View source for Parodia

{{Short description|Genus of cacti}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Notocactus Magnificus, Huntington Desert Garden.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Parodia magnifica]],'' [[Huntington Desert Garden]]
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Parodia
|authority = [[Speg.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision =
|type_species =''[[Parodia microsperma]]''
}}
'''''Parodia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Cactus|Cactaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to the eastern slopes of the Andes in northwestern Argentina and southwestern Bolivia and in the lowland pampas regions of northeastern Argentina, southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and Uruguay.<ref name="Anceschi Magli 2018 pp. 70–161">{{cite journal | last1=Anceschi | first1=Giovanna | last2=Magli | first2=Alberto | title=A synopsis of the genusParodiaSpegazzini s.l. (Cactaceae) | journal=Bradleya | publisher=British Cactus and Succulent Society | volume=36 | issue=36 | year=2018 | issn=0265-086X | doi=10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a9 | pages=70–161| s2cid=92389189 }}</ref> This genus has about 65 [[species]], many of which have been transferred from ''Eriocactus'', ''Notocactus'' and ''Wigginsia''. They range from small globose plants to {{convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall columnar cacti. All are deeply ribbed and spiny, with single flowers at or near the crown. Some species produce [[offset (botany)|offset]]s at the base. They are popular in cultivation, but must be grown indoors where temperatures fall below {{convert|10|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A–Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref>
==Taxonomy and systematics==
The first description was published in 1923 by the Italian-Argentinian botanist Carlos Luis Spegazzini.<ref>Carlos Luis Spegazzini: ''Breves notas cactológicas''. In: ''Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina''. Band 96, 1923, S. 70.</ref> The genus is named after [[Domingo Parodi]], one of the early investigators of the flora of [[Paraguay]].{{sfn|Anderson|2001|p=538}} The type species is ''[[Echinocactus microspermus]]''. Anatomical and morphological work by [[David Hunt (botanist)|David Richard Hunt]] et. al.<ref>D. R. Hunt et al.: ''Cactaceae''. In: S. M. Walters et al. (Hrsg.): ''The European Garden Flora''. Band 3, S. 202–301, Cambridge 1989</ref>  and Reto Nyffeler<ref>Reto Nyffeler: ''Notocactus versus Parodia – the search for a generic classification of the subtribe Notocactinae''. In: ''Cactus Consensus Initiatives''. Nr. 7, S. 6–8, 1999</ref> led to the incorporation of the genera ''Brasilicactus'', ''Brasiliparodia'', ''Eriocactus'', ''Notocactus'' and ''Wigginsia'' into the genus ''Parodia''. These studies also suggested the inclusion of the genera ''[[Blossfeldia]]'' and ''[[Frailea]]''.
According to Reto Nyffeler, the genus Parodia can be divided into three subgenera:
*Subgenus ''Parodia'':
**Group ''Parodia'': (Parodia s. str.) <br />The shoots are flat spherical, globular or columnar and rarely sprout. A tuber is rarely present. The shoot tissue usually contains no mucilage, the epidermis is usually tender. The areoles are always on the protuberances. The central and radial spines differ significantly from each other. The central spine is sometimes hooked. The flowers are funnel-shaped, styles and stigmas are always the same color. The soft fruits later dry up and open at their base.
**Group ''Notocactus'': (Notocactus s.str. + Wigginsia) <br />The shoots are flat spherical, globular or columnar and occasionally sprout. A tuber is sometimes present. The shoot tissue usually contains mucus, the epidermis is often hard. The areoles are located in the depressions between the bumps. The central and radial spines differ. The flowers are broadly funnel-shaped to bell-shaped, styles and stigmas are usually differently colored. The fruits, which are often elongated when ripe, open differently.
*Subgenus ''Eriocactus'': <br />The shoots are often long columnar in old age and occasionally sprout. The [[shoot apex]] is often crooked. The instinctual tissue contains no mucus. The humps are fused into straight ribs. The areoles are located between the protuberances. They are not sunken or only vaguely sunken and are often heavily woolly. The thorns are more or less bristle-like. The light to dark yellow flowers are broadly bell-shaped, styles and stigmas are the same color. The fruits have a hard pericarp and open at the base.
