Oct percentsun = 27
| Nov percentsun = 23
| Dec percentsun = 19
| year percentsun =
| source = Seklima<ref name="Seklima" />
}}
==Parks and recreation areas==
{{Main|Parks and open spaces in Oslo}}
[[File:Oslo, Vigeland Park (2).jpg|thumb|[[Vigeland Park]] in Oslo]]
Oslo has many parks and green areas within the city core, as well as outside it.
*[[Frogner Park]] is a large park located a few minutes' walk away from the city centre. This is the biggest and best-known park in Norway, with a large collection of sculptures by [[Gustav Vigeland]].
*[[Bygdøy]] is a large green area, commonly called the Museum Peninsula of Oslo. The area is surrounded by the sea and is one of the most expensive districts in Norway.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit Norway |url=https://www.visitnorway.com/listings/bygd%C3%B8y/2785/ |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=Visit Norway |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220123519/https://www.visitnorway.com/listings/bygd%C3%B8y/2785/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Ekebergparken Sculpture Park]] is a sculpture park and a national heritage park with a panoramic view of the city at [[Ekeberg]] in the southeast of the city.
*[[St. Hanshaugen Park]] is an old public park on a high hill in central Oslo. "St. Hanshaugen" is also the name of the surrounding neighbourhood as well as the larger administrative district (borough) that includes major parts of central Oslo.<ref>[http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/parker_friomrader/parker/st_hanshaugen/ City of Oslo parks] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225044938/http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/parker_friomrader/parker/st_hanshaugen/|date=25 December 2011 }} {{in lang|no}}</ref>
*[[Tøyen Park]] stretches out behind the old [[Munch Museum]], and is a vast, grassy expanse. In the north, there is a lookout point known as Ola Narr. The Tøyen area also includes the [[University Botanical Garden (Oslo)|Botanical Garden]] and Museum belonging to the University of Oslo.<ref>[http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/parker_friomrader/parker/toyen_kulturpark/ City of Oslo parks] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102162648/http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/parker_friomrader/parker/toyen_kulturpark/|date=2 January 2009 }} {{in lang|no}}</ref>
Oslo (with neighbouring Sandvika-Asker) is built in a horseshoe shape on the shores of the Oslofjord and limited in most directions by hills and forests. As a result, any point within the city is relatively close to the forest. There are two major forests bordering the city: ''[[Østmarka]]'' (literally "Eastern Forest", on the eastern perimeter of the city), and the very large ''[[Nordmarka]]'' (literally "Northern Forest", stretching from the northern perimeter of the city deep into the hinterland).
*[[Sognsvann]] is a lake in Oslomarka, located at the land border, just north of Oslo. Sognsvann was drinking water for Oslo from 1876 to 1967.
The lake's altitude above sea level is 183 metres. The water is in a popular hiking area. Near the water itself, it is great for barbecues, swimming, beach volleyball and other activities.
The municipality operates eight public swimming pools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idrettsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/oslobadene/ |title=Municipal swimming pools |publisher=Idrettsetaten.oslo.kommune.no |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227034221/http://www.idrettsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/oslobadene |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tøyenbadet]] is the largest indoor swimming facility in Oslo and one of the few pools in Norway offering a 50-metre main pool. Another in that size is the outdoor pool [[Frognerbadet]].
==Cityscape==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| image1            = 19-08-25-Oslo_Holmenkollenbakken-RalfR.jpg
| width1            = 190
| caption1          = [[Holmenkollen]] ski jump
| width2            = 190
| caption2          = [[:no:Bryggetorget (Oslo)|Bryggetorget]]
| image2            = Bryggetorget1.JPG
}}
Oslo's cityscape is being redeveloped as a modern city with various access-points, an extensive metro-system with a new financial district and a cultural city. In 2008, an exhibition was held in London presenting the award-winning [[Oslo Opera House]], the urban regeneration scheme of Oslo's seafront, [[Munch/Stenersen]] and the new Deichman Library. Most of the buildings in the city and in neighbouring communities are low in height with only the [[Oslo Plaza|Plaza]], [[Posthuset (building)|Posthuset]] and the highrises at Bjørvika considerably taller.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/06/23/oslos-developing-waterfront-in-a-photo-collage/ |title=Oslo's developing waterfront, in a photo collage |date=23 June 2011 |access-date=23 January 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200956/https://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/06/23/oslos-developing-waterfront-in-a-photo-collage/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Architecture===
{{See also|Architecture of Norway}}
[[File:Fjordbyen.gif|thumb|[[Fjordbyen]] is a large construction project in the seaside of central Oslo, stretching from [[Bygdøy]] in the west to [[Ormøya]] in the east. Some areas include: [[Bjørvika]], [[Aker brygge]], [[Tjuvholmen]], and the [[Oslo Central Station|central station]] area.]]
[[File:A window in Aker Brygge, Oslo N.jpg|thumb|Detail of modern architecture at [[Aker Brygge]]]]
Oslo's architecture is very diverse. The architect [[Carl Frederik Stanley]] (1769–1805), who was educated in [[Copenhagen]], spent some years in Norway around the turn of the 19th century. He undertook some minor commissions for wealthy patrons in and around Oslo, but his major achievement was the renovation of the [[Oslo Katedralskole]], completed in 1800.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://oslotouristinformation.com/art |title=OSLO TOURIST GUIDE — A hive of Art & Architecture |website=OSLO TOURIST GUIDE |language=en-US |access-date=9 April 2019}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He added a classical portico to the front of an older structure, and a semicircular auditorium that was sequestered by Parliament in 1814 as a temporary place to assemble, now preserved at [[Norsk Folkemuseum]] as a national monument.
When Christiania was made capital of Norway in 1814, there were practically no buildings suitable for the many new government institutions. An ambitious building program was initiated, but realised very slowly because of economic constraints. The first major undertaking was the [[Royal Palace, Oslo|Royal Palace]], designed by [[Hans Linstow]] and built between 1824 and 1848. Linstow also planned [[Karl Johans gate]], the avenue connecting the Palace and the city, with a monumental square halfway to be surrounded by buildings for [[Oslo University|University]], the [[Stortinget|Parliament]] (Storting) and other institutions. Only the university buildings were realised according to this plan. [[Christian Heinrich Grosch]], one of the first architects educated completely within Norway, designed the original building for the [[Oslo Stock Exchange]] (1826–1828), the local branch of the [[Bank of Norway]] (1828), [[Christiania Theatre]] (1836–1837), and the first campus for the [[University of Oslo]] (1841–1856). For the university buildings, he sought the assistance of the renowned German architect [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]]. German architectural influence persisted in Norway, and many wooden buildings followed the principles of [[Neoclassicism]]. In Oslo, the German architect [[Alexis de Chateauneuf]] designed [[Trefoldighetskirken (Oslo)|Trefoldighetskirken]], the first neo-gothic church, completed by von Hanno in 1858.
A number of landmark buildings, particularly in Oslo, were built in the [[functionalism (architecture)|Functionalist]] style (better known in the US and Britain as Modernist), the first being {{ill|Skansen restaurant|no}} (1925–1927) by [[Lars Backer]], demolished in 1970. Backer also designed the restaurant at Ekeberg, which opened in 1929. [[Kunstnernes Hus]] art gallery by [[Gudolf Blakstad]] and [[Herman Munthe-Kaas]] (1930) still shows the influence of the preceding classicist trend of the 1920s. The redevelopment of [[Gardermoen|Oslo Airport]] (by the Aviaplan consortium) at Gardermoen, which opened in 1998, was Norway's largest construction project to date.
==Politics and government==
{{Main|Politics and government of Oslo}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Oslo City Council after 2023<ref name="x067">{{cite web | title=Valgresultat | website=Valgresultat | url=https://valgresultat.no/valg/2023/ko/oslo/oslo#seats | access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>
|-
! Party !! Seats !! +/-
|-
| Conservative || 20 || +5 {{Increase}}
|-
| Labour || 11 || -1 {{Decrease}}
|-
| Green || 6 || -3 {{decrease}}
|-
| Socialist Left || 6 || 0 {{no change}}
|-
| Liberal || 6 || +2 {{increase}}
|-
| Progress || 4 || +1 {{increase}}
|-
| Red || 4 || 0 {{no change}}
|-
| Christian Democrats || 1 || 0 {{no change}}
|-
| Centre || 1 || +1 {{increase}}
|-
|'''Total'''||'''59'''
|}
Oslo is the capital of Norway, and as such is the seat of Norway's national government. Most government offices, including that of the [[Prime Minister of Norway|Prime Minister]], are gathered at ''Regjeringskvartalet'', a cluster of buildings close to the national Parliament, the [[Parliament of Norway|Storting]].
Constituting both a municipality and a county of Norway, the city of Oslo is represented in the Storting by twenty members of parliament. The [[Conservative Party of Norway|Conservative Party]] is the most represented party in Oslo with five members, the [[Norwegian Labour Party|Labour Party]] has four, the [[Liberal Party of Norway|Liberals]] and the [[Socialist Left Party (Norway)|Socialist Left Party]] have three each; the [[Green Party (Norway)|Green Party]], the [[Red Party (Norway)|Red Party]] have two each and the [[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]] has one.<ref name="m595">{{cite web | title=Valgresultat | website=Valgresultat | url=https://valgresultat.no/valg/2021/st/oslo#seats | access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>
The combined municipality and county of Oslo has had a [[parliamentary system]] of government since 1986. The supreme authority of the city is the City Council (''Bystyret''), which has 59 seats. Representatives are popularly elected every four years. The city council has five [[standing committees]], each having its own areas of responsibility.
===Recent elections===
The largest parties in the City Council after the 2015-elections were the Labour Party and the Conservatives, with 20 and 19 representatives respectively. After 2015, the [[Local government|city government]] was a coalition of the Labour Party, the Green Party and the Socialist Left. With support from the Red Party, the coalition maintained a workable majority in the city council. Following the local elections of 2019, the [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] coalition remained in government.
