View source for PM M1910

{{Infobox weapon
| is_ranged          = yes|
| image              = Maxim Maschinengewehr 1910.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            =
| name               = Pulyemyot Maksima PM1910
| type               = [[Heavy machine gun]]
| origin             = [[Russian Empire]]<ref name=autogenerated3 />
| design_date        = 1909–1910<ref name=autogenerated1/>
| production_date    = 1910–1939<br>1941–1945
| number             = at least 176,000<ref>{{cite book|last=Forty|first=Simon|year=2024|title=The Soviet Infantryman on the Eastern Front|publisher=Casemate|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|isbn=978-1-6362-4364-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgHkEAAAQBAJ|page=81}}</ref>
| service            = 1910–present
| used_by            = [[#Users|See ''Users'']]
| wars               = {{ubli|[[World War I]]<ref name=autogenerated1 />|[[Russian Revolution]]|[[Russian Civil War]]<ref name=autogenerated3 />|[[Turkish War of Independence]]|[[Polish–Soviet War]]|[[Finnish Civil War]]|[[Estonian War of Independence]]|[[Warlord Era]]<ref name="China"/>|[[Spanish Civil War]]|[[Winter War]]|[[Chinese Civil War]]|[[World War II]]<ref name=autogenerated2 />|[[Second Sino-Japanese War]]|[[Korean War]]|[[Vietnam War]]|[[Syrian Civil War]]{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}|[[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]]<ref name="Ukrainian">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32098/ukrainian-troops-are-still-using-this-pre-world-war-i-era-maxim-machine-gun-in-combat |title=Ukrainian Troops Are Still Using This Pre-World War I-Era Maxim Machine Gun In Combat |first=Joseph |last=Trevithick |date=5 February 2020 |website=The Drive }}</ref>|[[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/russia-ukraine-war/story/age-old-weapons-shaping-russia-ukraine-war-here-is-the-list-1934704-2022-04-07 | title=Age old weapons are shaping Russia-Ukraine war, here is the list }}</ref>}}
| part_length        = {{convert|721|mm|abbr=on}}
| cartridge          = [[7.62×54mmR]]<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated3 />
| feed               = 250-round [[Belt (firearm)|belt]]<ref name=autogenerated3 />
| action             = Short recoil, toggle locked
| rate               = 600 round/min<ref name=autogenerated3 />
| velocity           = 740&nbsp;m/s (2,427&nbsp;ft/s)
| weight             = {{ubli|{{convert|23.8|kg|lb|2|abbr=on}} gun body|{{convert|62.66|kg|lb|2|abbr=on}} on wheeled mount<ref name=autogenerated3 />}}
| length             = 1,067&nbsp;mm (42&nbsp;in)
| variants           =
}}
The '''Pulyemyot Maksima PM1910''' ({{langx|ru|Пулемёт Максима образца 1910 года|translit=Pulemyot Maksima obraztsa 1910 goda|lit=Maxim's machine gun Model 1910}}), or '''PM M1910''', is a [[heavy machine gun]] that was used by the [[Imperial Russian Army]] during [[World War I]] and the [[Red Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]] and [[World War II]]. Later the gun saw service in the [[Korean War]], the [[Vietnam War]] and the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].
==History==
It was adopted in August 1910 and was derived from [[Hiram Maxim]]'s [[Maxim gun]], chambered for the standard Russian [[7.62×54mmR]] rifle cartridge. The M1910 was mounted on a wheeled mount with a [[gun shield]].<ref name=autogenerated2 />
In 1918–1920, 21,000 new Maxim 1910 machine guns were manufactured in Revolutionary Russia for the Red Army.<ref name=autogenerated3>Пулемёты // Гражданская война и военная интервенция в СССР. Энциклопедия / редколл., гл. ред. С. С. Хромов. — 2-е изд. — М., «Советская энциклопедия», 1987. стр.490-491</ref>
In 1930, a modernized version 1910/30 was adopted by the Red Army.<ref name=autogenerated2>"''На вооружении Советской Армии состояли станковые пулемёты Максима образца 1910, модернизированные в 1930 и 1941''"<br/>Пулемёты // Великая Отечественная война 1941 - 1945. Энциклопедия. / редколл., гл. ред. М. М. Козлов. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1985. стр.594-595</ref> M1910/30 can be equipped with [[optical sight]].<ref>Описание пулемётного оптического прицела обр. 1930. Москва, Ленинград; Отдел Издательства Народного Комиссариата Обороны Союза ССР. 1951 г.</ref>
In 1941, the gun was modernized once again.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
In May 1942, an order was given to begin the development of a new machine gun to replace the Maxim 1910/30. On May 15, 1943, the [[SG-43 Goryunov]] was adopted and since summer 1943 Maxim guns were replaced in Soviet service by the SG-43, which retained the wheeled and shielded carriage. However, production of the Maxim did not end until 1945.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
In addition to the main infantry version, there were aircraft-mounted and naval variants. Some were fitted with a tractor radiator cap fitted on top of the water jacket to allow handfuls of snow to be packed in to melt while firing.
