View source for Parliament Hill

{{Short description|Home of the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa}}
{{about|the government buildings in Ottawa, Canada}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{use Canadian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = {{unbulleted list|Parliament Hill|{{lang|fr|Colline du Parlement}} }}
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| image = Ottawa - ON - Stadtansicht.jpg
| caption = Parliament Hill, 2009
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| coordinates ={{coord|45|25|29|N|75|41|58|W|type:landmark_region:CA-ON|display=inline,title|name=Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada}}
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| location = [[Ottawa River]] / [[Wellington Street (Ottawa)|Wellington Street]], [[Downtown Ottawa]]
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| formed =
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| built = 1859–1876
| built_for = [[Legislature of the Province of Canada]], [[Parliament of Canada]]
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| rebuilt =
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| architect = {{unbulleted list | [[Calvert Vaux]], Marshall Wood (landscapes) | [[Thomas Scott (architect)|Thomas Scott]] (oversight)}}
| architecture =
| visitation_num = 3 million annually
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| governing_body = [[National Capital Commission]]
{{Designation list |embed=yes |designation1=NHSC |designation1_offname=Grounds of the Parliament Buildings National Historic Site of Canada |designation1_date=1976 }}
}}
'''Parliament Hill''' ({{langx|fr|Colline du Parlement}}), colloquially known as '''The Hill''', is an area of [[Crown land]] on the southern bank of the [[Ottawa River]] that houses the [[Parliament of Canada]] in [[downtown Ottawa]], Ontario. It accommodates a suite of [[Gothic revival]] buildings whose architectural elements were chosen to evoke the history of [[parliamentary democracy]]. Parliament Hill attracts approximately three million visitors each year. The [[Parliamentary Protective Service]] is responsible for law enforcement on Parliament Hill and in the parliamentary precinct, while the [[National Capital Commission]] is responsible for maintaining the {{convert|9|ha|acre|0|adj=on|spell=in}} area of the grounds.
Development of the area, which in the 18th and early 19th centuries{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} was the site of a military base, into a governmental precinct began in 1859 after [[Queen Victoria]] chose [[Ottawa]] as the [[Capital city|capital]] of the [[Province of Canada]]. Following several extensions to the Parliament and departmental buildings, and a fire in 1916 that destroyed the [[Centre Block]], Parliament Hill took on its present form with the completion of the [[Peace Tower]] in 1927. In 1976, the Parliament Buildings and the grounds of Parliament Hill were designated as [[National Historic Sites of Canada]]. Since 2002, an extensive $3&nbsp;billion renovation-and-rehabilitation project has been underway throughout the precinct's buildings that is expected to be completed after 2028.
==History==
===Early use===
Parliament Hill is a [[limestone]] outcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in a [[Old-growth forest|primeval forest]] of [[beech]] and [[Tsuga|hemlock]].<ref name="pre">{{cite web| url=http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/hist/1826-1858-eng.html| title=Pre-construction, 1826–1858| author=Public Works and Government Services Canada| publisher=[[Queen's Printer for Canada]]| date=26 February 2013| access-date=10 May 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522231753/http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/hist/1826-1858-eng.html| archive-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> For hundreds of years, the hill was a landmark on the [[Ottawa River]] for [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations people]] and later for European traders, adventurers, and industrialists, marking their journeys to the interior of the continent.<ref name="pre" /> After the founding of [[Ottawa]], which was then called [[Bytown]], the builders of the [[Rideau Canal]] sited a military base on the hill,<ref name=ocitizen /> naming it Barrack Hill. A large fortress was planned for the site following the [[War of 1812]] and the [[Upper Canada rebellion]] but the threat of an American invasion subsided and the project was scrapped.<ref name=ocitizen>{{Cite news |last=King |first=Andrew |date=13 February 2017 |title=What if Bytown had become Fortress Ottawa? Some imagined it might |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/andrew-king-what-if-bytown-had-become-fortress-ottawa-some-imagined-it-might |work=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503213322/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/andrew-king-what-if-bytown-had-become-fortress-ottawa-some-imagined-it-might |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Selection as a parliamentary precinct===
[[File:Hill-old.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Barrack Hill (present-day Parliament Hill) and the Rideau Canal as viewed in 1832|The Ottawa locks of the [[Rideau Canal]], with Barrack Hill—present-day Parliament Hill—right of centre; 1832]]
In 1858, [[Queen Victoria]] selected Ottawa as the [[Capital city|capital]] of the [[Province of Canada]]. Barrack Hill was chosen as the site of  the new parliament buildings for its prominence over the town and the river,<ref name="pre" /><ref name= History2021 /> and because [[the Crown]] already owned it.<ref name=parlhist1859>{{cite web| url=http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/1859-1916-eng.html| title=Construction, 1859–1916| author=Public Works and Government Services Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=5 May 2021| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830055924/http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/1859-1916-eng.html| archive-date=30 August 2009}}</ref> On 7&nbsp;May 1859, the [[Public Works and Government Services Canada|Department of Public Works]] issued a call for design proposals for the new parliament buildings on Barrack Hill, for which 298 drawings were submitted. The number of entries was reduced to three but the panel of judges could not decide whose design should win the contest. [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] Sir [[Edmund Walker Head]] was approached to break the stalemate, and the winners were announced on 29&nbsp;August 1859.<ref name=Who>{{cite web|url=http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/1859-1916-02-eng.html |title=Building The Hill |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |date=27 March 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006021603/http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/1859-1916-02-eng.html |archive-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref>
