View source for Paniri

{{short description|Mountain in Chile}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Paniri
| photo = Volcán Paniri, Chile, 2016-02-09, DD 31.JPG
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 5960
| elevation_ref = <ref name="pb">{{cite peakbagger |14274 |Cerro Paniri, Chile}}</ref>
| parent_peak = [[San Pedro (Chile volcano)|San Pedro]]
| prominence_m = 1653
| prominence_ref = <ref name="pb"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andes-specialists.com/paniri-5960|title=Paniri|website=Andes Specialists|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| map = Chile
| map_caption = Chile
| map_size = 200
| label_position =
| location = [[Antofagasta]], [[Chile]]
| range = [[Andes]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22|03|33|S|68|13|42|W|type:mountain_region:CL_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref>[http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/andes1.html "Argentina and Chile, North: Ultra-Prominences"] Peaklist.org. Retrieved 28 April 2012.</ref>
| range_coordinates =
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| age =
| last_eruption = Unknown
| first_ascent = [[pre-Columbian]]
| easiest_route =
}}
'''Paniri''' ([[Aymara language|Aymara]] for "he who comes, visits"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=939rBhH2CtEC&dq=%22Paniri%22&pg=PA215|title=Historia andina en Chile|last=L|first=Hidalgo Lehuedé Hidalgo|date=2004|publisher=Editorial Universitaria|isbn=9789561117259|page=215|language=es}}</ref>) is a [[stratovolcano]] located in [[El Loa Province]], [[Antofagasta Region]], [[Chile]], and near the border with [[Bolivia]]. To its northwest lie the twin volcanoes [[San Pedro (Chile volcano)|San Pedro]] and [[San Pablo (volcano)|San Pablo]], and to its southeast lies [[Cerro del León]], from which it is separated by the huge ''[[Cerro Chao|Chao]]'' [[lava dome]].
The volcano features lava flows, which are well preserved on the south-southwest flanks, and a [[scoria cone]] on its summit.<ref name="francis245">{{Cite journal|last1=Francis|first1=P.W.|last2=Silva|first2=S.L. De|title=Application of the Landsat Thematic Mapper to the identification of potentially active volcanoes in the central Andes|journal=Remote Sensing of Environment|language=en|volume=28|pages=245–255|doi=10.1016/0034-4257(89)90117-x|year=1989|bibcode=1989RSEnv..28..245F}}</ref> The volcano has three [[volcanic crater|craters]]. Paniri also shows evidence of [[glacier]] activity on its southeastern slope.<ref name="francis245"/> The volcano developed in several different stages with substages; the first stage formed a shield like volcano with most of its volume, the later ones formed the cone and "main edifice". One date obtained from the youngest stage is 150,000 years ago, with an uncertainty of 6,000 years. Once considered of [[Holocene]] or [[Pleistocene]] age, Paniri was later determined that to be of Pleistocene age.
Paniri is part of the San Pedro-Linzor volcanic chain, a chain of volcanoes formed by [[lava flow]]s and [[pyroclastic flow]]s. Composition of the rocks erupted by Paniri ranges from [[basaltic andesite]] and [[dacite]].
== Geography and geomorphology ==
Paniri lies in the [[Antofagasta Province]] of [[Chile]].<ref name="Hegna and Lazo-Wasem 2010, p.446">Hegna and Lazo-Wasem 2010, p.446</ref> The volcano rises between Cerro Carcanal in the west and [[Cerro del Leon]] in the east. [[Road]]s lead around the northern and western flanks of the volcano.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.188">Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, p.188</ref> The large lava flow [[Cerro Chao]] borders Paniri to the southeast and separates it from Cerro del Leon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Guest|first1=J. E.|last2=R|first2=J. Sánchez|date=1 September 1969|title=A large dacitic lava flow in northern chile|journal=Bulletin Volcanologique|language=en|volume=33|issue=3|pages=7789–782|doi=10.1007/BF02596749|bibcode=1969BVol...33..778G|s2cid=128832446|issn=0366-483X}}</ref> The towns of Cupo and [[Turi, Chile|Turi]] lie west-southwest and south-southwest of Paniri, respectively.<ref>Morales ''et al.'' 2007, p.335</ref>
Paniri is part of the [[Central Volcanic Zone]], a volcanic belt in the Andes. Other than Paniri, other volcanoes in the Central Volcanic Zone are [[Lascar (volcano)|Lascar]], [[Sabancaya]] and [[Ubinas]], as well as [[Geothermal activity|geothermal]] fields such as [[El Tatio]].<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.185">Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, p.185</ref>
The volcano is formed by about two units and contains three summit craters and one vent; one of the craters contains a [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.187">Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, p.187</ref> with dimensions of {{convert|6|x|12|m}}.<ref name="Hegna and Lazo-Wasem 2010, p.446"/> The volcano is topped off with a [[scoria cone]]. Thick [[lava flow]]s extend from the summit and form the foot of Paniri.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.185"/> [[Gullies]] cut into its slopes and [[moraine]]s have developed around its summit.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.188"/>
== Geology ==