After World War II, the Maxim was phased out of service, but was still sent in some quantities to the [[Korean War]] and [[Vietnam War]]. In 2014 during the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]], some Maxims in stock were captured by the [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas|Pro-Russian separatists]] while others were taken from storage to be used by the [[Ukrainian Armed Forces]].<ref name="Ukrainian" /> A number were used by the Ukrainian military during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] due to their reputation for accuracy and reliability.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Ukraine's army still uses a 100-year-old machinegun |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-05-11 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
==Variants==
*Russian Empire
**"Maxim's machine gun model 1910 on a wheeled Sokolov's mount" (''Пулемёт Максима обр. 1910 года на колёсном станке А. А. Соколова обр. 1910 года'')<ref name=autogenerated1>Семён Федосеев. Столетие легендарного "Максима" // журнал "Мастер-ружьё", № 11 (164), ноябрь 2010. стр.40-46</ref>
**"Maxim's machine gun model 1915 on a wheeled Kolesnikov's mount" (''Пулемёт Максима обр. 1910 года на колёсном станке Колесникова обр. 1915 года'')<ref name=autogenerated1 />
*Soviet Union
** "Maxim's machine gun model 1910 on an antiaircraft tripod" (''Пулемёт Максима образца 1910 года на зенитной треноге М. Н. Кондакова обр. 1928 года'')<ref name=autogenerated1 />
**"Maxim's machine gun model 1910/30 on a wheeled Vladimirov's mount" (''Пулемёт Максима образца 1910/30 года на колёсном станке С. В. Владимирова обр. 1931 года'')<ref name=autogenerated1 />
**[[Maxim-Tokarev]]
**[[PV-1 machine gun]]
**[[ZPU]]-4 (''Зенитная пулемётная установка М-4 образца 1931 года'') - quadruple anti-aircraft mount.
*Finland
**Maxim M/09-21<ref name="Finland">{{cite web|url=http://www.mosinnagant.net/finland/finnish_maxims-photos.asp |title=The Finnish Maxims: M09/21 & M32/33|access-date=12 June 2019|website=mosinnagant.net}}</ref>
**[[Maxim M/32-33]]<ref name="Finland"/>
*[[Second Polish Republic]]
** [[7.92×57mm Mauser|7.92mm]] Maxim wz. 1910/28
==Users==
*{{flag|Austria-Hungary}} – seized during World War I.<ref name="lugosi2008">Lugosi, József (2008). "Gyalogsági fegyverek 1868–2008". In Lugosi, József; Markó, György. Hazánk dicsőségére: 160 éves a Magyar Honvédség. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. p. 382-383. {{ISBN|978-963-327-461-3}}.</ref>
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]<ref name="Gaz">{{cite magazine|title=La mitrailleuse russe Maxim modèle 1910 |first=Roger|last= Out |url=http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-365-mai-2005/page-46-47-texte-integral|page=47|magazine=Gazette des armes|language=fr|issue=365|date=May 2005}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[China]]<ref name="Korea" />
* {{flagicon|First Czechoslovak Republic}} [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] – in January 1942 first twelve Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from USSR to 1st Czechoslovak Independent Infantry Battalion, later additional quantity was given to other units of the [[1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union|1st Czechoslovak Army Corps]].<ref>Ермаков В. Ф. Из истории советско-чехословацкого боевого содружества // «Военно-исторический журнал», 1988, № 3. стр.11-16</ref>
* {{flag|Finland}}<ref name="Finland"/>
*{{flag|German Empire}} – a quantity of machine guns was seized during World War I.
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] – after June 22, 1941, a quantity of machine guns was seized by Hungarian troops during [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion in USSR]]. Since 1945, Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from the Soviet Union to the [[People's Republic of Hungary]].<ref name="lugosi2008"/>
*{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]]
* {{flag|Nazi Germany}} – in September 1939 a quantity of Polish ''wz. 1910'' and ''wz. 1910/28'' was seized by the [[Wehrmacht]]. After June 22, 1941, a quantity of Soviet machine guns was seized by German troops during [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion in USSR]], they were used as schweres Maschinengewehr 216(r).<ref>Terry Gander, Peter Chamberlain. Enzyklopädie deutscher Waffen 1939–1945. Handwaffen, Artillerie, Beutewaffen, Sonderwaffen. Motorbuch Verlag, 2008.</ref>
*{{flag|North Korea}}<ref name="Korea">{{cite book|last=Kinard|first=Jeff|url=https://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A1645C|title=The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-85109-849-1|editor-last1=Tucker|editor-first1=Spencer C.|edition=2nd|volume=1. A-L|page=535|chapter=Machine guns|date=9 April 2010|editor-last2=Pierpaoli|editor-first2=Paul G. Jr. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZNxDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA535}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] – Maxim wz. 1910 and Maxim wz. 1910/28<ref>Andrzej Konstankiewicz. Broń strzelecka i sprzęt artyleryjski formacji polskich i Wojska Polskiego w latach 1914-1939. Warszawa, 2003. str.113</ref>
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] – at least several machine guns were captured during the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] and disarmament of retreating armed anti-Soviet groups crossing the Romanian border in 1917 - 1920s. After June 22, 1941, an additional quantity was seized by Romanian troops during [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion in USSR]]. In 1944 several Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from USSR to [[Tudor Vladimirescu Division|Romanian 1st Volunteer Infantry Division]].<ref>Сведения штаба Московского военного округа о материальном обеспечении 1-й румынской пехотной дивизии, 1 апреля 1944 г. // Освободительная миссия Советских Вооружённых Сил в Европе во второй мировой войне: документы и материалы. М., Воениздат, 1985. стр.87-88</ref> After [[King Michael's Coup|23 August 1944 coup d'état]] additional Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were transferred from the Soviet Union to the Romanian Army.