Contracts to build the [[Centre Block]] and departmental buildings were separately awarded. The first was awarded to the team of [[Thomas Fuller (architect)|Thomas Fuller]] and [[Chilion Jones]], with their [[Gothic Revival architecture in Canada#Victorian High Gothic|Victorian High Gothic]] scheme of a formal, symmetrical front facing a quadrangle and a more rustic, picturesque back facing the escarpment and bluffs overlooking the Ottawa River. The team of [[Thomas Stent]] and [[Augustus Laver]] won the prize for the second category, which included the subsequent [[East Block|East]] and [[West Block]]s structures.<ref name=Who /> These proposals were selected for their sophisticated use of [[Gothic architecture]], which was thought to remind people of [[parliamentary democracy]]'s old European history, and would contradict the [[Republicanism|republican]] [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style of architecture used in [[Washington, D.C.]] It was also thought that it would be better suited to the rugged surroundings of still wilderness in northern North America, while being stately.<ref name=Who /> $300,000 was allocated for the main building and $120,000 more for each of the several departmental buildings.<ref name="parlhist1859-03">{{cite web| url=http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/1859-1916-03-eng.html| title=Construction, 1859–1916{{emdash}}How much would it cost?| author=Public Works and Government Services Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=5 May 2021| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830055924/http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/1859-1916-03-eng.html| archive-date=30 August 2009}}</ref>
===Construction and early use===
[[File:Construction of central parliament building.jpg|thumb|alt=Centre Block of the Parliament of Canada under construction in 1863|Centre Block under construction in 1863]]
Ground was broken on 20 December 1859 and the first stones were laid on 16&nbsp;April the following year. Prince Albert Edward, [[Prince of Wales]] (later King {{nowrap|[[Edward VII]]}}), laid the cornerstone of the Centre Block on 1&nbsp;September.<ref name=parlhist1859 /><ref name=History2021>{{cite web |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/histoire-history/index-eng.html |title=History of the Hill – Canada's Parliamentary Precinct – PWGSC |date=4 May 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=Public Services and Procurement Canada |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416073426/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/histoire-history/index-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction of Parliament Hill became the largest construction project undertaken in North America to that date.<ref name=Montgomery>{{cite news |url=https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2014/02/03/feb-03-1916-when-canadas-parliament-burned/ |title=Feb. 03, 1916: When Canada's Parliament burned |last=Montgomery |first=Marc |newspaper=Rci &#124; English |date=3 February 2014 |publisher=Radio Canada International |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607145255/https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2014/02/03/feb-03-1916-when-canadas-parliament-burned/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Workers hit bedrock sooner than expected, necessitating blasting to complete the foundations, which the architects had altered to sit {{convert|17|ft|m|order=flip}} deeper than originally planned.<ref name=parlhist1859 /> By early 1861, the [[Public Services and Procurement Canada|Canadian Department of Public Works]] reported over $1.4{{nbsp}}million had been spent on the venture, leading to the closure of the site in September and the covering of the unfinished structures with tarpaulins until 1863, when construction resumed following a [[public inquiry|commission of inquiry]].<ref name=parlhist1859 />
The site was still incomplete when three of the [[British North America]]n colonies—now the provinces [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[New Brunswick]]—entered [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1867, and Ottawa remained the capital of the new country. Within four years, [[Manitoba]], [[British Columbia]], [[Prince Edward Island]], and the [[North-West Territories]]—now [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Yukon]], [[Northwest Territories]], and [[Nunavut]]—were added and, along with the associated bureaucracy, the first three required representation be added in Parliament. The offices of Parliament spread to buildings beyond Parliament Hill.<ref name= parlhist1859/>
[[File:Feu-de-joie at Ottawa, 1868.jpg|thumb|alt=Soldiers giving a feu de joie infront of the Parliament of Canada for the Queen's Birthday Review in 1868|Troops deliver a ''[[feu de joie]]'' on Parliament Hill for the [[Victoria Day|Queen's Birthday]] Review in 1868.]]
The British military allocated a nine-pounder naval cannon to Ottawa's British army garrison in 1854. The newly created government of the Dominion of Canada purchased the cannon in 1869 and fired it on Parliament Hill as the Noonday Gun, which was colloquially known as "Old Chum",<ref name=macleansbackstage>{{cite magazine |date=15 June 1944 |title=Backstage at Ottawa {{!}} The Man with a Notebook |url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1944/6/15/backstage-at-ottawa |magazine=[[Maclean's]] |location=Toronto |publisher=Maclean's |access-date=2 June 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215234/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1944/6/15/backstage-at-ottawa |url-status=dead }}</ref> for many years.<ref name=noondaygun>{{cite web| url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/national-inventory-canadian-memorials/details/3155| author=Veterans Affairs Canada| title=Noonday Gun| date=20 February 2019| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=7 June 2021| archive-date=9 December 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209224559/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/national-inventory-canadian-memorials/details/3155| url-status=live}}</ref>
By 1876, the structures of Parliament Hill, and the surrounding fence and gates, were completed. The grounds were designed with the help of architects [[Thomas Seaton Scott|Thomas Scott]] and [[Calvert Vaux]].<ref name=Who/> Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, in late September that year, Prince George, Duke of Cornwall (later King [[George&nbsp;V]])—Queen Victoria's grandson—dedicated a large statue that stands on the hill in the late Queen's honour.<ref name=queenvictoriastatue />{{sfn|Hubbard|1977|pp=[https://archive.org/details/rideauhallillust00hubb/page/101 101–106]}}
===Fire, incidents, and renovations===
{{See also|Centre Block#Great fire|Parliament Hill Rehabilitation}}
[[File:Parliament after fire NYT Feb 1916.jpg|thumb|alt=The Parliament of Canada the morning after the fire of 1916, with firemen spraying water on the building|The parliament buildings the morning after the fire of 1916]]