===2023 elections===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| image1            = Stortinget - Oslo, Norway 2021-03-25 (02).jpg
| width1            = 200
| caption1          = [[Parliament of Norway]]
| width2            = 200
| caption2          = [[Oslo City Hall]]
| image2            = Raadhuset Oslo IMG 1403.JPG
}}
After the Conservative Party's substantial gains in the 2023 election, they formed an alliance with the Green Party. With confidence and support from the Christian Democrats and the Progress Party, this alliance was able to form a government.<ref name="m595">{{cite web | title=Valgresultat | website=Valgresultat | url=https://valgresultat.no/valg/2021/st/oslo#seats | access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>
The [[Mayor of Oslo]] chairs the city council and is the highest ranking representative of the city. Because of Oslo's parliamentary system, its mayor fulfills different needs than that of many other cities. Therefore, one of the mayor's most important roles is that of the ceremonial head of the city and its public face, similar to that of the President of the Storting at the national level. The Mayor of Oslo is [[Marianne Borgen]].<ref name="f643">{{cite web | title=Ordføreren | website=Oslo kommune | date=2015-01-09 | url=https://www.oslo.kommune.no/politikk/bystyret/ordforeren/ | language=no | access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>
The [[Governing Mayor of Oslo]] is the head of the City government. The post was created with the implementation of parliamentarism in Oslo and is similar to the role of the prime minister at the national level. The governing mayor is [[Eirik Lae Solberg]].<ref name="m595">{{cite web | title=Valgresultat | website=Valgresultat | url=https://valgresultat.no/valg/2021/st/oslo#seats | access-date=2024-11-23}}</ref>
==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Greater Oslo}}
[[File:Oslo at night.jpg|thumb|Office buildings and apartments in [[Bjørvika]], part of the redesign of former dock and industrial land in Oslo known as the [[Barcode Project]]]]
Oslo has a varied and strong economy and was ranked number one among European large cities in economic potential in the [[fDi Magazine]] report European Cities of the Future 2012.<ref name="fdiintelligence.com" /> It was ranked 2nd in the category of business friendliness, behind Amsterdam.
Oslo is an important centre of maritime knowledge in Europe and is home to approximately 1980 companies and 8,500 employees within the maritime sector. Some of them are the world's largest shipping companies, [[shipbroker]]s, and [[insurance broker]]s.<ref>[http://81.93.161.140/archive/download_eng/01/01/Marit002.pdf Oslo Teknopol Mal<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822153107/https://81.93.161.140/archive/download_eng/01/01/Marit002.pdf|date=22 August 2006}}</ref> [[Det Norske Veritas]], headquartered at [[Høvik]] outside Oslo, is one of the three major maritime [[classification society|classification societies]] in the world, with 16.5% of the world fleet to class in its register.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnv.com/publications/annual_reports/ar_2005/thisis_dnv/index.asp |title=MUrl (Internet) |access-date=6 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729221055/http://www.dnv.com/publications/annual_reports/ar_2005/thisis_dnv/index.asp |archive-date=29 July 2012 }} <!-- --></ref> The city's port is the largest general cargo port in the country and its leading passenger gateway. Close to 6,000 ships dock at the [[Port of Oslo]] annually with a total of 6 million tonnes of cargo and over five million passengers.
The [[GDP]] of Oslo totaled €64&nbsp;billion (€96,000 per capita) in 2016, which amounted to 20% of the national GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/national-accounts/data/database |title=Database – Eurostat |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623210352/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/national-accounts/data/database |url-status=live}}</ref> This compares with [[Norwegian krone|NOK]]253&nbsp;billion (€23 billion) in 1995 (adjusting for 2016 inflation). The metropolitan area, bar [[Moss, Norway|Moss]] and [[Drammen]], contributed 25% of the national GDP in 2003 and was also responsible for more than one quarter of [[tax revenue]]s. In comparison, total tax revenues from the oil and gas industry on the [[Norwegian continental shelf|Norwegian Continental Shelf]] amounted to about 16%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skatteetaten.no/upload/skd%20sm03_engelsk.pdf |title=Norwegian Tax Administration Annual Report 2003 |access-date=8 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318200658/http://www.skatteetaten.no/upload/skd%20sm03_engelsk.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2009 }}</ref>
Oslo is one of the [[List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees|most expensive cities]] in the world.<ref name=priciest>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4669400.stm |title=Oslo 'priciest city in the world' |work=BBC News |date=1 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054332/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4669400.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2006}}, it is ranked tenth according to the Worldwide [[Cost-of-living index|Cost of Living]] Survey provided by [[Mercer Human Resource Consulting]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercerhr.com/pressrelease/details.jhtml/dynamic/idContent/1142150 |title=Mercer: Consulting. Outsourcing. Investments |publisher=Mercerhr.com |access-date=10 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516034338/http://www.mercerhr.com/pressrelease/details.jhtml/dynamic/idContent/1142150 |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> and first according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] (EIU).<ref name=priciest /> The reason for this discrepancy is that the EIU omits certain factors from its final index calculation, most notably housing. In the 2015 update<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=WCOL2015 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living February 2015 – The Economist Intelligence Unit |author=EIU digital solutions |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025610/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=WCOL2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> of the EIU's Worldwide Cost of Living survey, Oslo now ranks as the third most expensive city in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/02/worlds-most-expensive-cities.html |title=These are the world's most expensive cities |work=CNBC |date=2 March 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402170703/http://www.cnbc.com/id/102470661 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Oslo does have the most expensive [[Real estate economics|housing market]] in Norway, it is comparably cheaper than other cities on the list in that regard. Meanwhile, prices on [[goods and services]] remain some of the highest of any city. Oslo hosts 2654 of the largest companies in Norway. Within the ranking of Europe's largest cities ordered by their number of companies Oslo is in fifth position. A whole group of oil and gas companies is situated in Oslo.
According to a report compiled by [[Banking in Switzerland|Swiss bank]] [[UBS]] in the month of August 2006,<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060809/ts_nm/life_cities_dc Yahoo! News] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811042924/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060809/ts_nm/life_cities_dc|date=11 August 2006 }} <!-- --></ref> Oslo and London were the world's most expensive cities.
==Environment and decarbonization==
Oslo is a [[compact city]]. It is easy to move around by public transportation and rentable city bikes accessible to all in many places in the city centre. In 2003, Oslo received The European Sustainable City Award and in 2007 Reader's Digest ranked Oslo as number two on a list of the world's greenest, most livable cities.<ref>{{cite web |author=polymorphing |url=http://sustainable-cities.eu/Sustainable-Cities-Awards-101-2-3-.html |title=Sustainable Cities And Towns Campaign |publisher=Sustainable-cities.eu |access-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501174310/http://sustainable-cities.eu/Sustainable-Cities-Awards-101-2-3-.html |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kahn |first=Matthew |url=http://www.readersdigest.com.au/green-best-and-worst-countries |title=Living Green: Ranking the best (and worst) countries |publisher=Reader's Digest Australia |access-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220130426/http://readersdigest.com.au/green-best-and-worst-countries |archive-date=20 December 2010 }}</ref>
The City of Oslo has set the goal of becoming a low carbon city, and reducing [[Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas emissions]] 95% from 1990 levels by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oslo.kommune.no/politics-and-administration/green-oslo/best-practices/oslo-s-climate-strategy-and-climate-budget/ |title=Oslo's climate strategy and climate budget |website=Oslo kommune |language=en |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228193131/https://www.oslo.kommune.no/politics-and-administration/green-oslo/best-practices/oslo-s-climate-strategy-and-climate-budget/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The climate action plan for the Port of Oslo includes implementing a low-carbon contracting process, and installing [[Shorepower|shore power]] for vessels which are docked.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.klimaoslo.no/wp-content/uploads/sites/88/2019/03/Action-Plan-Port-of-Oslo-as-a-zero-emission-port.pdf |title=Port of Oslo as a Zero Emission Port: Action Plan |last=Department of Business Development and Public Ownership, Oslo kommune |date=June 2019 |website=KlimaOslo |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214064144/https://www.klimaoslo.no/wp-content/uploads/sites/88/2019/03/Action-Plan-Port-of-Oslo-as-a-zero-emission-port.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2019/11/oslo-port-shipping-emissions-climate-plan-electric-ferries/601378/ |title=Oslo's Ambitious Plan to Decarbonize Its Port |last=Lindeman |first=Tracey |date=8 November 2019 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |language=en |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228193126/https://www.citylab.com/environment/2019/11/oslo-port-shipping-emissions-climate-plan-electric-ferries/601378/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
By October 2022, Oslo had an extensive network of bicycle lanes and tram lines, most of its ferry boats had been electrified, and the city was "on course to become the first capital city in the world with an all-electric public transport system", including e-buses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Symons |first=Angela |date=14 October 2022 |title=Oslo set to become first capital with zero-emissions public transport |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/10/14/zero-emissions-public-transport-network-could-be-a-reality-in-oslo-by-end-of-2023 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101045204/https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/10/14/zero-emissions-public-transport-network-could-be-a-reality-in-oslo-by-end-of-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Education==
[[File:"Streifzug" mit der Kamera durch Oslo. 10.jpg|thumb|The faculty of Law, University of Oslo]]
[[File:BI Norwegian School of Management Nydalen Oslo.jpg|thumb|right|BI Norwegian Business School - Oslo campus]]
[[File:UiO 004.jpg|thumb|University of Oslo Library]]
===Institutions of higher education===
*[[University of Oslo]] (Universitetet i Oslo [UiO])—[[bachelor's degree|undergraduate]], [[master's degree|graduate]] and PhD programs in most fields
*[[Oslo Metropolitan University]] (Oslomet – Storbyuniversitetet), established 2018. Formerly [[Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences]] (Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus (HiOA)) (2011–2018) and [[Oslo University College]] (Høgskolen i Oslo) (1994–2011). Focuses on 3–4-year [[First professional degree|professional degree]] programs.
*[[BI Norwegian Business School]] (Handelshøyskolen BI)—primarily economics and [[Management|business administration]]. The former college was granted a university status in 2018.
