View source for Outline of the wars of the Three Kingdoms

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{short description|Civil wars in England, Ireland, and Scotland (1639–1651)}}
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The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the wars of the Three Kingdoms:
'''[[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]''' &ndash; A series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] which took place from 1639-1651.
== Background ==
[[File:EDI CITY CAC 1978 113.jpg|thumb|''The Signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Churchyard, 1638'', a painting by  [[William Hole (artist)|William Hole]] from 1903]]
Incidents which can be seen as leading to the wars of the Three Kingdoms:
* [[Personal Rule]] - The period of 1629-1640 where [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] ruled without recourse to Parliament.
* [[Jenny Geddes]] starts riot in Edinburgh - Incident in 1637 starting protests over the use of the [[Book of Common Prayer]] by the [[Church of Scotland]].
* Signing of the [[National Covenant]] - 1638 declaration to defend the [[Church of Scotland]] from the reforms of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]
== Participants ==
The wars of the Three Kingdoms was fought between combatants of the following forces:
* [[Cavalier|Royalists]] - Forces in all three kingdoms loyal to [[Charles I of England]] and his son [[Charles II of England]].
* [[Covenanters]] - Scottish [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] organised by the [[Church of Scotland]].
* [[Confederate Ireland]] - For a period from 1642-1649 this faction achieved self rule, and was allied to the Royalists.
* [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] - Fought with the goal of giving Parliament supreme executive power.
== Governing bodies ==
The following bodies were all involved in governing one of the participating groups.
* [[Long Parliament]] - [[Parliament of England]] sitting from 1640-1660
* [[Committee of Estates]] - Governed [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]
* [[Oxford Parliament (1644)]] - Formed by [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] as part the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] war effort.
== Main conflicts ==
The wars of the Three Kingdoms included the following conflicts:
* [[Bishops' Wars]] - Conflicts in 1639 and 1640 over the governance of the Church of Scotland.
* [[Irish Confederate Wars]] - Conflict in Ireland from 1641-1653.
** [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]] - Rebellion by Irish Catholics.
** [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] - Conquest of Ireland led by [[Oliver Cromwell]] from 1649-1653.
* [[English Civil War]]s - Series of conflicts over the rule of England which included combatants from Scotland and Ireland as well.
** [[First English Civil War]] - 1642-1646.
** [[Second English Civil War]] - 1648.
** [[Third English Civil War]] - 1649-1651.
== Notable events ==
[[File:The Execution of Charles I of England.jpg|thumb|right|Anonymous Dutch painting of the execution of Charles I, 1649.]]
The following non-military events were connected to the wars of the Three Kingdoms.
* [[Short Parliament]] - Sat for three weeks in 1640, before being dissolved by Charles.
* [[Treaty of Ripon]] - 1640 agreement ceding [[Northumberland]] and [[County Durham]] to Scottish [[Covenanters|Covenanter]] forces, forcing [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] to recall Parliament.
* [[Grand Remonstrance]] - List of grievances presented by Parliament to [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] in 1641.
* [[Solemn League and Covenant]] - 1643 agreement between Scottish [[Covenanters]] and English [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians.]]
* [[Execution of Charles I]] - Occurred in 1649.
== Notable individuals ==
=== Political leaders ===
[[File:Sir Anthony Van Dyck - Charles I (1600-49) - Google Art Project.jpg|280px|''[[Charles I in Three Positions]]'' by Anthony van Dyck, 1635–1636|thumb]]
* [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] - Ruler of the Three Kingdoms from 1625-1649.
* [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] - King of Scotland from 1649-1651 and then ruler of all three kingdoms from 1660.
* [[John Pym]] - Leader of Parliamentary opposition to the King.
* [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll]] - De facto head of the Scottish government throughout most of the period.
=== Military leaders ===
* [[Oliver Cromwell]] - General in the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] army.
* [[Thomas Fairfax]] - Commander-in-Chief of the Parliamentarian army.
* [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven]] - Covenanter commander.
* [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose]] - Fought initially for the Scottish [[Covenanters]], before later fighting for [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] as the [[English Civil War]] developed.
* [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine]] - Royalist commander.
=== Others ===
* [[Jenny Geddes]] - Incited riot thought to have led to the [[Bishops' Wars]]
== Events outside the Three Kingdoms ==
Prior to and during the wars of the Three Kingdoms, the [[Kingdom of England]] held dominion over a number of colonies and protectorates. The wars spread to these areas as well.
* [[Channel Islands in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]
* [[English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]
== Aftermath ==
[[File:Flag of The Commonwealth.svg|thumb|[[Flags of the English Interregnum|Flag of the Commonwealth]]]]
The wars of the Three Kingdoms resulted in the following situations:
* [[Commonwealth of England]] - Created in 1649 following the execution of [[Charles I of England]].
* [[Interregnum (1649–1660)]] - Ended when [[Charles II of England]] ascended to the throne.
== See also ==
* [[European wars of religion]]
* [[Thirty Years' War]]
* [[Timeline of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Wars of the Three Kingdoms|auto=1|c=Category:Wars of the Three Kingdoms|s=Portal:Wars of the Three Kingdoms|d=y}}
* [http://bcw-project.org/ British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040906142748/http://www.historybookshop.com/articles/commentary/wars-of-three-kingdoms-chronology-ht.asp Chronology of The Wars of the Three Kingdoms]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080205210507/http://www.historybookshop.com/articles/commentary/civil-wars-of-three-kingdoms-ht.asp The Wars of the Three Kingdoms] Article by Jane Ohlmeyer arguing that the English Civil War was just one of an interlocking set of conflicts that encompassed the British Isles in the mid-17th century
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