On 3 February 1916, a fire destroyed the Centre Block.<ref name=parlhistfire>{{cite web| url=http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/1916-eng.html| title=The Fire of 1916| author=Public Works and Government Services Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214090952/http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/1916-eng.html| archive-date=14 February 2010}}</ref> Despite [[World War I|the ongoing war]], Governor General [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught]], re-laid the original cornerstone on 1&nbsp;September 1916, exactly fifty-six years after his brother the future King Edward&nbsp;VII had first set it. Eleven years later, the rebuilt Centre Block was completed and a new, freestanding bell tower was dedicated as the [[Peace Tower]] in commemoration of the Canadians who had died during the First World War.<ref name=historytowertour>{{cite web| url=http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/tour-tower-eng.html| title=Peace Tower| author=Public Works and Government Services Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=9 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423005319/http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/tour-tower-eng.html| archive-date=23 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=parlhist1916>{{cite web| url=http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/1916-1965-eng.html| title=Reconstruction, 1916–1965| author=Public Works and Government Services Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=5 May 2021| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830054643/http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/1916-1965-eng.html| archive-date=30 August 2009}}</ref>
Parliament Hill has hosted several significant events in Canadian history, including the first visit of the reigning [[Monarchy of Canada|Canadian sovereign]] King [[George&nbsp;VI]] and [[List of Royal Consorts of Canada|his consort]] [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]] to his Parliament in 1939.<ref name=worldtourcanenc>{{cite encyclopedia |title=1939 Royal Tour |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=22 May 2015 |last=Harris |first=Carolyn |publisher=Historica Canada |location=Toronto |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/1939-royal-tour }}</ref> A huge celebration on 8&nbsp;May 1945 marked [[Victory in Europe Day]],<ref name=ocitizenveday>{{cite news |last=Crawford |first=Blair |date=7 May 2020 |title=VE-Day 75 years later: 'The greatest mass demonstration of relief and joy ever to be witnessed in Canada's Capital' |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/ve-day-75-years-later-the-greatest-mass-demonstration-of-relief-and-joy-ever-to-be-witnessed-in-canadas-capital |work=Ottawa Citizen |location=Ottawa |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603221243/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/ve-day-75-years-later-the-greatest-mass-demonstration-of-relief-and-joy-ever-to-be-witnessed-in-canadas-capital |url-status=live }}</ref> and the first raising of [[Flag of Canada|the country's new national flag]] took place on 15&nbsp;February 1965.<ref name=cbcflagarchive>{{cite AV media |date=1965 |title=First official Canadian flag raised |language=English |url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2635641539 |location=Ottawa |publisher=CBC Archives }}</ref> [[Queen Elizabeth II]] revisited Parliament Hill on 17&nbsp;April 1982 for the issuing of a [[Proclamation|royal proclamation]] of the enactment of the [[Constitution Act, 1982|Constitution Act]] that year.<ref name=baclac>{{cite web |title=Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982 |date=19 March 2013 |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/proclamation-constitution-act-1982/Pages/proclamation-constitution-act-1982.aspx |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520112301/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/proclamation-constitution-act-1982/Pages/proclamation-constitution-act-1982.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
In April 1989, armed man [[Charles Yacoub]] hijacked a [[Greyhound Lines]] bus with eleven passengers on board that was travelling to New York City from Montreal, and drove it onto the lawn in front of the Centre Block. A six-hour standoff with police ensued; three shots were fired but there were no injuries.<ref name=latimesgreyhound>{{cite news| agency=[[United Press International]]| title=Gunman Hijacks Greyhound Bus in Canada, Surrenders| work=[[Los Angeles Times]]| date=8 April 1989| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-04-08-mn-1109-story.html| access-date=10 May 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424174022/http://articles.latimes.com/1989-04-08/news/mn-1109_1_greyhound-bus| archive-date=24 April 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II - Canadian Senate Foyer (14579919150).jpg|thumb|alt=Stained glass window with commemorative art of the Diamond Jubilees of Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II|The special Diamond Jubilee window of Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II alongside Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee window]]
On 14&nbsp;September 2001, 100,000 people gathered on the main lawn [[Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks|to honour the victims of the September&nbsp;11 attacks on the United States]] that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/canadaus/omalley1.html |title=Indepth: Canada{{hyphen}}U.S. Relations |last=O'Malley |first=Martin |date=12 February 2003 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818004852/https://www.cbc.ca/canadaus/omalley1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Queen Elizabeth II's  [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II#Canada|Diamond Jubilee]] was commemorated with the installation of a specially tinted window in the Centre Block on 7&nbsp;February 2012, one day after [[Accession Day]].<ref name=ggcawindow>{{cite web |last=Johnston |first=David |title=Diamond Jubilee Window |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2012/diamond-jubilee-window |publisher=[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General's Office]] |date=6 February 2012 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504005258/https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2012/diamond-jubilee-window |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 22 October 2014, [[2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa|shooting incidents occurred around Parliament Hill]]. After fatally shooting a [[Canadian Army]] soldier stationed as a ceremonial guard at the [[National War Memorial (Canada)|National War Memorial]], a gunman entered the Centre Block of the parliament buildings. There, the shooter engaged in a firefight with  Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons [[Kevin Vickers]] and members of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] (RCMP). The incident ended when the shooter was killed by Vickers and RCMP Constable Curtis Barrett.<ref name=ctvmounties>{{cite news |work=CTV News |author=CTVNews.ca staff |title=Mounties who helped end Parliament Hill attack still not recognized |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/mounties-who-helped-end-parliament-hill-attack-still-not-recognized-1.2608529 |date=13 October 2015 |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014205318/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/mounties-who-helped-end-parliament-hill-attack-still-not-recognized-1.2608529 |archive-date=14 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TumiltyRCMP"/> Following the incidents, the [[Parliamentary Protective Service]] was created to integrate the House of Commons and Senate security forces with RCMP patrols of the grounds.<ref name="TumiltyRCMP">{{cite news |first=Ryan |last=Tumilty |title=RCMP feared larger plot in 2014 ottawa rampage; Briefing notes reveal high tensions |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/rcmp-feared-larger-plot-for-hours-after-gunmans-rampage-on-parliament-hill-in-2014 |work=[[National Post]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=[[Postmedia Network]] |page=A3 |date=1 February 2020 |id={{ProQuest|2349706379}} |access-date=1 August 2021 }}</ref>