*[[Kristiania University College]] (Høyskolen Kristiania), a merger of many smaller independent colleges in Oslo, now offers education on bachelor's master's and PhD level in a broad range of subjects.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historien om Kristiania |url=https://historie.kristiania.no/ |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=Høyskolen Kristiania |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523224316/https://historie.kristiania.no/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Oslo School of Architecture and Design]] (Arkitektur-og designhøgskolen i Oslo [AHO])
*[[Norwegian School of Sport Sciences]] (Norges idrettshøgskole [NIH])—offers opportunities to study at the Bachelor, Masters and Doctoral level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nih.no/ |title=Norges idrettshøgskole&nbsp;— forskning og høyere utdanning innenfor idrettsvitenskap&nbsp;— NIH |publisher=Nih.no |access-date=10 June 2009 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309152658/https://www.nih.no// |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Norwegian Academy of Music]] (Norges musikkhøgskole)
*[[MF Norwegian School of Theology]] (Det teologiske Menighetsfakultet – MF)
*[[Oslo National Academy of the Arts]] (Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo or Statens teaterhøgskole – KHIO)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khio.no/ |title=Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo |publisher=Khio.no |date=1 August 2000 |access-date=10 June 2009 |archive-date=26 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626204859/http://hio.no/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Norwegian University of Life Sciences]] (Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet – NMBU) located in Ås, right outside of Oslo<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.umb.no/ |title=Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap&nbsp;— UMB |publisher=Umb.no |access-date=10 June 2009 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309124428/http://www.umb.no// |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Norwegian Military Academy|Norwegian Army Academy]] (Krigsskolen)
*Norwegian Defence University College (Forsvarets høgskole)
*Norwegian Police University College (Politihøgskolen – PHS)
*Oslo Academy of Fine Arts (Statens kunstakademi)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ska-wiki.no/ |title=Ska-Wiki – Ska-Wiki<!-- Bot generated title --> |work=ska-wiki.no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010095815/https://www.ska-wiki.no/ |archive-date=10 October 2007 |access-date=15 April 2007 }}</ref>
The level of education and productivity in the workforce is high in Norway. Nearly half of those with education at tertiary level in Norway live in the Oslo region, placing it among Europe's top three regions in relation to education.
In 2008, the total workforce in the greater Oslo region (5 counties) numbered 1,020,000 people. The greater Oslo region has several higher educational institutions and is home to more than 73,000 students. The University of Oslo is the largest institution for higher education in Norway with 27,400 students and 7,028 employees in total.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uio.no/om/tall-og-fakta/uio-i-tall/ |title=UiO i tall |publisher=uio.no |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054710/https://www.uio.no/om/tall-og-fakta/uio-i-tall/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Culture==
Oslo has a large and varied number of [[voy:Oslo|cultural attractions]], which include several buildings containing artwork from [[Edvard Munch]] and various other international artists but also several [[Norwegian people|Norwegian]] artists. Several world-famous writers have either lived or been born in Oslo. Examples are [[Knut Hamsun]] and [[Henrik Ibsen]]. The government has recently invested large amounts of money in cultural installations, facilities, buildings and festivals in the City of Oslo. [[Bygdøy]], outside the city centre is the centre for history and the Norwegian Vikings' history. The area contains many parks and seasites and many museums. Examples are the [[Fram Museum]], [[Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)|Vikingskiphuset]] and the [[Kon-Tiki Museum]]. Oslo hosts the annual Oslo Freedom Forum, a conference described by ''The Economist'' as "on its way to becoming a human-rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/16219707?story_id=16219707 |newspaper=The Economist |title=A crowded field |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=10 August 2010 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629210338/http://www.economist.com/node/16219707?story_id=16219707 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oslo is also known for giving out the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] every year.
===Food===
{{Expand section|date=August 2017}}
Grønland, the central areas around Youngstorget and Torggata, [[Karl Johans gate]] (the main pedestrian thoroughfare), [[Aker Brygge]] and [[Tjuvholmen]], Sørenga, and the boroughs of [[Frogner]], [[Majorstuen]], [[St. Hanshaugen]] / [[Bislett]], and [[Grünerløkka]] all have a high concentration of cafes and restaurants. There are several food markets, the largest being Mathallen Food Hall at Vulkan with more than 30 specialty shops, cafés, and eateries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vezit.com/oslo-norway/oslo-city-art-fountains-flowers-and-sculptures |title=Oslo: The City of Art, Fountains, Flowers, and Sculptures |publisher=vezit.com |access-date=27 July 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728212426/http://www.vezit.com/oslo-norway/oslo-city-art-fountains-flowers-and-sculptures |url-status=live}}</ref>
As of March 2018 six Oslo restaurants were mentioned in the [[Michelin Guide]]. [[Maaemo]] is the only Norwegian restaurant ever to have been awarded three Michelin stars. Statholdergaarden, Kontrast, and Galt each have one star. Only two restaurants in Oslo have a BIB gourmand mention: Restaurant Eik and Smalhans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oslo wins another Michelin star |url=https://www.newsinenglish.no/2018/02/19/oslo-wins-another-michelin-star/ |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=www.newsinenglish.no |date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001011537/https://www.newsinenglish.no/2018/02/19/oslo-wins-another-michelin-star/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
Due to its proximity to the [[North Sea]], fish and seafood are a staple component of cuisine in Oslo. Many restaurants also serve [[game meat]] year round.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where to eat traditional Norwegian food |url=https://www.visitoslo.com/en/articles/norwegian-restaurants/ }}</ref>
===Museums, galleries===
[[File:Lambda by Akerselvallmenningen and Munchs brygge.jpg|thumb|MUNCH Museum (2020)]]
Oslo houses several major museums and galleries. The [[Munch Museum]] contains ''[[The Scream]]'' and other works by [[Edvard Munch]], who donated all his work to the city after his death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edvardmunch.info/biography-3/ |title=Edvard Munch» Edvard Munch Biography 3 |publisher=Edvardmunch.info |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501174229/http://www.edvardmunch.info/biography-3/ |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city council is planning a new Munch Museum which is most likely to be built in [[Bjørvika]], in the southeast of the city.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web |url=http://www.haveiendom.no/filestore/uppdateringar__og__mars/MUNCH.pdf |title=Munch{{!}}Stenersen |access-date=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529114335/http://www.haveiendom.no/filestore/uppdateringar__og__mars/MUNCH.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2012 }}</ref> The museum will be named [[Munch/Stenersen]].<ref name=autogenerated5 /> 50 different museums are located around the city.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tone |url=http://www.visitoslo.com/en/attractions-and-sights.49105.en.html |title=Attractions: Museums and sights of Oslo, Norway |publisher=Visitoslo.com |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054413/https://www.visitoslo.com/en/attractions-and-sights.49105.en.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Norsk Folkemuseum|Folkemuseet]] is located on the [[Bygdøy]] peninsula and is dedicated to [[Folk art]], Folk Dress, [[Sami people|Sami]] culture and the [[viking]] culture. The outdoor museum contains 155 authentic old buildings from all parts of Norway, including a [[Stave Church]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world66.com/europe/norway/oslo/museums |title=Oslo Museums |work=World66.com |date=18 March 2005 |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501174343/http://www.world66.com/europe/norway/oslo/museums |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The [[Vigeland Museum]] located in the large [[Frogner Park]], is free to access and contains over 212 sculptures by Gustav Vigeland including an obelisk and the Wheel of Life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cosmotourist.com/travel/d/i/2424901/t/oslo/frognerparken-and-vigeland-park/ |title=Frognerparken and Vigeland Park – Oslo |publisher=Cosmotourist |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=1 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501173409/http://www.cosmotourist.com/travel/d/i/2424901/t/oslo/frognerparken-and-vigeland-park/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Another popular sculpture is Sinnataggen, a baby boy stamping his foot in fury. This statue is very well known as an icon in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oslosurf.com/innhold/00000038.shtml |title=Sinnataggen |publisher=Oslosurf.com |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310215920/http://www.oslosurf.com/innhold/00000038.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is also a newer landscaped sculpture park, [[Ekebergparken Sculpture Park]], with works by Norwegian and international artists such as [[Salvador Dalí]].<ref>[http://www.ekebergparken.com/en/ Ekebergparken Sculpture Park] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054448/https://ekebergparken.com/en/|date=8 March 2021 }} Homepage {{in lang|en}}</ref>
[[File:Telemarkstunet Norsk Folkemuseum 0.jpg|right|thumb|Historic buildings at [[Norsk Folkemuseum]]]]
The [[Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)|Viking Ship Museum]] features three [[Viking ship]]s found at Oseberg, Gokstad and Tune and several other unique items from the Viking Age.<ref>{{cite web |author=Norway dot com |url=http://www.norway.com/directories/d_company.asp?id=671 |title=The Viking Ship Museum (Vikingskipshuset), Museums, Oslo Norway Directory |publisher=Norway.com |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527145046/http://www.norway.com/directories/d_company.asp?id=671 |archive-date=27 May 2011 }}</ref> The museum is currently closed for renovation, but will open again in 2026.<ref name="thenorwayguide.com-2022">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |title=Why The Viking Ship Museum Is Closed Until 2026 - The Norway Guide |url=https://thenorwayguide.com/why-the-viking-ship-museum-is-closed/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=thenorwayguide.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002084013/https://thenorwayguide.com/why-the-viking-ship-museum-is-closed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Viking Ship Museum: Closed - Museum of Cultural History |url=https://www.khm.uio.no/english/visit-us/viking-ship-museum/index.html |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=www.khm.uio.no |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406151115/https://www.khm.uio.no/english/visit-us/viking-ship-museum/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The new museum will be called Museum of the Viking Age, and has plans to feature more viking items than at the old location.<ref name="thenorwayguide.com-2022" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Frontpage - Museum of the Viking Age |url=https://www.vikingtidsmuseet.no/english/index.html |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=www.vikingtidsmuseet.no |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002084022/https://www.vikingtidsmuseet.no/english/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Oslo City Museum]] holds a permanent exhibition about the people in Oslo and the history of the city.<ref>{{cite web |author=Norway dot com |url=http://www.norway.com/directories/d_company.asp?id=1742 |title=Oslo City Museum, Museums, Oslo Norway Directory |publisher=Norway.com |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501174550/http://www.norway.com/directories/d_company.asp?id=1742 |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>
The [[Kon-Tiki Museum]] houses [[Thor Heyerdahl]]'s Kon-tiki and Ra II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitnorway.com/en/Product/?pid=28951 |title=The Kon-Tiki Museum – Norway official travel guide |publisher=visitnorway.com |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024052821/http://www.visitnorway.com/en/Product/?pid=28951 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[Fram Museum]] features items from arctic and antarctic expeditions, including the wooden ship [[Fram (ship)|Fram]] used by [[Fridtjof Nansen|Fritjof Nansen]] and [[Roald Amundsen]] during their expeditions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2022 |title=Travel Tip: Fram Museum (The Best Arctic Expedition Museum In Oslo) - The Norway Guide |url=https://thenorwayguide.com/fram-museum/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=thenorwayguide.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002085511/https://thenorwayguide.com/fram-museum/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Exhibitions |url=https://frammuseum.no/our-exhibitions/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=FRAM |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002084019/https://frammuseum.no/our-exhibitions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design|The National Museum]] holds and preserves, exhibits and promotes public knowledge about Norway's most extensive collection of art.<ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/about_the_national_museum/about_the_national_museum/ |title=About the National Museum : Nasjonalmuseet |publisher=Nasjonalmuseet.no |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515153818/http://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/about_the_national_museum/about_the_national_museum/ |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> The museum shows permanent exhibitions of works from its own collections but also temporary exhibitions that incorporate work loaned from elsewhere.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> The National Museums exhibition avenues are the National Gallery, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the National Museum, the Museum of Decorative Arts and the National Museum of Architecture.<ref name=autogenerated6 /> A new National Museum in Oslo will open in 2020 located at [[Oslo Vestbanestasjon|Vestbanen]] behind the [[Nobel Peace Center]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/about_the_national_museum/the_national_museum_at_vestbanen/ |title=The National Museum at Vestbanen : Nasjonalmuseet |publisher=Nasjonalmuseet.no |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515153730/http://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/about_the_national_museum/the_national_museum_at_vestbanen/ |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>
The Nobel Peace Center is an independent organisation opened on 11 June 2005 by the [[King Harald V]] as part of the celebrations to mark Norway's centenary as an independent country.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web |url=http://www.norway.org/ARCHIVE/policy/peace/peacecenter/ |title=Nobel Peace Center Opens in Oslo |publisher=Norway.org |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608151543/http://www.norway.org/ARCHIVE/policy/peace/peacecenter/ |archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> The building houses a permanent exhibition, expanding every year when a new [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner is announced, containing information of every winner in history. The building is mainly used as a communication centre.<ref name=autogenerated4 />
===Music and events===
[[File:Am 11. Juli 2005 wurde in Oslo das Nobel Friedenszentrum eröffnet. 03.jpg|thumb|[[Nobel Peace Center]]]]
Many festivals are held in Oslo, such as Oslo Jazz festival, a six-day [[jazz]] festival which has been held annually in August for the past 25 years.<ref name="OJF">{{cite web |url=http://www.oslojazz.no/indexENG.php |title=Oslo Jazzfestival |last=OJF |work=oslojazz.no |year=2011 |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701021437/http://www.oslojazz.no/indexENG.php |archive-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> Oslo's biggest [[rock music|rock]] festival is Øyafestivalen or simply "Øya". It draws about 60,000 people to the [[Tøyen Park]] east in Oslo and lasts for four days.<ref name="Øya">{{cite web |url=https://oyafestivalen.no/ |title=Øyafestivalen 2021 |website=Øyafestivalen – Øya 2020 |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916082452/https://oyafestivalen.no/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Oslo International [[Church Music]] Festival<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirkemusikkfestivalen.no/index.php?lang=en |title=Oslo Internasjonale kirkemusikkfestival |publisher=Kirkemusikkfestivalen.no |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517105645/http://www.kirkemusikkfestivalen.no/index.php?lang=en |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> has been held annually since 2000. The Oslo [[World Music]] Festival showcases people who are stars in their own country but strangers in Norway. The Oslo [[Chamber Music]] Festival is held in August every year and world-class chamber musicians and soloists gather in Oslo to perform at this festival. The Norwegian Wood Rock Festival is held every year in June in Oslo.