Since the [[Jurassic]], the [[Nazca Plate]] has been [[subducting]] beneath the western margin of South America. This subduction process is responsible for the volcanism in the [[Central Volcanic Zone]] of the Andes, one of four [[volcanic arc]]s in the Andes.<ref>Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, p.184</ref>
The volcano is mainly of [[Pleistocene]] age, but well preserved surface features indicate it may be still active.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.185"/> Other parts of the volcano have been subject to [[glacial]] erosion and [[hydrothermal]] alteration, and [[evaporite]] deposits have formed on its feet.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.187"/>
The basement that Paniri is constructed on consists of both [[Oligocene]]-[[Miocene]] sediments of the San Pedro formation and [[ignimbrite]]s of [[Miocene]] age which are formed by [[rhyodacitic]] and [[rhyolitic]] material. Atop this basement Paniri developed together with other volcanoes such as [[Cerro Chao]] in a linear volcanic chain, the San Pedro-Linzor complex<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.185"/> which is formed by [[lava flows]] and [[pyroclastic flow]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biblioserver.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/14127_pp_548_550.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112021846/http://biblioserver.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/14127_pp_548_550.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 12, 2016|title=Análisis de Inclusiones Fundidas de la Cadena Volcánica San Pedro – Linzor, Andes Centrales|last1=Godoy|first1=Benigno|last2=Wörner|first2=Gerhard|website=[[SERNAGEOMIN]]|language=es|last3=Kojima|first3=Shoji}}</ref> and whose existence may be due to a tectonic [[lineament]].<ref>Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, p.186</ref> The chain is made up by [[San Pedro (Chile volcano)|San Pedro]], [[San Pablo (volcano)|San Pablo]], Paniri, [[Cerro Chao]], [[Cerro de Leon]], [[Toconce]] and [[Linzor]].<ref>Mancini ''et al.'' 2019, p.4386</ref>
Paniri has erupted rocks ranging from [[basaltic andesite]] to [[rhyolite]],<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.188"/>  which mainly define a [[potassium]]-rich [[calc-alkaline]] volcanic suite.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.192">Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, p.192</ref> [[Phenocryst]]s include [[biotite]], [[clinopyroxene]], [[hornblende]], [[olivine]], opaque minerals, [[orthopyroxene]], [[plagioclase]], [[quartz]] and [[rutile]]; the exact composition varies between various units. Alteration of the erupted rocks has given rise to [[clay]], [[chlorite]], [[epidote]] and [[illite]].<ref>Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, pp.189–192</ref> [[Magma]] genesis at Paniri appears to involve both the assimilation of [[crust (geology)|crust]]al rocks in the [[Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex]] and [[fractional crystallization (geology)|fractional crystallization]] processes in shallow [[magma chamber]]s.<ref>Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, pp.194–195</ref>
== Life and human history ==
The [[fairy shrimp]] ''[[Branchinecta brushi]]'' was discovered in 2009 in the crater lake of Paniri.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.187"/> The occurrence of this shrimp at Paniri made it the highest finding of [[crustacean]]s known.<ref>Hegna and Lazo-Wasem 2010, p.461</ref>
Native people, considered to be Inka, made the first ascents of this mountain. Claudio Lucero and Nelson Muñoz made the first recorded ascent of Paniri in 1972. They found archaeological remains on its summit,<ref name="aaj_1974">Humberto Barrera, "Paniri", ''[[American Alpine Journal]]'', 1974, p. 194. Available at [http://www.americanalpineclub.org/AAJO/pdfs/1974/191_bolivia_chile_argentina_aaj1974.pdf AAJ Online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212607/http://www.americanalpineclub.org/AAJO/pdfs/1974/191_bolivia_chile_argentina_aaj1974.pdf|date=27 September 2007}} (PDF).</ref> which along with similar sanctuaries at Licancabur and other mountains are considered to be of Inka origin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rivera|first=Mario A.|date=1 March 1991|title=The prehistory of northern Chile: A synthesis|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|page=40|doi=10.1007/BF00974731|s2cid=162761015|issn=0892-7537}}</ref> Paniri is the sacred mountain for the village of Ayquina,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Castro|first1=Victoria|last2=Aldunate|first2=Carlos|date=1 February 2003|title=Sacred Mountains in the Highlands of the South-Central Andes|journal=Mountain Research and Development|volume=23|issue=1|pages=73–79|doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0073:SMITHO]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=76653265 |issn=0276-4741|doi-access=free}}</ref> and was also used as a source of [[dacitic]] rocks.<ref>Morales ''et al.'' 2007, p.334</ref>
== Eruptive history ==