Since 2002, an extensive $3&nbsp;billion renovation-and-rehabilitation project has been underway throughout the precinct's buildings to bring the Parliament buildings to modern safety standards and to address their deteriorated state; work is not expected to be complete until after 2028.<ref name=ocitizenreno>{{cite news |last=Akin |first=David |date=1 June 2020 |title=Parliament's $3B 'mother of all renovations' on time, on budget |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/politics/parliaments-3-billion-mother-of-all-renovations-on-time-and-on-budget |work=Ottawa Citizen |location=Ottawa |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603210132/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/politics/parliaments-3-billion-mother-of-all-renovations-on-time-and-on-budget |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=renoinfo>{{cite web|url= https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/index-eng.html|title= Follow the Rehabilitation of the Parliament Buildings|date= 31 July 2015|publisher= Public Services and Procurement Canada|access-date= 8 March 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022222/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/index-eng.html|archive-date= 15 December 2018|url-status= live}}</ref> The West Block was completed in November 2018 before the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] moved there and renovations on the [[Senate of Canada Building]] concluded in 2019 to accommodate the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]]<ref name=senatereno>{{cite web |author=[[Public Services and Procurement Canada]] |title=Restoring and modernizing the Senate of Canada Building |date=31 July 2015 |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/conference-eng.html |publisher=[[Queen's Printer for Canada]] |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512043412/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/conference-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=westblockreno>{{cite web |author=[[Public Services and Procurement Canada]] |title=Restoring and modernizing the West Block |date=31 July 2015 |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/ouest-west-eng.html |publisher=[[Queen's Printer for Canada]] |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517223353/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/ouest-west-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while the Centre Block and East Block undergo renovations.<ref name=eastblockreno>{{cite web |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada |title=Restoring and modernizing the East Block |date=31 July 2015 |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/est-east-eng.html |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024081407/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/est-east-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Work on the [[Sir John A. Macdonald Building]] was completed in 2015<ref name=johnareno>{{cite web |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada |title=Rehabilitating the Sir John A. Macdonald Building |date=4 May 2021 |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/macdonald-eng.html |publisher=Queens Printer for Canada |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922175003/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/macdonald-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and work on the [[Wellington Building]] was completed in 2016.<ref name=wellingtonreno>{{cite web |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada |title=Rehabilitating the Wellington Building |date=4 May 2021 |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/wellington-eng.html |publisher=Queens Printer for Canada |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131141942/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/wellington-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An architectural competition is being held for designs pertaining to the city block south of Wellington Street and a new Visitors Welcome Centre is being built.<ref name=renoinfo /><ref name=visitorsreno>{{cite web |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada |title=Visitor Welcome Centre |date=19 January 2016 |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/visiteurs-visitors-eng.html |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511144359/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/visiteurs-visitors-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Grounds and name==
[[File:20161003 09 Parliament buildings (39694258941).jpg|thumb|alt=Wrought iron fence surrounding the southern front of Parliament Hill|The southern front of the property is demarcated by a wrought iron fence. A portion of the [[Queen's Gates]] is pictured in the right foreground.]]
The {{convert|9|ha|acre|0|adj=on|spell=in}} area,<ref name=hillgrounds>{{cite web| url=http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/trrns-grnds-eng.html| title=The Hill Grounds| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=10 May 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522231758/http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/trrns-grnds-eng.html| archive-date=22 May 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref> which the [[National Capital Commission]] maintains,<ref name=Bosc>{{Cite book| last1=Bosc| first1=Marc| last2=O'Brien| first2=Audrey| title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice| place=Ottawa| year=2009| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| edition=2| chapter=The Parliament Buildings and Grounds| chapter-url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/procedure-book-livre/Document.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&sbdid=1B08A55C-743C-47DB-92E0-898D41340504&sbpid=163E358A-5B67-42CE-98B8-78BA3C74AE13| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/procedure-book-livre/Document.aspx?sbdid=7C730F1D-E10B-4DFC-863A-83E7E1A6940E&sbpidx=1&Language=E&Mode=1| isbn=9782896353217| access-date=5 August 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313104825/http://www.parl.gc.ca/procedure-book-livre/Document.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&sbdid=7C730F1D-E10B-4DFC-863A-83E7E1A6940E&sbpidx=1| archive-date=13 March 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> is named by the ''Parliament of Canada Act'' as "Parliament Hill" and is defined as resting between the Ottawa River to the north, the Rideau Canal and the [[Colonel By Valley]] to the east, Wellington Street to the south, and a service road called Kent Street near the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] to the west.<ref name=parliamentofcanadaact>{{Cite canlaw |short title=Parliament of Canada Act |abbr=R.S.C. |year=1985 |chapter= P-1 |section=80 |link=https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-p-1/31880/rsc-1985-c-p-1.html |linkloc=CanLII |type=Act}}</ref> A Victorian, high-gothic, [[wrought iron]] fence demarcates the south front of the property.