The [[Peace prize|Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony]] is headed by [[Norwegian Nobel Institute|the Institute]]; the award ceremony is held annually in [[Oslo rådhus|The City Hall]] on 10 December.<ref name="NobelPrize">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/award-video.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony 2010 |last=NobelPrize.Org |work=nobelprize.org |year=2011 |access-date=5 July 2011 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814153844/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/award-video.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Even though [[Sami people|Sami]] land is far away from the capital, the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History marks the Sami National Day with a series of activities and entertainment.
The World Cup Biathlon in [[Holmenkollen]] is held every year and here male and female competitors compete against each other in Sprint, Pursuit and Mass Start disciplines.<ref name="Biathlon">{{cite web |url=http://www.visitoslo.com/en/world-cup-biathlon.77706.242653rd17.tlp.html |title=World Cup Biathlon – Official Travel & Visitor's Guide to Oslo, Norway |last=VisitOslo.Com |work=visitoslo.com |year=2011 |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917133809/http://www.visitoslo.com/en/world-cup-biathlon.77706.242653rd17.tlp.html |archive-date=17 September 2011}}</ref>
Other examples of annual events in Oslo are Desucon, a convention focusing on Japanese culture<ref name="Desucon">{{cite web |url=http://www.desu.no/ |title=Desu |last=Desu.No |work=desu.no |year=2011 |language=no |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803022917/http://www.desu.no/ |archive-date=3 August 2011}}</ref> and [[Færderseilasen]], the world's largest overnight regatta with more than 1100 boats taking part every year.<ref name="Færderseilasen">{{cite web |url=http://kns.no/nor/Regatta/Regattasider/Fokus_Bank_Farderseilasen/ |title=Fokus Bank Færderseilasen – KNS |last=KNS.No |work=kns.no |year=2011 |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075423/http://kns.no/nor/Regatta/Regattasider/Fokus_Bank_Farderseilasen/ |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}</ref>
[[Rikard Nordraak]], composer of the [[national anthem of Norway]], was born in Oslo in 1842.
Norway's principal orchestra is the [[Oslo Philharmonic]], based at the [[Oslo Concert Hall]] since 1977. Although it was founded in 1919, the Oslo Philharmonic can trace its roots to the founding of the ''Christiania Musikerforening'' (Christiania Musicians Society) by [[Edvard Grieg]] and [[Johan Svendsen]] in 1879.<ref name="Oslo-Filharmonien">{{cite web |url=http://www.oslofilharmonien.no/lang/en/ |title=Filharmonien |last=Oslo-Filharmonien |work=oslofilharmonien.no |year=2011 |access-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814052414/http://www.oslofilharmonien.no/lang/en/ |archive-date=14 August 2011 }}</ref>
Oslo has hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] twice, in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1996|1996]] and [[Eurovision Song Contest 2010|2010]].
===Performing arts===
[[File:Employees of the Oslo Opera begin arriving at work.jpg|thumb|[[Oslo Opera House]]]]
[[File:Nationaltheatret Oslo Front at Night.jpg|thumb|The National Theatre is the largest theatre in Norway.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.worldflicks.org/nationaltheatret_-_national_theatre.html |title=Nationaltheatret – National Theatre: Photos and videos on Google Maps, the WIKI-way |at=59.914386,10.7342595 |publisher=Wiki.worldflicks.org |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701044312/http://wiki.worldflicks.org/nationaltheatret_-_national_theatre.html |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
Oslo houses over 20 theatres, such as the Norwegian Theatre and the [[National Theatre (Oslo)|National Theatre]] located at Karl Johan Street. The [[National Theatre (Oslo)|National Theatre]] is the largest theatre in Norway and is situated between the royal palace and the parliament building, [[Stortinget]].<ref name=autogenerated3 />
The names of [[Ludvig Holberg]], [[Henrik Ibsen]] and [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]] are engraved on the façade of the building over the main entrance. This theatre represents the actors and play-writers of the country but the songwriters, singers and dancers are represented in the form of a newly opened [[Oslo Opera House]], situated in [[Bjørvika]]. The Opera was opened in 2008 and is a national landmark, designed by the Norwegian architectural firm, [[Snøhetta (company)|Snøhetta]]. There are two houses, together containing over 2000 seats. The building cost 500 million euro to build and took five years to build and is known for being the first [[Opera House]] in the world to let people walk on the roof of the building. The foyer and the roof are also used for concerts as well as the three stages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globetales.com/7-of-the-best-tourist-attractions-in-oslo-norway |title=7 of the Best Tourist Attractions in Oslo, Norway |publisher=Globe Tales |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501173223/http://www.globetales.com/7-of-the-best-tourist-attractions-in-oslo-norway |archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref>
===Literature===
Most great Norwegian authors have lived in Oslo for some period in their life. For instance, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winning author [[Sigrid Undset]] grew up in Oslo, and described her life there in the autobiographical novel ''Elleve år'' (1934; translated as ''The Longest Years''; New York 1971).
The playwright [[Henrik Ibsen]] is probably the most famous Norwegian author. Ibsen wrote plays such as ''[[Hedda Gabler]]'', ''[[Peer Gynt]]'', ''[[A Doll's House]]'' and ''[[The Lady from the Sea]]''. The [[Ibsen quotes, Oslo|Ibsen Quotes]] project completed in 2008 is a work of art consisting of 69 Ibsen quotations in stainless steel lettering which have been set into the granite sidewalks of the city's central streets.<ref name=okland>{{cite web |title=Ibsen som jålete graffiti |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/article2645410.ece |last=Økland |first=Ingunn |date=10 September 2008 |work=[[Aftenposten]] |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504062414/http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/article2645410.ece |archive-date=4 May 2011 }}</ref>
In recent years, novelists like [[Lars Saabye Christensen]], [[Tove Nilsen]], [[Suresh Chandra Shukla]], [[Jo Nesbø]] and [[Roy Jacobsen]] have described the city and its people in their novels. Early 20th-century literature from Oslo include poets [[Rudolf Nilsen]] and [[André Bjerke]].
===Media===
The newspapers {{Lang|no|[[Aftenposten]], {{lang|no|[[Dagbladet]]}}, [[Verdens Gang]], [[Dagens Næringsliv]]}}, ''[[Finansavisen]]'', {{Lang|no|[[Dagsavisen]]}}, ''[[Morgenbladet]]'', {{Lang|no|[[Vårt Land (Norwegian newspaper)|Vårt Land]], [[Nationen]] and [[Klassekampen]]}} are published in Oslo. The main office of the national broadcasting company [[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|NRK]] is located at [[Marienlyst]] in Oslo, near [[Majorstuen]], and NRK also has regional services via both radio and television. [[TVNorge]] (TVNorway) is also located in Oslo, while [[TV 2 (Norway)|TV 2]] (based in [[Bergen]]) and [[TV3 (Norway)|TV3]] (based in London) operate branch offices in central Oslo. There is also a variety of specialty publications and smaller media companies. A number of magazines are produced in Oslo. The two dominant companies are [[Aller Media]] and [[Hjemmet Mortensen AB]].
===Sports===
[[File:LIverpool VS Lyn Bislett Stadion.jpg|thumb|[[Bislett Stadium]] during a friendly between [[Lyn Oslo]] and [[Liverpool F.C.]]]]
Oslo is home to the [[Holmenkollen National Arena]] and [[Holmenkollbakken]], the country's main [[biathlon]] and [[Nordic skiing]] venues. It hosts annual world cup tournaments, including the [[Holmenkollen Ski Festival]]. Oslo hosted the [[Biathlon World Championships]] in [[Biathlon World Championships 1986|1986]], [[Biathlon World Championships 1990|1990]], [[Biathlon World Championships 2000|2000]], [[Biathlon World Championships 2002|2002]] and [[Biathlon World Championships 2016|2016]]. [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]] have been hosted in [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1930|1930]], [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1966|1966]], [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1982|1982]] and [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011|2011]], as well as the [[1952 Winter Olympics]].