The first units erupted by Paniri are the mainly lavic (plus one [[Pyroclastic rock|pyroclastic]] deposit) Malku unit which crops out in the northwestern sector of the volcano and the Los Gordos unit.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.188"/> The Los Gordos unit consists of pyroclastics and [[brecciated]] lava flows which are much thicker than these of the Malku unit; they crop out north and northwest of Paniri and one date obtained from this unit is 1.39 ± 0.28 million years ago.<ref>Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, p.189</ref> These two units define the "shield" stage of Paniri, the longest lasting and most voluminous phase of volcanic activity at this volcano.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.196">Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, p.196</ref>
Afterwards, the widespread Las Lenguas unit was emplaced which consists of blocky lava flows with some thin pyroclastic deposits. Ages of 640,000 ± 140,000 to 400,000 ± 100,000 have been obtained by [[radiometric dating]]. More restricted in exposure is the Las Negras unit, which forms [[basalt]]-[[andesite]] lava flows with prominent [[levee]]s on the northwestern flank of Paniri (one of these is dated to 402,000 ± 46,000 years ago).<ref>Godoy ''et al.'' 2018, p.190</ref> This is considered to be the "main edifice" stage of volcano growth at Paniri.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.196"/>
The last three units of Paniri are the Viscachas, Laguna and Llareta units. The former consists of lava flows on the southeastern flank, with dates of 325,000 ± 8,000 and 300,000 ± 100,000 years before present. The Laguna unit again features lava flows but also [[breccia]] and [[Pyroclastic rock|pyroclastic]] material, and one age of 169,000 ± 5,000 was obtained on its rocks. The last unit, Llareta, was erupted by the summit vent which generated lava flows on the northeastern and southwestern sectors of the volcano, plus large [[pyroclastic bomb]]s. Its age ranges 264,000 ± 99,000 to 150,000 ± 6,000 years before present.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.192"/> These are considered to be the Old Cone and New Cone stages of volcano growth.<ref name="Godoy et al. 2018, p.196"/> The volcano was formerly considered to be of Holocene age.<ref name="GVP">{{Cite GVP|vn=355831|name=Paniri}}</ref> [[Electric conductivity]] anomalies imply that there is still a geothermal system under Paniri; a [[magma chamber]] may not be sufficiently visible.<ref>Mancini ''et al.'' 2019, p.4394</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of volcanoes in Chile]]
* [[San Pedro de Inacaliri River]]
* [[Salado River (Antofagasta, Chile)|Salado River]]
* [[List of Ultras of South America]]
* [[List of andean peaks with known pre-columbian ascents]]
== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Godoy|first1=Benigno|last2=Lazcano|first2=José|last3=Rodríguez|first3=Inés|last4=Martínez|first4=Paula|last5=Parada|first5=Miguel Angel|last6=Le Roux|first6=Petrus|last7=Wilke|first7=Hans-Gerhard|last8=Polanco|first8=Edmundo|title=Geological evolution of Paniri volcano, Central Andes, northern Chile|journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences|date=July 2018|volume=84|pages=184–200|doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2018.03.013|bibcode=2018JSAES..84..184G|s2cid=134292904|language=en|issn=0895-9811}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hegna|first1=Thomas A.|last2=Lazo-Wasem|first2=Eric A.|title=Branchinecta brushi n. sp. (Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Branchinectidae) from a Volcanic Crater in Northern Chile (Antofagasta Province): A New Altitude Record for Crustaceans|journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology|date=11 June 2010|volume=30|issue=3|pages=445–464|doi=10.1651/09-3236.1|issn=0278-0372|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mancini |first1=Renzo |last2=Díaz |first2=Daniel |last3=Brasse |first3=Heinrich |last4=Godoy |first4=Benigno |last5=Hernández |first5=María José |title=Conductivity Distribution Beneath the San Pedro-Linzor Volcanic Chain, North Chile, Using 3-D Magnetotelluric Modeling |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=May 2019 |volume=124 |issue=5 |pages=4386–4398 |doi=10.1029/2018jb016114 |bibcode=2019JGRB..124.4386M |s2cid=149491204 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jb016114 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Morales|first1=J.R.|last2=Cancino|first2=S.|last3=Miranda|first3=P.|last4=Dinator|first4=M.I.|last5=Seelenfreund|first5=A.|title=Application of PIXE to the characterization of vitreous dacites from archaeolgical sites in the Atacama region in northern Chile|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms|date=November 2007|volume=264|issue=2|pages=333–339|doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2007.08.084|bibcode=2007NIMPB.264..333M|language=en|issn=0168-583X}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/reascent/SOAMTO950m.html South American Summits Ranked By Re-Ascent]
[[File:Chao dacite domes.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Paniri (top left), the Chao dacite dome complex, and [[Cerro del León]], viewed from [[Landsat 8]], 2013]]
[[File:Volcán Paniri, Chile, 2016-02-09, DD 23.JPG|thumb|left|View of the San Pedro de Inacaliri River with the Paniri volcano in the background]]
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[[Category:Volcanoes of Antofagasta Region]]
[[Category:Mountains of Antofagasta Region]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Chile]]
[[Category:Five-thousanders of the Andes]]
[[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]]