<ref name="parliamenthillhistoricsite">{{cite web |url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=17422&pid=0 |title=Public Grounds of the Parliament Buildings |publisher=[[Canadian Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=2 August 2011 |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919192913/http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=17422&pid=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fence, which is named the Wellington Wall,<ref name=Bosc /> has its centre on an axis with the Peace Tower to the north and the formal entrance to Parliament Hill the [[Queen's Gates]], which Ives & Co. of Montreal forged.<ref name=parlhist1859 /> Approximately three million visitors come to the hill every year.<ref name=CPoverwhelmed>{{cite news |title=Parliament Hill tourist facilities overwhelmed |work=CTV News |agency=[[Canadian Press]] |date=6 May 2007 |publisher=[[Bell Media]] |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/parliament-hill-tourist-facilities-overwhelmed-1.240173 |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607145254/https://www.ctvnews.ca/parliament-hill-tourist-facilities-overwhelmed-1.240173 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The hill's main outdoor area is the formal forecourt, which is formed by the arrangement of the Parliament and departmental buildings on the site.<ref name="buildingthefuturecommons">{{Cite web| author=House of Commons| author-link=House of Commons of Canada| date=22 October 1999| title=Building the Future| series=Circulation| location=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/process/house/LTAPO/english/Building%20the%20Future.pdf| access-date=12 January 2009| ref=CITEREF_House_of_Commons_1999| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205115555/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/process/house/LTAPO/english/Building%20the%20Future.pdf| archive-date=5 February 2009| url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|48}} This expanse is the site of major celebrations, demonstrations, and traditional shows such as the annual [[Canada Day]] celebrations<ref name="buildingthefuturecommons" />{{rp|54}} and the [[Ceremonial Guard (Canada)#Changing of the guard|Changing of the Guard]].<ref name=changingguard>{{cite news |title=Changing of the Guard on Parliament Hill cancelled due to COVID-19 |url=https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/changing-of-the-guard-on-parliament-hill-cancelled-due-to-covid-19-1.4881936 |first=Josh |last=Pringle |date=3 April 2020 |work=CTV News |publisher=Bell Media |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406065336/https://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/changing-of-the-guard-on-parliament-hill-cancelled-due-to-covid-19-1.4881936 |url-status=live }}</ref> To the sides of the buildings are statues, memorials, and at the northwest corner a [[gazebo]] called the Summer Pavilion, which is a 1995 reconstruction of an earlier gazebo named Summer House. Summer House was built for the [[Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada|Speaker of the House of Commons]] in 1877 by Thomas Seaton Scott and demolished in 1956.<ref name=rcmppavilion>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcmpveteransvancouver.com/canadian-police-peace-officers-memorial/ |title=Canadian Police & Peace Officers' Memorial |author=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815022811/http://www.rcmpveteransvancouver.com/canadian-police-peace-officers-memorial/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Summer Pavilion now serves as the National Police Memorial.<ref name=Bosc />{{sfn|Barnes|2000|p=213}} Beyond the edges of these landscaped areas, the escarpment remains in its natural state.<ref name=buildingthefuturecommons/>{{rp|45}} At its base runs part of the [[Trans-Canada Trail]], the portion between the West Block and the Supreme Court building being named the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail, in commemoration of the [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|60th anniversary]] of Elizabeth's accession to the [[Monarchy of Canada|Canadian throne]].<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2012/10/governor-general-unveil-new-plaque-honour-naming-queen-elizabeth-ii-diamond-jubilee-trail.html| author=Government of Canada| title=Governor General to Unveil New Plaque in Honour of the Naming of The Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail| date=25 October 2012| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=5 October 2023}}</ref>
In 1976, the Parliament Buildings and the grounds of Parliament Hill were each designated as [[National Historic Sites of Canada]] due to their importance as the physical embodiment of the Canadian government and as the focal point of national celebrations.<ref name="parliamenthillhistoricsite" /><ref name="parliamenthistoricsite">{{cite web |url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=18470&pid=0 |title=Parliament Buildings |publisher=[[Canadian Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=2 August 2011 |archive-date=19 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919192808/http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=18470&pid=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The ''[[Parliament of Canada Act]]'' prohibits anyone naming any other area or establishment within the [[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]] "Parliament Hill", and forbids the production of merchandise bearing that name.<ref name=parliamentofcanadaact /> Any violation of this law is punishable on summary conviction.<ref name=parliamentofcanadaact />
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===Parliament Buildings===
{{See also|Canadian Parliament Buildings}}
[[File:Parliament Hill from a Hot Air Balloon, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Y2K (7173715788).jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial view of the Parliament buildings and their surroundings taken from a hot air balloon|Aerial view of [[Canadian Parliament Buildings]] and its surroundings]]
The Parliament Buildings are three edifices arranged around three sides of Parliament Hill's central lawn. The  speakers of each chamber of the legislature oversee the use and administration of the spaces within each building.<ref name=Bosc /> The Centre Block has the Senate and Commons chambers, and is fronted by the Peace Tower on the south facade, and the [[Library of Parliament]] lies at the building's rear.<ref name=commonsarchitecture/> The East Block contains ministers' and senators' offices, meeting rooms, and other administrative spaces.<ref name=abouteastblock>{{cite web |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada |title=Explore the East Block |date=31 July 2015 |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/decouvrez-discover/est-east-eng.html |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604005249/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/decouvrez-discover/est-east-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The West Block is serving as the temporary seat of the House of Commons.<ref name=aboutwestblock>{{cite web |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada |title=Explore the West Block |date=31 July 2015 |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/decouvrez-discover/ouest-west-eng.html |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603202816/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/decouvrez-discover/ouest-west-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The buildings' unifying architectural style is [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]].<ref name=commonsarchitecture>{{cite web |title=History, Arts and Architecture |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/About/HistoryArtsArchitecture/index-e.htm |publisher=[[House of Commons of Canada]] |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508050021/https://www.ourcommons.ca/About/HistoryArtsArchitecture/index-e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=parkscanparliamenthill>{{cite web |author=Parks Canada |title=Parliament Hill, Complex |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=2834 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603202818/https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=2834 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Monuments and statues===