Oslo is the home of several football clubs in the [[Norwegian football league system|Norwegian league system]]. [[Vålerenga Fotball|Vålerenga]], [[FK Lyn|Lyn]] and [[Skeid Fotball|Skeid]] have won both the [[Norwegian Premier League|league]] and the [[Norwegian Football Cup|cup]], [[KFUM-Kameratene Oslo|KFUM-Kameratene]] entered the [[Eliteserien|top division]] in 2024. while Mercantile SFK and [[Frigg Oslo FK|Frigg]] have won the cup.
[[Ullevål Stadion]] is the home arena for the [[Norwegian national football team|Norway national team]] and the [[Norwegian Football Cup|Football Cup Final]]. The stadium has previously hosted the finals of the [[UEFA Women's Championship]] in [[1987 European Competition for Women's Football|1987]] and [[UEFA Women's Euro 1997|1997]], and the [[2002 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship]].<ref name=historikk>{{cite web |url=http://www.ullevaal-stadion.no/index.asp?id=26090 |author=Ullevaal Stadion |title=Historikk |access-date=10 June 2009 |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202004715/http://www.ullevaal-stadion.no/index.asp?id=26090 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Røa IL]] is Oslo's only team in the women's league, [[Toppserien]]. Each year, the international youth football tournament [[Norway Cup]] is held on [[Ekebergsletta]] and other places in the city.
Due to the cold climate and proximity to major forests bordering the city, skiing is a popular recreational activity in Oslo. The [[Tryvann Ski Resort]] is the most used ski resort in Norway.<ref name=obl1>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2010 |title=Tryvann Vinterpark |encyclopedia=Oslo byleksikon |edition=5th |editor=[[Tvedt, Knut Are]] |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |page=582 |isbn=978-82-573-1760-7 |language=no}}</ref> The most successful [[ice hockey]] team in Norway, [[Vålerenga Ishockey]], is based in Oslo. [[Manglerud Star]] is another Oslo-team who play in the [[GET-ligaen|top league]].
[[Bislett Stadium]] is the city's main track and field venue, and hosts the annual [[Bislett Games]], part of [[Diamond League]]. [[Bjerke Travbane]] is the main venue for [[harness racing]] in the country. [[Oslo Spektrum]] is used for large [[ice hockey]] and [[team handball|handball]] matches. [[Nordstrand IF|Nordstrand HE]] and [[Oppsal IF]] plays in the women's [[GRUNDIGligaen (women)|GRUNDIGligaen]] in handball, while [[Bækkelagets SK|Bækkelaget HE]] plays in the [[GRUNDIGligaen|men's league]]. [[Jordal Amfi]], the home of the ice hockey team [[Vålerenga Ishockey]], and the [[Norway men's national ice hockey team|national team]]. The [[1999 IIHF World Championship]] in ice hockey were held in Oslo, as have three [[Bandy World Championship]]s, in [[1961 Bandy World Championship|1961]], [[1977 Bandy World Championship|1977]] and [[1985 Bandy World Championship|1985]]. The [[UCI Road World Championships]] in [[bicycle road racing]] were hosted [[1993 UCI Road World Championships|1993]].
Oslo is also home to the [[Oslo Pretenders Sportsklubb]], a club that hosts a [[baseball]], [[softball]], [[basketball]], and [[disc golf]] teams. The baseball team has won 21 Norwegian Cup Championships and 18 Norwegian Baseball League titles. They participate in the [[European Cup (baseball)|European Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.oslopretenders.com/history |website=Oslo Pretenders |access-date=31 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025630/https://www.oslopretenders.com/history |url-status=live}}</ref>
Oslo was [[Oslo bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics|bidding]] to host the [[2022 Winter Olympics]], but later withdrew on 2 October 2014.
===Tourism===
In 2018 Oslo is named one of Lonely Planet's Top Ten Cities. The travel guide's best-selling yearbook Best in Travel has selected Oslo as one of the ten best cities in the world to visit in 2018, citing the Norwegian capital's "innovative architecture and unmissable museums alongside cool bars, bistros and cafés".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitoslo.com/en/product/?TLp=1261397 |title=Oslo, Norway – Official travel guide |website=www.visitoslo.com |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603044922/https://www.visitoslo.com/en/product/?TLp=1261397 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Crime==
[[File:Norges Høyesterett Supreme Court of Norway.jpg|thumb|Norway Supreme Court]]
Oslo is commonly regarded as one of the safest capitals in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Sean |date=6 February 2022 |title=Is Oslo a safe city? (Here are the facts) |url=https://planetnorway.com/oslo-safety/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Planet Norway |language=en-us |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411180227/https://planetnorway.com/oslo-safety/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cristina |date=31 January 2022 |title=Safest Cities In Europe: Travel Safely To These 9 Cities |url=https://www.jtgtravel.com/europe/safest-cities-in-europe/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Journeying The Globe |language=en-US |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004173535/https://www.jtgtravel.com/europe/safest-cities-in-europe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Oslo Police District]] received {{formatnum:72102}} reported crimes in 2020, and crime is generally on the decrease in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anmeldte lovbrudd og ofre |url=https://www.ssb.no/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/kriminalitet-og-rettsvesen/statistikk/anmeldte-lovbrudd-og-ofre |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=SSB |language=nb |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630055855/https://www.ssb.no/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/kriminalitet-og-rettsvesen/statistikk/anmeldte-lovbrudd-og-ofre |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="www.faktisk.no-2022">{{Cite web |title=Er Oslo blitt en utrygg by? |url=https://www.faktisk.no/artikler/z4mpy/er-oslo-blitt-en-utrygg-by |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=www.faktisk.no |language=no |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707164844/https://www.faktisk.no/artikler/z4mpy/er-oslo-blitt-en-utrygg-by |url-status=live }}</ref> The category of reported crime that's decreasing the quickest in Oslo is property theft.<ref name="www.faktisk.no-2022" /> 11.6% of all crimes in Norway are reported to be within Oslo's six central boroughs, as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nyheter |first=Av NTB |title=12 prosent av kriminaliteten i Norge skjer i disse bydelene – politiet har forklaringen |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/innenriks/2020/01/30/12-prosent-av-kriminaliteten-i-norge-skjer-i-sentrale-deler-av-oslo/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Dagsavisen |date=30 January 2020 |language=no |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630061358/https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/innenriks/2020/01/30/12-prosent-av-kriminaliteten-i-norge-skjer-i-sentrale-deler-av-oslo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Police ===
[[File:Grønlandsleiret 44 – Grønland politistasjon (21. oktober 2018).jpg|thumb|Grønland police station]]
[[Oslo Police District]] is Norway's largest police district with over 2,300 employees. Over 1,700 of those are police officers, nearly 140 police lawyers and 500 civilian employees. Oslo Police District has five police stations located around the city at Grønland, Sentrum, Stovner, Majorstuen and Manglerud. The [[National Criminal Investigation Service (Norway)|National Criminal Investigation Service]] is located in Oslo, which is a Norwegian special police division under the [[Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police|NMJP]]. [[Politiets sikkerhetstjeneste|PST]] is also located in the Oslo District. PST is a security agency which was established in 1936 and is one of the non-secret agencies in Norway.