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}<ref name="autogenerated3" />
*{{flagicon image|War flag of Novorussia.svg}} [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas]]<ref name="Ukrainian" />
*{{flag|Soviet Union}}<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name=autogenerated2 />
* {{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Taiwan]]<ref name="China">{{cite book|title=China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949|series=General Military|first= Philip|last= Jowett|date=20 Nov 2013 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=9781782004073 |pages=129, 147}}</ref>
*{{flag|Ukraine}} – in August 2011, 35 000 ex-Soviet Maxim machine guns were stored in the warehouses of the [[Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)|Ministry of Defense of Ukraine]]<ref>"''7,62 мм кулемет Максим - 35 000 штук''"<br />[http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/22%D0%B0-2011-%D1%80/ розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 1022-р від 15 серпня 2011 р. "Перелік військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено"]</ref> although at least four of them were written off and scrapped later.<ref>[http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/108-2012-%D1%80 Розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 108-р від 29 лютого 2012 р. "Про утилізацію стрілецької зброї"]</ref><ref>"''7,62 мм кулемет Максим - 2''"<br />[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/687-2013-%D1%80 Розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 687-р від 14 серпня 2013 р. "Про затвердження додаткового переліку військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено"].</ref> They were used during the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]] by Ukrainian troops. In December 2016 they were officially adopted by the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]].<ref>[https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/3845791 Минобороны Украины вернуло на вооружение пулемет "Максим"]</ref> The Maxim has been used in combat following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=2023-06-21 |title=Zelenskiy admits counteroffensive may be going 'slower than desired' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/21/volodymyr-zelenskiy-admits-ukrainian-counter-offensive-going-slower-than-desired |access-date=2023-06-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gault |first=Matthew |date=2023-03-21 |title=Ukraine Is Successfully Using a 140-Year-Old Machine Gun Against Russia |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxjqx4/ukraine-is-successfully-using-a-140-year-old-machine-gun-against-russia |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> proving useful for defending Ukrainian positions against Russian infantry assaults by permitting continuous fire without overheating. Ukrainian forces have been seen using a Maxim gun equipped with modern accessories like optics and a [[suppressor]].<ref name=":0" />
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:RIAN archive 668428 Brigade commissar Veselov trains soldiers.jpg|Soviet troops receiving instruction on the M1910/30.
File:Kursk Soviet machineguns.JPG|Soviet [[Red Army]] machinegunners with a M1910/30 in the [[Battle of Kursk]].
File:Tachanka in Huliaipole Museum.jpg|A [[Red Army]] [[tachanka]] on display. Notice that it is mounted with a PM M1910/30.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 121-1204, Russland, Vierlings-MG auf LKW.jpg|Quad mounted Maxim M1910/30 guns—the first [[ZPU]].
File:Ottoman soldiers with captured Russian machine gun2.jpg|Ottoman soldiers with captured Russian machine gun during [[WW1]]
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[List of Russian weaponry]]
*[[Maxim gun]]
*[[MG08|MG-08]]
*[[Vickers machine gun]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons|Maxim M1910}}
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45990738/1910-Russian-Maxim-Manual-1947 Soviet Manual Covering Operation and Repair of the 1910 Maxim Gun]
* Robert G. Segel (24 February 2012) "[http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=1111 The Origin of the Russian “Tractor-Cap” M1910 Maxim]", ''Small Arms Defense Journal'', Vol. 4, No. 1
{{WWIRussianArms}}
{{WWIIUSSRInfWeapons}}
{{Maximgunnavbox}}
[[Category:7.62×54mmR machine guns]]
[[Category:Heavy machine guns]]
[[Category:Firearms of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Machine guns of Russia]]
[[Category:Machine guns of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Early machine guns]]
[[Category:World War I machine guns]]
[[Category:World War I Russian infantry weapons]]
[[Category:World War II machine guns]]
[[Category:World War II military equipment of Finland]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of Poland]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of the Soviet Union]]