{{further|Royal monuments in Canada}}
More than 20 bronze statues in the grounds commemorate important figures in Canada's history. Most are arranged in the gardens behind the three parliamentary buildings and one stands outside the main fence.<ref name=statuegeneralsource />{{efn|Due to renovations on Parliament Hill, some statues have been relocated to other places around the hill.}}
<!-- The common format for all images in this list is 350x500 pixels; if you replace this image, please make sure it is with a similarly cropped image. -->
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:20%;"| Figure !! Portrait !! Statue !! Notes
|-
| [[George-Étienne Cartier]] || [[File:Cartier-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:George-Etienne Cartier statue, Ottawa.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || This was the first statue erected on Parliament Hill and stands immediately west of the Centre Block. It was installed at the instigation of Sir John A. Macdonald.<ref name=statuegeneralsource>{{cite web |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/decouvrez-discover/statues-eng.html |title=Explore the statues, monuments and memorials of the Hill |website=canada.ca |date=31 July 2015 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141018/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/decouvrez-discover/statues-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref> From among proposals from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy, [[Louis-Philippe Hébert]] was chosen to sculpt the monument, which was set up in the 1880s.<ref name=statuegeneralsource />
|-
| [[John A. Macdonald]] || [[File:Macdonald-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:S-Macdonald-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || Hébert was selected from 44 submissions from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe, to sculpt the statue of Canada's first prime minister.<ref name=statuegeneralsource /> It was unveiled on the hill on 1&nbsp;July 1895.<ref name=mcdonaldunveiling>{{cite book |title=Proceedings at the Unveiling of the Monument to Sir John A. MacDonald, G. C. B. at Ottawa, July 1st, 1895 |url=https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/023012/f2/nlc013258-full.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/023012/f2/nlc013258-full.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |location=Ottawa |publisher=Government Printing Bureau |date=1895}}</ref>
|-
| [[Queen Victoria]] || [[File:Victoria-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:S-Victoria-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || This statue is located at the northwest corner between the West and Centre Blocks.  Hébert sculpted the statue of the country's first monarch that was first displayed at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Paris Exposition]] before being moved to Ottawa,<ref name=statuegeneralsource /> and dedicated by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, in 1901.<ref name=queenvictoriastatue>{{cite web |url=https://interactive.britishart.yale.edu/victoria-monuments/249/statue-of-queen-victoria |title=Statue of Queen Victoria |website=yale.edu |publisher=Yale Center For British Art |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814114940/https://interactive.britishart.yale.edu/victoria-monuments/249/statue-of-queen-victoria |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]] || [[File:Mackenzie-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:Alexander Mackenzie statue, Ottawa.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || Hébert was commissioned to sculpt this figure, which stands directly to the north of the statue of Cartier, at the same time as he was awarded the project of the monument to Queen Victoria.<ref name=statuegeneralsource /> The statue was unveiled in 1901.<ref name=statuespwgsc>{{cite web |url=http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/terrains-grounds/statues-eng.html |title=Statues – Parliament Hill |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522231800/http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/collineduparlement-parliamenthill/batir-building/terrains-grounds/statues-eng.html |archive-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=dead |quote=}}</ref>
|-
| Sir [[Galahad]] || [[File:Harper-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:Sir Galahad statue.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || This is the only statue on Parliament Hill that is not of a monarch or politician, or within the site's fences. It was installed in 1905 on the initiative of the future prime minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] to honour the bravery of his friend [[Henry Albert Harper]], who drowned trying to rescue a girl who fell through thin ice in the Ottawa River in 1901.<ref name=harpermemorial>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/art-monuments/monuments/harper-sir-galahad.html |title=Harper Memorial (Sir Galahad) |website=canada.ca |date=27 September 2017 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213715/https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/art-monuments/monuments/harper-sir-galahad.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The statue was created by [[Ernest Keyser|Ernest Wise Keyser]].<ref name=harpermemorial />
|-
| [[George Brown (Canadian politician)|George Brown]] || [[File:Brown-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:George Brown (Canadian politician).jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || rowspan="2" | The competition for these sculptures took place simultaneously and [[George William Hill (sculptor)|George William Hill]] won both. The statues were installed in 1913.<ref name=statuespwgsc />
|-
| [[D'Arcy McGee]] || [[File:McGee-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:Thomas D'Arcy McGee.JPG|upright=0.3|frameless]]
|-
| [[Robert Baldwin]] and<br />[[Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine]] || [[File:Baldwin-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]]<br />[[File:Lafontaine-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:Baldwin-Lafontaine April 2010.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || This dual statue by [[Walter Seymour Allward]] has occupied the site at the northeast corner of the parliamentary precinct since 1914.<ref name=statuespwgsc />