=== Terrorist attacks ===
{{Main|2011 Norway attacks|2022 Oslo shooting}}
* One part of the [[2011 Norway attacks]] occurred within the Oslo centre on 22 July 2011. The [[Regjeringskvartalet|Oslo government offices]] were bombed by a [[neo-Nazi]] with political motives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/07/2-explosions-at-norway-government-building-pm-unharmed.html |title=7 Dead in Oslo Explosion; 80 Killed in Shooting at Camp |publisher=PBS |access-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722215056/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/07/2-explosions-at-norway-government-building-pm-unharmed.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref>
==Transport==
{{Main|Transportation in Oslo}}
[[File:Oslo S aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Oslo S|Oslo Central Station]]|194x194px]]
===Public transport===
Oslo has Norway's most extensive public transport system, managed by [[Ruter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruter.no/Om-Ruter-As/ |title=Om Ruter |publisher=[[Ruter]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307000751/http://ruter.no/Om-Ruter-As/ |archive-date=7 March 2010 }}</ref> This includes the five-line [[Oslo Metro]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/T-bane/ |title=T-banen – forstadsbane og storbymetro |publisher=[[Ruter]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206002112/http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/T-bane/ |archive-date=6 December 2010 }}</ref> the world's most extensive metro per resident; the six-line [[Trams in Oslo|Oslo Tramway]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Trikk/ |title=Trikk |publisher=[[Ruter]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206090439/http://ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Trikk/ |archive-date=6 December 2010 }}</ref> and the eight-line [[Oslo Commuter Rail]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/Lokaltogkart%20A4.pdf |title=Network map commuter trains |publisher=[[Vy|NSB]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029104215/http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/Lokaltogkart%20A4.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> The tramway operates within the areas close to the city centre, while the metro, which runs underground through the city centre, operates to suburbs further away; this includes two lines that operate to Bærum, and the [[Ring Line (Oslo)|Ring Line]] which loops to areas north of the centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avinet.no/Oslopakke2/database/faktaark_ny.aspx?id=46 |title=T-baneringen |publisher=[[Oslo Package 2]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501173155/http://www.avinet.no/Oslopakke2/database/faktaark_ny.aspx?id=46 |archive-date=1 May 2011 }}</ref> Oslo is also covered by a bus network consisting of 52 city lines, as well as regional buses to the neighboring county of Akershus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rutetabeller og linjekart for buss i Oslo |url=https://ruter.no/reise/rutetabeller-og-linjekart/buss-i-oslo/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Ruter |language=no |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630050801/https://ruter.no/reise/rutetabeller-og-linjekart/buss-i-oslo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Oslo Central Station]] acts as the central hub,<ref name=romplan>{{cite web |url=https://www.jernbanedirektoratet.no/contentassets/52e617297a3a4f21a8441e5e59caf6f3/concept-study-oslo-hub-short-version.pdf |publisher=[[Norwegian Railway Directorate]] |title=CONCEPT STUDY OSLO HUB |access-date=1 May 2019}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and offers rail services to most major cities in southern Norway as well as [[Stockholm]] and [[Gothenburg]] in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/NSB%20Map.pdf |title=Network map |publisher=[[Vy|NSB]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827025855/http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/NSB%20Map.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2010}}</ref> The [[Flytoget|Airport Express Train]] operates along the high-speed [[Gardermoen Line]]. The [[Drammen Line]] runs under the city centre in the [[Oslo Tunnel]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Bjørn |last=Holøs |title=Stasjoner i sentrum |year=1990 |publisher=Gyldendal Norsk Forlagg |location=Oslo |language=no |isbn=82-05-19082-8 |page=182}}</ref> Some of the city islands and the neighbouring municipality of [[Nesodden]] are connected by ferry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Bat/ |title=Båt til jobb og skole, eller bad og utflukt |publisher=[[Ruter]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211041834/http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Bat/ |archive-date=11 December 2010 }}</ref> Daily [[cruiseferry]] services operate to [[Copenhagen]] and [[Frederikshavn]] in Denmark, and to [[Kiel]] in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oslohavn.no/passasjerer/ |title=Passasjer/turist |publisher=[[Port of Oslo]] |access-date=1 December 2010 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501174323/http://www.oslohavn.no/passasjerer/ |archive-date=1 May 2011 }}</ref>
=== Airports ===
{{Main|Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Sandefjord Airport, Torp}}
{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+Airports around Oslo
|-
!Airport
!IATA/ICAO
!Distance to Oslo
!Passengers (2018)
|-
|[[Oslo-Gardermoen|Gardermoen]]
|'''OSL/ENGM'''
|{{cvt|47|km}}
|28,518,584
|-
|[[Oslo-Torp|Torp]]
|'''TRF/ENTO'''
|{{cvt|110|km}}
|1,963,000
|-
|[[Oslo-Rygge|Rygge]] <br />{{small|(closed 2016)}}
|'''RYG/ENRY'''
|{{cvt|69|km}}
|0 (1,890,889 in 2013)
|}
The main airport serving Oslo is [[Oslo Airport, Gardermoen|Gardermoen Airport]], located in [[Ullensaker]], {{cvt|47|km}} from the city centre of Oslo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administration |url=http://www.osl.no/en/osl/aboutus/80_Airport+administration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124141331/http://www.osl.no/en/osl/aboutus/80_Airport%2Badministration |archive-date=24 January 2010 |access-date=19 January 2010 |publisher=Oslo Lufthavn }}</ref> It acts as the main international gateway to Norway,<ref name="stat2010">{{cite web |title=Market |url=http://www.osl.no/en/osl/businesstobusiness/_airlines/10_Market |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124135225/http://www.osl.no/en/osl/businesstobusiness/_airlines/10_Market |archive-date=24 November 2009 |access-date=19 January 2010 |publisher=Oslo Lufthavn}}</ref> and is, as of 2021, ranked as the 23rd [[List of the busiest airports in Europe|busiest airport in Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics – Avinor|url=https://avinor.no/contentassets/24814d07f53146d48864b5b1f0d6a44e/passengers-2021.xlsx|website=avinor.no|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122102602/https://avinor.no/contentassets/24814d07f53146d48864b5b1f0d6a44e/passengers-2021.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> Gardermoen is a hub for [[Scandinavian Airlines]], [[Norwegian Air Shuttle]] and [[Widerøe]]. Oslo is also served by a secondary airport, [[Sandefjord Airport, Torp|Torp Airport]], {{cvt|110|km}} from the city,<ref>{{cite web |author=Sandefjord Lufthavn |title=How do I get to Sandefjord Airport Torp? |url=http://www.torp.no/Pages/Artikkel.aspx?pkMenu=131&pksMenu=143&Language=EN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316072052/http://www.torp.no/Pages/Artikkel.aspx?pkMenu=131&pksMenu=143&Language=EN |archive-date=16 March 2009 |access-date=24 October 2009 }}</ref> which serves some [[low-cost carriers]].
===Roads and automobiles===
Many of the motorways pass through the downtown and other parts of the city in tunnels. The construction of the roads is partially supported through a [[toll road|toll ring]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bompenger |url=https://www.vegvesen.no/trafikkinformasjon/reiseinformasjon/bompenger/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Statens vegvesen |language=nb |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630044332/https://www.vegvesen.no/trafikkinformasjon/reiseinformasjon/bompenger/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The major motorways through Oslo are [[European route E6|European Route E6]] and [[European route E18|E18]]. There are three [[ring road]]s in Oslo; the innermost 2 being city streets and the outermost, [[Ring 3 (Oslo)|Ring 3]], being an [[Limited-access road|expressway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oslo toll ring / toll plazas |url=http://www.visitoslo.com/en/transport/by-car/toll-ring/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=www.visitoslo.com |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626162950/https://www.visitoslo.com/en/transport/by-car/toll-ring/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ring 3 – Oslo Byleksikon |url=https://oslobyleksikon.no/side/Ring_3 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=oslobyleksikon.no |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630044628/https://oslobyleksikon.no/side/Ring_3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Oslo has made an effort since the late 2000s in restricting private car use, as well promoting the use of [[electric vehicle]]s above fossil-fueled vehicles. In 2018, Oslo banned all non-resident cars from its downtown areas.<ref name="Jones-2018">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2018 |title='It's the only way forward': Madrid bans polluting vehicles from city centre |url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/nov/30/its-the-only-way-forward-madrid-bans-polluting-vehicles-from-city-centre |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607170301/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/nov/30/its-the-only-way-forward-madrid-bans-polluting-vehicles-from-city-centre |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wolfe |first=Jonathan |date=19 December 2018 |title=Oslo Puts Up a Stop Sign |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/travel/oslo-restricts-cars-in-city-center.html |access-date=7 June 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154048/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/travel/oslo-restricts-cars-in-city-center.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Oslo has been called the electric vehicle capital of the world, as 41% of all registered cars in the municipality are fully electric.<ref name="Crosse-2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/how-oslo-became-worlds-electric-vehicle-capital |title=How Oslo became the world's electric vehicle capital |language=en |date=22 August 2018 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706161549/https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/how-oslo-became-worlds-electric-vehicle-capital |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ssb.no/kommunefakta/oslo |title=Kommunefakta Oslo |language=no |date=1 January 2022 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117001140/https://www.ssb.no/kommunefakta/oslo |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2021, the number of electric vehicles entering Oslo's toll ring was higher than the number of fossil-fueled vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bil24.no/historisk-veiskille-for-elbiler-i-oslo/?amp |title=Historisk veiskille for elbiler i Oslo |language=no |date=15 October 2021 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001135153/https://bil24.no/historisk-veiskille-for-elbiler-i-oslo/?amp |url-status=live }}</ref> The high amount of electric vehicles in Oslo can be attributed to cheaper tolls, no vehicle import tax, no [[VAT]], free parking, and access to [[bus lane]]s throughout the city.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=January 7 |first1=Christina Bu |last2=Est |first2=2022 7:00 Am |title=What Norway Can Teach the World About Electric Vehicles |url=https://time.com/6133180/norway-electric-vehicles/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702044630/https://time.com/6133180/norway-electric-vehicles/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crosse-2018" />
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Oslo}}
[[File:Population pyramid of Oslo in 2022.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of Oslo in 2022]]
[[File:Oslo population.svg|left|thumb|Population of Oslo from 1801 to 2006, with yearly data from 1950 to 2006.]]
{{Historical populations
|footnote='''Source''': [http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/02/folkendrhist_en/tables/tab/03.html Statistics Norway].<ref name="Stats2015 a" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=0&tilside=selecttable/hovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=folkfram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023110552/http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=0&tilside=selecttable/hovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=folkfram |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2013 |title=Projected population – Statistics Norway |publisher=Statbank.ssb.no |access-date=23 July 2011 }}</ref>
|shading=off
|cols=2
|1500|2500
|1801|8931
|1855|31715
|1890|151239
|1951|434365
|1961|475663
|1971|481548
|1981|452023
|1991|461644
|2001|508726
|2011|599230
|2017|672061
|2022|707531}}