|-
| [[Wilfrid Laurier]] || [[File:The Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier Photo C (HS85-10-16873) - medium crop.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:Wilfrid Laurier statue in 2010.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || This work by [[Joseph-Émile Brunet]] was selected from 40 entries received from around the world. It was placed at the southeast corner of the site in 1922.<ref name=statuespwgsc />
|-
| [[Robert Borden]] || [[File:Borden-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:Robert Borden, statue.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[Frances Loring]] cast this likeness for the [[23rd Canadian Parliament|1957 session of Parliament]] Queen [[Elizabeth&nbsp;II]] opened; it stands at the southwest corner of Parliament Hill.<ref name=statuespwgsc /><ref name=senroyals>{{cite web |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/sencaplus/how-why/young-royals-have-long-ties-to-canada/ |title=Young Royals have long ties to Canada |date=18 May 2018 |publisher=Senate of Canada |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817191238/https://sencanada.ca/en/sencaplus/how-why/young-royals-have-long-ties-to-canada/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] || [[File:William Lyon Mackenzie King - William Lyon Mackenzie King (39295031694).jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:William Lyon Mackenzie King statue.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[Raoul Hunter]] designed this statue, which was commissioned for the [[Canadian Centennial]] in 1967 and stands at the northwest corner of the East Block.<ref name=statuespwgsc />
|-
| [[John Diefenbaker]] || [[File:John Diefenbaker 1961.png|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:Diefenbaker-statue-Ottawa.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || In 1985, Parliament voted unanimously in favour of a motion that would commemorate John Diefenbaker with a statue.<ref name=statuespwgsc /> [[Leo Mol]] was chosen from 21 submissions to sculpt this 1985 work, which stands immediately north of the West Block.<ref name=statuegeneralsource />
|-
| [[Lester B. Pearson]] || [[File:Pearson-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:Lester Pearson, statue.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[Danek Mozdzenski]] completed this monument in 1989; it lies immediately north of the West Block.<ref name=statuegeneralsource />
|-
| Queen [[Elizabeth&nbsp;II]] || [[File:Elizabeth-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:Queen Elizabeth statue full Ottawa.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[Jack Harman (artist)|Jack Harman]] sculpted this monument, which was unveiled in 1992 in the presence of the Queen, as part of the 125th anniversary of Confederation celebrations. It is situated in the opposite corner of the site from the statue of her great-great-grandmother.<ref name=statuegeneralsource /> Due to construction work on Parliament Hill, the statue was moved to a roundabout on [[Sussex Drive]].<ref name=statuegeneralsource />
|-
| [[The Famous Five (Canada)|The Famous Five]] || [[File:Persons-sm.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || [[File:Ottawa Parliament Gardens Famous Five Women are Persons.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || This monument, which is entitled ''Women are Persons!'', was donated in 2000 to the Crown by the Famous 5 Foundation. The monument is a collection of five statues by [[Barbara Paterson]] of each of The Famous Five{{mdash}}[[Emily Murphy]], [[Irene Parlby]], [[Nellie McClung]], [[Louise McKinney]], and [[Henrietta Edwards]]{{mdash}}as well as one empty chair.<ref name=womenarepersons>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/art-monuments/monuments/women-are-persons.html |title=Women Are Persons! |website=canada.ca |date=27 September 2017 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213736/https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/art-monuments/monuments/women-are-persons.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to construction on Parliament Hill, the statue was moved to Plaza Bridge near the Senate of Canada building.<ref name=statuegeneralsource />
|}
A number of other monuments are distributed across the hill, marking historical moments or acting as memorials for larger groups of people.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:20%;"| Monument !! Image !! Notes
|-
| [[Centennial Flame]] || [[File:Peace Tower and Centennial Flame.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || Lester B. Pearson dedicated this fountain and flame on 1 January 1967 to mark the beginning of the [[Canadian Centennial]].<ref name=centennialcanenc>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Canada's Centennial Celebrations, 1967 |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |year=2017 |last1=McIntosh |first1=Andrew |last2=King |first2=Betty Nygaard |publisher=Historica Canada |location=Toronto |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/1967-centennial-celebrations-emc |access-date= }}</ref>
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| [[Canadian Police and Peace Officers' Memorial]] || [[File:Canadian Police Memorial.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || This memorial includes a recreation of the former Summer Pavilion and honours Canadian police officers who were killed in the line of duty since 1879.{{sfn|Barnes|2000|p=213}} It was dedicated on 22&nbsp;March 1994 and has since been expanded to include the names of fallen officers from all law enforcement agencies, including the [[Natural Resources Canada|Ministry of Natural Resources]], the [[Fisheries and Oceans Canada|Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans]], and the Ministry of Conservation.<ref name=statuespwgsc /> The first names to be memorialised were inscribed on three granite slabs, and following names are inscribed on glass panels around the perimeter wall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://policeridetoremember.com/the-memorial-book-the-pavilion-and-the-memorial-stone |title=The Memorial Book, the Pavilion and the Memorial Stone |author=Canadian Police Memorial Ride to Remember |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608141321/http://policeridetoremember.com/the-memorial-book-the-pavilion-and-the-memorial-stone |url-status=live }}</ref>
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| [[Victoria Tower Bell]] || [[File:Victoria Tower bell April 2006.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || The bell in this monument, which was unveiled in 2000, is the bell is the original from the [[Victoria Tower (Canada)|Victoria Tower]], and is canted to recall the way in which it was found after it fell from its perch in the fire of 1916.<ref name=statuespwgsc />