{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Number of minorities (1st and 2nd gen.) in Oslo county by country of origin in 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/selectvarval/Define.asp?subjectcode=&ProductId=&MainTable=FolkInnvkatLand&nvl=&PLanguage=1&nyTmpVar=true&CMSSubjectArea=befolkning&KortNavnWeb=innvbef&StatVariant=&checked=true |title=Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by immigration category, country background and percentages of the population |publisher=ssb.no |access-date=26 June 2017 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702101705/https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/selectvarval/Define.asp?subjectcode=&ProductId=&MainTable=FolkInnvkatLand&nvl=&PLanguage=1&nyTmpVar=true&CMSSubjectArea=befolkning&KortNavnWeb=innvbef&StatVariant=&checked=true |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Nationality||Population (2023)
|-
|{{flagu|Pakistan}} ||22,330
|-
|{{flagu|Somalia}} ||17,455
|-
|{{flagu|Poland}} ||16,070
|-
|{{flagu|Sweden}} ||11,266
|-
|{{flagu|Iraq}} ||8,278
|-
|{{flagu|India}} ||7,731
|-
|{{flagu|Morocco}} ||6,938
|-
|{{flagu|Iran}} ||6,808
|-
|{{flagu|Vietnam}} ||6,570
|-
|{{flagu|Philippines}} ||6,565
|-
|{{flagu|Turkey}} ||6,423
|-
|{{flagu|Sri Lanka}} ||6,394
|-
|{{flagu|Russia}} ||4,739
|-
|{{flagu|Eritrea}} ||4,609
|-
|{{flagu|Afghanistan}} ||4,469
|}
The population of Oslo was by 2010 increasing at a record rate of nearly 2% annually (17% over the last 10 years), making it the fastest-growing Scandinavian capital.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ole Kristian Nordengen Hanne Waaler Lier Pål V. Hagesæther |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article1139976.ece |title=Om 15 år kan det bo 100 000 flere i Oslo |publisher=Aftenposten.no |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504062450/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article1139976.ece |archive-date=4 May 2011 }}</ref> In 2015, according to [[Statistics Norway]] annual report, there were {{formatnum:647676}} permanent residents in the Oslo municipality, of which {{formatnum:628719}} resided in the city proper. There were also {{formatnum:1019451}} in the city's urban area<ref name="Stats2015 b" /><ref name="Stats2015 a">{{cite web |date=19 February 2015 |title=Population, 1 January 2015 |url=http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar/2015-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=218738 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125714/http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar/2015-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=218738 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=13 October 2015 |work=Statistics Norway}}</ref><ref name="OneMil">{{cite news |author=Pål Vegard Hagesæther |date=2 December 2018 |title=Nå bor det over én million i Stor-Oslo |newspaper=Aftenposten |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/osloby/i/21763y/Na-bor-det-over-n-million-i-Stor-Oslo |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203210844/https://www.aftenposten.no/osloby/i/21763y/Na-bor-det-over-n-million-i-Stor-Oslo |archive-date=3 December 2018}}</ref> and an estimated {{formatnum:1710000}} in the Greater Oslo Region, within {{cvt|100|km|0}} of the city centre.<ref name="regjeringen2010"/>
According to the most recent census {{formatnum:432000}} Oslo residents (70.4% of the population) were ethnically Norwegian, an increase of 6% since 2002 ({{formatnum:409000}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no/getfile.php/byrådsavdeling%20for%20finans%20(FIN)/Internett%20(FIN)/Dokumenter/statistikk/planxogxanalyseseksjonen/statistikk/statistikk2002/pdf2002/aarbok_2002_kap02.pdf |title=utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no}}</ref> Oslo has the largest population of immigrants and Norwegians born to immigrant parents in Norway, both in relative and absolute figures. Of Oslo's {{formatnum:624000}} inhabitants, {{formatnum:189400}} were immigrants or born to immigrant parents, representing 30.4 percent of the capital's population. All suburbs in Oslo were above the national average of 14.1 percent. The suburbs with the highest proportions of people of immigrant origin were Søndre Nordstrand, Stovner and Alna, where they formed around 50 percent of the population.<ref>Kristoffer Fredriksen: [http://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2013] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720163426/http://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef|date=20 July 2017 }} SSB, January 2013</ref>
[[Pakistani Norwegians|Pakistanis]] make up the single largest [[ethnic minority]], followed by [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Somali people|Somalis]], and
[[Swedes]]. Other large immigrant groups are people from [[Sri Lanka]], [[Vietnamese Norwegians|Vietnam]], [[Turkey]], [[Morocco]], [[Iraqi Norwegian|Iraq]] & [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Kurdistan region]] and [[Iran]] & [[Kurdistan Province|Kordestan province]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article2526653.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709135929/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article2526653.ece |url-status=dead |title=25 prosent av alle som bor i Oslo er innvandrere – Nyheter – Oslo – Aftenposten.no |archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef |title=Polakker den største innvandrergruppen |language=no |publisher=Ssb.no |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-date=15 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215042313/http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/arkiv/tab-2009-04-30-11.html |title=Tabell 11 Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre, etter landbakgrunn (de 20 største gruppene). Utvalgte kommuner. 1. januar 2009 |language=no |publisher=Ssb.no |access-date=22 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200427/http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/arkiv/tab-2009-04-30-11.html |archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://nyhuus.deich.folkebibl.no/deichman/dfb/sprakland.html Folkebibl.no] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609164119/http://nyhuus.deich.folkebibl.no/deichman/dfb/sprakland.html|date=9 June 2007 }} {{in lang|no}}</ref>
In 2013, 40% of Oslo's primary school pupils were registered as having a [[first language]] other than Norwegian or [[Sami languages|Sami]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.utdanningsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/getfile.php/utdanningsetaten%20(UDE)/Internett%20(UDE)/EFP/Dokumenter/Antall%20elever%20fra%20språklige%20minoriteter%20i%20grunnskolen%2020122013.pdf |title=Minoritetsspråklige elever i Osloskolen 2012/2013 |work=Undervisningsetaten |date=4 January 2013 |last=Oslo kommune |first=Undervisningsetaten |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131062114/http://www.utdanningsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/getfile.php/utdanningsetaten%20%28UDE%29/Internett%20%28UDE%29/EFP/Dokumenter/Antall%20elever%20fra%20spr%C3%A5klige%20minoriteter%20i%20grunnskolen%2020122013.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The western part of the city is predominantly ethnic Norwegian, with several schools having less than 5% pupils with an immigrant background.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} The eastern part of Oslo is more mixed, with some schools up to 97% of immigrant background.In the borough of [[Grorud Valley|Groruddalen]] in 2008 for instance, the ethnic Norwegian population decreased by 1,500, while the immigrant population increased by 1,600.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article3424942.ece |title=Ola og Kari flytter fra innvandrerne |work=Aftenposten |date=15 December 2009 |last=Slettholm |first=Andreas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155245/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article3424942.ece |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref>
As of 2022, immigrants of non-Western origin and their children enumerated 164,824, and made up an estimated 24% of Oslo's population.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=09817: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by immigration category, in total and separately, country background and percentages of the population (M) 2010 - 2023. Statbank Norway |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/system/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=SSB |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=09817: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by immigration category, in total and separately, country background and percentages of the population (M) 2010 - 2023. Statbank Norway |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/system/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=SSB |language=en}}</ref>
Immigrants of Western origin and their children enumerated 71,858, and made up an estimated 10% of the city's population. Immigrants made up a total of 35% of Oslo's population in 2022.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/innvandrere/statistikk/innvandrere-og-norskfodte-med-innvandrerforeldre |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=SSB |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526153643/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/innvandrere/statistikk/innvandrere-og-norskfodte-med-innvandrerforeldre |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Oslo (1 January 2019)<ref name="oslo medlemmar">{{cite web |url=http://statistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no/webview/velocity?mode=cube&v=2&study=http%3A%2F%2F192.168.101.44%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FNPS-medlemmer-trossamfunn&cube=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfCube%2FNPS-medlemmer-trossamfunn_C1 |title=Medlemmer i tros- og livssynssamfunn som mottar offentlig støtte |language=no |publisher=Oslo kommune Statistikkbanken |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520221300/http://statistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no/webview/velocity?mode=cube&v=2&study=http%3A%2F%2F192.168.101.44%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FNPS-medlemmer-trossamfunn&cube=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfCube%2FNPS-medlemmer-trossamfunn_C1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="oslo population">{{cite web |url=http://statistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no/webview/velocity?v=2&mode=cube&cube=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfCube%2FBe01-Befolkningen-etter-bydel-kjonn-og-alder-SSB_C1&study=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FBe01-Befolkningen-etter-bydel-kjonn-og-alder-SSB |title=Folkemengden etter kjønn og alder (B) (2004–2019) |language=no |publisher=Oslo kommune Statistikkbanken |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520222959/http://statistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no/webview/velocity?v=2&mode=cube&cube=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfCube%2FBe01-Befolkningen-etter-bydel-kjonn-og-alder-SSB_C1&study=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FBe01-Befolkningen-etter-bydel-kjonn-og-alder-SSB |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Church of Norway]] |Blue|48.7}}
{{bar percent|Other Christian denominations|Purple|8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]] |Green|9.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]] |Yellow|0.6}}
{{bar percent|Other religions|Red|1.1}}
{{bar percent|Life stance communities|Orange|2.8}}
{{bar percent|Unaffiliated|Aquamarine|28.9}}
}}
Oslo has numerous religious communities. In 2019, 48.7% of the population were members of the [[Church of Norway]], lower than the national average of 69.9%.<ref>[https://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/kirke_kostra/aar Church of Norway – main figures] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142905/https://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/kirke_kostra/aar|date=12 June 2018 }} 14 June 2019 Statistics Norway</ref> Members of other Christian denominations make up 8.4% of the population. Islam was followed by 9.5%<ref>{{Cite web |title=08531: Members of congregations in religious and philosophical communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/philosophy (C) 2010 - 2020. Statbank Norway |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/system/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=SSB |language=en}}</ref> and Buddhism by 0.6% of the population. Adherents of other religions formed 1.1% of the population. Life stance communities, mainly the [[Norwegian Humanist Association]], were represented by 2.8% of the population. 28.9% of the Oslo population were unaffiliated with any religion or life stance community.<ref name="oslo medlemmar"/><ref name="oslo population"/>
{{clear|left}}
==Notable residents==
{{Maincat|People from Oslo}}
===Public figures===
*[[Niels Juel]] (1629–1697), Danish-Norwegian admiral and Danish naval hero<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Juel, Niels | volume= 15 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain| page = 544 |short= 1 }}</ref>
*[[Fridtjof Nansen]] (1861–1930), polar explorer, scientist, diplomat, [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Nobel peace prize laureate]]
*[[Vilhelm Bjerknes]] (1862–1951), physicist and meteorologist, founded weather forecasting
*[[Einar Woxen]] (1878–1937), barrister and journalist
*[[Margrethe Parm]] (1882–1966), Christian leader and scout leader
*[[Margit Haslund]] (1885–1963), women's advocate, local politician and first female city Mayor
*[[Ragnar Frisch]] (1895–1973), economist, [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize laureate]] in 1969
*[[Trygve Lie]] (1896–1968), politician, first [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
*[[Lars Onsager]] (1903–1976), physical chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize laureate]] in 1968
*[[Johan Galtung]] (born 1930), sociologist, founder of [[peace and conflict studies]]