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| [[War of 1812 Monument]] || [[File:War of 1812 Monument.jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]]|| Seven figures—a First Nations individual, a Métis militiaman, a British infantryman, a Quebec [[Canadian Voltigeurs|Voltigeur]], a woman bandaging one of them, a [[Royal Navy]] marine, and a farmer—represent the [[War of 1812]].<ref name=thestarmonument>{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/visualarts/2013/06/27/toronto_sculptor_adrienne_alison_creates_monument_to_war_of_1812.html| last=Whyte| first=Murray| title=Toronto sculptor Adrienne Alison creates monument to War of 1812| date=27 June 2014| newspaper=Toronto Star| access-date=15 November 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025738/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/visualarts/2013/06/27/toronto_sculptor_adrienne_alison_creates_monument_to_war_of_1812.html| archive-date=29 November 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> Also part of the monument is a maple tree planted in soil taken from 10 Canadian battlefield sites and watered at the dedication with water from six oceans and lakes that were significant in the War of 1812. It was dedicated on 6&nbsp;November 2014, the 200th anniversary of the [[Battle of Malcolm's Mills]], the war's final battle in Canada.<ref name=ocitizenmonument>{{cite news| url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/war-of-1812-monument-unveiled-on-parliament-hill| title=War of 1812 monument unveiled on Parliament Hill| date=7 November 2014| newspaper=Ottawa Citizen| access-date=15 November 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109045223/http://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/war-of-1812-monument-unveiled-on-parliament-hill| archive-date=9 November 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
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| Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail || [[File:Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail, Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Ontario (29955642362).jpg|upright=0.3|frameless]] || A portion of the [[Trans-Canada Trail]] running along the Ottawa River named to mark the [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II#Canada|Diamond Jubilee]] of Queen Elizabeth II
|}
===Surrounding area===
[[File:Langevin Block (2013)(cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=The Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council Building viewed from the front|The [[Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council|Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council Building]] is one of several federal properties situated next to Parliament Hill]]
Though Parliament Hill remains the heart of the parliamentary precinct, expansion beyond the bounded area began in the 1880s with the construction of the [[Langevin Block]] across Wellington Street. After private interests purchased land to the east across the canal to build the [[Château Laurier]] hotel, growth of the parliamentary infrastructure moved westward along Wellington Street with the erection in the 1930s of the [[Confederation Building (Ottawa)|Confederation]] and [[Justice Building]]s on the north side, and further construction to the south. By the 1970s, the Crown began purchasing other structures or leasing space in the downtown civic area of Ottawa. In 1973, the Crown expropriated the entire block between Wellington and [[Sparks Street]]s, intending to construct a south block for Parliament Hill but the government dropped this proposal and instead constructed more office space in [[Hull, Quebec]].<ref name="buildingthefuturecommons" />{{rp|3–5}} In 2021, this idea was revisited, and the [[Public Services and Procurement Canada|Ministry of Public Services]] announced an architectural design competition for the block.<ref name=block2reno>{{cite web |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada |title=Architectural design competition for Block 2 |date=20 November 2019 |url=https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/conception-design-eng.html |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525114351/https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/rehabilitation/conception-design-eng.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Politics|Ontario}}
* [[Parliament Hill cat colony]]
* [[Government Hill]]
* [[Capitol Hill]]
* [[Parliament Hill, London]]
* [[Parliamentary Triangle, Canberra]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hubbard |first=Robert Hamilton |year=1977 |title=Rideau Hall: An Illustrated History of Government House, Ottawa, from Victorian Times to the Present Day |location=Montreal |publisher=[[McGill-Queen’s University Press]] |isbn=9780773503106 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/rideauhallillust00hubb/ }}
* {{cite book |last=Barnes |first=Michael |date=2000 |title=Dedication to Duty: OPP Officers who Died Serving Ontario |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHXSxSwhYogC |location=Renfrew, Ontario |publisher=General Store Publishing House |isbn=9781894263214 |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925135613/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Dedication_to_Duty/VHXSxSwhYogC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bourrie |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Bourrie |year=1996 |title=Canada's Parliament Buildings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22bACV6B7j8C |location=Toronto |publisher=[[Dundurn Press]] |isbn=9781459713369 |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703045154/https://books.google.com/books?id=22bACV6B7j8C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Van Dusen |first1=Thomas |last2=Code |first2=Susan |year=1998 |title=Inside the Tent: Forty-five Years on Parliament Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdQvs5SOCtMC |location=Renfrew, Ontario |publisher=General Store Publishing House |isbn=9781896182865 |access-date=7 September 2017 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703045154/https://books.google.com/books?id=IdQvs5SOCtMC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Young |first=Carolyn Ann |year=1995 |title=Glory of Ottawa: Canada's First Parliament Buildings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAiyqEvKCTAC |location=Montreal |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773564961 |jstor=j.ctt81cpk |ol=2394544W |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703045153/https://books.google.com/books?id=xAiyqEvKCTAC |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Parliament Hill, Ottawa|Parliament Hill}}
* [https://visit.parl.ca/visit-e.html Parliament Hill Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070422093100/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/structures/parliament/ Canada by Design: Parliament Hill, Ottawa] at Library and Archives Canada
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090428052516/http://www.collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca/histoire-history/trrns-grnds-eng.html M.H. Stoneworks Inc.]—Images of the restoration of various buildings on Parliament Hill
* [https://www.gallery.ca/library/ngc007.html Terry Guernsey fonds] at the [[National Gallery of Canada]], Ottawa, Ontario
{{Parliament Hill}}
{{Ottawa landmarks}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Parliament of Canada buildings| ]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1927]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Ottawa]]
[[Category:Hills of Ontario]]
[[Category:Legislative buildings in Canada]]
[[Category:National Historic Sites in Ontario]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ottawa]]
[[Category:1910s fires in North America]]
[[Category:1916 fires]]
[[Category:20th-century fires in Canada]]
[[Category:1916 disasters in Canada]]