*[[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] (born 1939), former [[Prime Minister of Norway]] and Director-General of [[World Health Organization|WHO]] 1998–2003
*[[Mette Kongshem]] (born 1941), diplomat and politician
*[[Eva Joly]] (born 1943), magistrate, politician and [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]
*[[John Fredriksen]] (born 1944), shipping magnate
*[[Frank Murud]] (born 1955), former Oslo chief of real estate
*[[Fabian Stang]] (born 1955), lawyer and politician, Mayor of Oslo 2007–2015
*[[Jens Stoltenberg]] (born 1959), former [[Prime Minister of Norway]], Secretary General of [[NATO]]
*[[Børge Ousland]] (born 1962), polar explorer, writer; first person to cross the Antarctic solo
*[[Erling Kagge]] (born 1963) polar explorer, author, lawyer, art collector, entrepreneur and politician
*[[Nediyavan]] (born 1976), Tamil militant and the current [[de jure]] leader of the International wing of the [[Tamil Tigers]]
*[[Souhaila Andrawes]], former terrorist and Lebanese member of the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]
===Arts===
[[File:Henrik Ibsen av Eilif Peterssen 1895.jpg|140px|thumb|[[Henrik Ibsen]], 1895]]
[[File:Edvard Munch 1933.jpg|140px|thumb|[[Edvard Munch]], 1933]]
*[[Øystein Aarseth]] (1968–1993), stage name ''[[Euronymous]]'', Black Metal musician
*[[Peter Christen Asbjørnsen]] (1812–1885), writer and scholar<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Asbjörnsen, Peter Christen|volume=2|last=Gosse|first=Edmund William |author-link=Edmund Gosse|page=715|short=1}}</ref>
*[[Rosa Asmundsen]] (1846–1911), actress and singer<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jensson|first1=Liv |title=Biografisk skuespillerleksikon : norske, danske og svenske skuespillere på norske scener særlig på 1800-tallet|date=1981|publisher=Universitetsforl|isbn=8200056228 |page=18|url=https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2013042906062?page=19|language=no}}</ref>
*[[Mette Bull]] (1876–1946), actress<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jensson|first1=Liv|title=Biografisk skuespillerleksikon : norske, danske og svenske skuespillere på norske scener særlig på 1800-tallet|date=1981|publisher=Universitetsforl |isbn=8200056228|page=35|url=https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2013042906062?page=35|language=no}}</ref>
*[[Jacobine Gjertz]] (1819–1862), pianist, composer and writer<ref>{{cite web|title=Jacobine Gjertz|url=https://snl.no/Jacobine_Gjertz|website=Store Norske Leksikon |date=18 June 2024 |language=no}}</ref>
*[[Hans Gude]] (1825–1903), Norwegian romanticist landscape painter<ref>{{cite book |last=Haverkamp |first=Frode |author2=Gude, Hans Fredrik |title=Hans Gude |date=January 1992 |publisher=[[Aschehoug]] |location=Oslo |language=no |isbn=82-03-17072-2 |oclc=29047091 |page=59}}</ref>
*[[Lona Gyldenkrone]] (1848–1934), opera singer
*[[Henrik Ibsen]] (1828–1906), playwright, theatre director and poet
*[[Fritz Arlberg]] (1830-1896), Swedish baritone, teacher, composer and opera singer
*[[Christian Krohg]] (1852–1925), naturalist painter, illustrator, author and journalist
*[[Edvard Munch]] (1863–1944), painter
*[[Magna Lykseth-Skogman]] (1874–1949), opera singer
*[[Kjersti Døvigen]] (1943–2021), actress<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0246913/ IMDb Database] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005101448/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0246913/|date=5 October 2018 }} retrieved 26 February 2021</ref>
*[[Sandra Drouker]] (1875–1944), Russian concert pianist, composer and music pedagogue
*[[Thorbjørn Egner]] (1912–1990), playwright of children's books, songwriter and illustrator
*[[Fanny Elsta]] (1899–1978), opera singer<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Svendsen|first1=Trond Olav|title=Fanny Elsta|encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]] |date=18 June 2024 |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo|url=https://nbl.snl.no/Fanny_Elsta|language=no|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
*[[Torleif S. Knaphus]] (1881–1965), artist and monument sculptor in [[Utah]], US
*[[Cliff Moustache]] (born 1952), playwright, film director, and actor from [[Seychelles]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7870456/ IMDb Database] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217023536/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm7870456/|date=17 February 2017 }} retrieved 25 January 2021</ref>
*[[Lars Saabye Christensen]] (born 1953), Norwegian/Danish novelist
*[[Morten Harket]] (born 1959), singer, songwriter and leader of [[A-ha]]; Knight of the Order of St Olav
*[[Jo Nesbø]] (born 1960), writer, musician, economist, and former soccer player
*[[Paul Waaktaar-Savoy]] (born 1961), guitarist, songwriter of [[A-ha]] and [[Savoy (Norwegian band)|Savoy]]; Knight of the Order of St Olav
*[[Magne Furuholmen]] (born 1962), keyboardist, songwriter of [[A-ha]] and [[Apparatjik]]; Knight of the Order of St Olav
*[[Erik Poppe]] (born 1966), film director, producer and screenwright
*[[Valborg Seeberg]] (1851–1929), writer<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barth|first1=Bj. Keyser|title=Norges militære embedsmenn : 1929|date=1930|publisher=Hanche|location=Oslo |page=529 |url=https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2006121400038?page=535|language=no}}</ref>
*[[Tine Thing Helseth]] (born 1987), solo classical trumpeter
*[[Sigrid Undset]] (1882–1949), writer, awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1928
*[[Mathilde Grooss Viddal]] (born 1969), composer and jazz musician
*[[Nico & Vinz]] (formed 2010), singers of a fusion of genres from pop to reggae to soul
===Sport===
*[[Sonja Henie]] (1912–1969), three-time Olympic champion figure skater and actress<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0377012/ IMDb Database] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126053350/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0377012/|date=26 January 2021 }} retrieved 26 January 2021</ref>
*[[Knut Johannesen]] (born 1933), twice Olympic Champion speed skater
*[[Grete Waitz]] (1953–2011), marathon runner, silver medallist at the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Olympic Games]]
*[[Jørn Goldstein]] (born 1953), Olympic ice hockey goalie
*[[Espen Bredesen]] (born 1968), ski jumper, gold and silver medallist at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]]
*[[Kjetil André Aamodt]] (born 1971), alpine skier with eight Olympic medals
*[[Espen Knutsen]] (born 1972), former professional ice hockey player
*[[Suzann Pettersen]] (born 1981), retired professional golfer, played on the [[LPGA Tour]]
*[[Mats Zuccarello]] (born 1987), professional ice hockey player in the [[National Hockey League]]
*[[Joshua King (footballer)|Joshua King]] (born 1992), footballer, 172 caps for [[AFC Bournemouth]] and 51 for [[Norway national football team|Norway]]
*[[Mie Bjørndal Ottestad]] (born 17 July 1997), Norwegian professional racing cyclist
*[[Viktor Hovland]] (born 1997), professional golfer
*[[Casper Ruud]] (born 1998), professional tennis player
*[[Dennis Hauger]] (born 2003), racing driver, [[FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3]] Champion and [[Formula One]] reserve driver
==International relations==
Oslo is a pilot city of the [[Council of Europe]] and the [[European Commission]]'s ''Intercultural cities'' programme, along with a number of other European cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Cities/oslo_en.asp |title=Intercultural city: Oslo, Norway |last=[[Council of Europe]] |work=coe.int |year=2011 |access-date=22 May 2011 |archive-date=28 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528113545/http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/cities/oslo_en.asp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Cities/ICCModelPubl_en.pdf |work=[[Council of Europe]] |year=2009 |title=Intercultural Cities |last=Wood |first=Phil |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-date=20 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520205519/http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/cities/ICCModelPubl_en.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway}}
Oslo was formerly twinned with [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]], [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Vilnius]], but has since abolished the concept of twin cities.
===Cooperation agreements===
As of 2012, Oslo had cooperation agreements with:<ref name="int_coop">{{cite web |url=http://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/international_cooperation/cooperating_cities_and_regions/ |title=Co-operating cities and regions |publisher=Oslo Kommune |date=12 February 2012 |website=Oslo.kommune.no |access-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101029/http://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/international_cooperation/cooperating_cities_and_regions/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Artvin]], Turkey
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Gothenburg Municipality|Gothenburg]], Sweden
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Mbombela Local Municipality|Mbombela]], South Africa
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Schleswig-Holstein]], Germany
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuania
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland
{{div col end}}
===Christmas trees as gifts===
Oslo has a tradition of sending a [[Christmas tree]] every year to the cities of [[Washington, D.C.]]; [[New York City]]; [[London]]; [[Edinburgh]]; [[Rotterdam]]; [[Antwerp]] and [[Reykjavík]].<ref>[http://www.ordforeren.oslo.kommune.no/_juletrar_til_utlandet/ Juletrær til utland] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014154950/http://www.ordforeren.oslo.kommune.no/_juletrar_til_utlandet/|date=14 October 2014 }} Ordføreren, Oslo kommune (Municipality of Oslo Website, Mare's office), published November 2013, accessed 67 April 2014.</ref> Since 1947, Oslo has sent a {{cvt|65|to|80|ft|m|abbr=off|adj=mid|-high}}, 50 to 100-year-old [[Norway Spruce|spruce]], as an expression of gratitude toward Britain for its support of Norway during [[World War II]].<ref>[http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/julen/her-tennes-det-norske-juletreet-i-london/a/590424/ Her tennes juletreet i London] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603131928/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/julen/her-tennes-det-norske-juletreet-i-london/a/590424/|date=3 June 2016 }}, VG, 3 December 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://snl.no/juletre |title=juletre |author=Ina Louise Stovner |work=Store norske leksikon |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054926/https://snl.no/juletre |url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Norway}}
*[[Oslo Accords]]
*[[:no:Bruker:Helge Høifødt/Oslobilder|Image gallery sorted by neighbourhood in Oslo]]
*[[Timeline of transport in Oslo]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}
==Further reading==
{{See also|Timeline of Oslo#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Oslo}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Christie |first=Haakon |year=1966 |title=Old Oslo |journal=Medieval Archaeology |volume=10 |pages=45–58 |doi=10.5284/1071442 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ebert |first=Bettina |year=2018 |title=A skewed balance? Examining the display and research history of the medieval collection at the Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=139–151 |doi=10.1093/jhc/fhx021|hdl=10852/75244 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kolbe |first=Laura |year=2008 |title=Symbols of civic pride, national history or European tradition? City halls in Scandinavian capital cities |journal=Urban History |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=382–413 |doi=10.1017/S0963926808005701}} {{endash}} covers Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Oslo.
* {{Cite book |last=Liden |first=Hans-Emil |title=European towns: their archaeology and early history |year=1977 |pages=83–102 |chapter=Urban Archaeology in Norway}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um4R7CN40ZcC |title=Green Oslo: Visions, Planning and Discourse |publisher=Ashgate |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4094-7351-0 |editor-last=Luccarelli |editor-first=Mark |editor-last2=Røe |editor-first2=Per Gunnar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stagg |first=Frank Noel |url=https://archive.org/details/eastnorwayitsfro00stag |title=East Norway and its frontier; a history of Oslo and its uplands |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |year=1956 |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Streeton |first=Noëlle L. W. |year=2018 |title=Perspectives (Old and New) on Late Medieval Church Art in Norway: Questioning the Hegemony of Lübeck Workshops |journal=Scandinavian Studies |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=50–77 |doi=10.5406/scanstud.90.1.0050 |jstor=10.5406/scanstud.90.1.0050}}
==External links==
{{sister project links|auto=1}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Christiania}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190130182436/https://www.oslo.kommune.no/ City of Oslo: Official website] {{in lang|no}}
*[http://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/ City of Oslo: Official website] {{in lang|en}}
*[https://www.visitoslo.com/en/ Official Travel and Visitors Guide to Oslo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083914/https://www.visitoslo.com/en/ |date=27 January 2018 }}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline}}
*{{cite AmCyc |wstitle=Christiania |short=x}}
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