===Species===
Species of the genus ''Parodia'' according to [[Plants of the World Online]] {{As of|2023|January}} separated into sections according to Reto Nyffeler:<ref name="Plants of the World Online 2020">{{cite web | title=Parodia Speg. - Plants of the World Online | website=Plants of the World Online | date=2020-11-18 | url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328407-2 | access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subgenus !!Section !!Image !! Scientific name!!  Distribution
|-
! rowspan="58" style="text-align:center;"| ''Parodia''
! rowspan="27" style="text-align:center;"| ''Parodia''
|[[File:Parodia aureicentra flowers.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia aureicentra]]'' {{small|Backeb.}} ||Argentina (Salta)
|-
|[[File:Parodia ayopayana 2019-05-10 01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia ayopayana]]'' {{small|Cárdenas}} ||Bolivia.
|-
|[[File:Parodia chrysacanthion 10.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia chrysacanthion]]'' {{small|(K.Schum.) Backeb.}} || Argentina (Jujuy)
|-
|[[File:Parodia columnaris pm.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia columnaris]]'' {{small|Cárdenas}} ||Bolivia.
|-
|[[File:Parodia comarapana (8415155123).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia comarapana]]'' {{small|Cárdenas}} ||Bolivia.
|-
|[[File:Parodia diersiana 15556.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia diersiana]]'' {{small|Jucker}} ||Bolivia.
|-
|[[File:Parodia maxima.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia commutans]]'' {{small|F.Ritter}} ||Bolivia
|-
|[[File:Parodia winbergii MN137 13917.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia formosa]]'' {{small|F.Ritter}} ||Bolivia
|-
| ||''[[Parodia gibbulosoides]]'' {{small|F.H.Brandt}}||Bolivia.
|-
|[[File:ParodiaLaui 252.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia hausteiniana]]'' {{small|Rausch}} ||Bolivia
|-
| ||''[[Parodia hegeri]]'' {{small|Diers, Krahn & Beckert}} ||Bolivia
|-
| ||''[[Parodia horrida]]'' {{small|F.H.Brandt}} ||Argentina (Salta)
|-
| ||''[[Parodia larapuntensis]]'' {{small|Diers & Jucker}}||Bolivia (Chuquisaca)
|-
|[[File:Parodia maassii 01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia maassii]]'' {{small|(Heese) A.Berger}} ||Bolivia to Argentina (Jujuy)
|-
| ||''[[Parodia mairanana]]'' {{small|Cárdenas}}||Bolivia (Santa Cruz).
|-
|[[File:Parodia microsperma.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia microsperma]]'' {{small|(F.A.C.Weber) Speg.}} ||Bolivia to NW. Argentina
|-
|[[File:Parodia penicillata 2.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia nivosa]]'' {{small|Backeb.}} ||Argentina (Salta)
|-
|[[File:Parodia ocampoi pm.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia ocampoi]]'' {{small|Cárdenas}} ||Bolivia
|-
| ||''[[Parodia otaviana]]'' {{small|Cárdenas}}||Bolivia.
|-
| ||''[[Parodia prestoensis]]'' {{small|F.H.Brandt}}||Bolivia.
|-
|[[File:Parodia procera 01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia procera]]'' {{small|F.Ritter}} ||Bolivia
|-
|[[File:仙人掌錦繡玉(南國玉)屬 Parodia rubida -紐西蘭 Christchurch Botanic Garden, New Zealand- (46512522561).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia ritteri]]'' {{small|Buining}} ||Bolivia.
|-
|[[File:Parodia schwebsiana.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia schwebsiana]]'' {{small|(Werderm.) Backeb.}} || Bolivia
|-
|[[File:P stuemeri HTH 14 106 296 1.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia stuemeri]]'' {{small|(Werderm.) Backeb.}} ||Argentina (Jujuy, Salta)
|-
|[[File:Parodia subterranea 01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia subterranea]]'' {{small|F.Ritter}} ||Bolivia
|-
|[[File:Parodia taratensis.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia taratensis]]'' {{small|Cárdenas}} || Bolivia
|-
|[[File:Parodia tuberculata, Jardín Botánico, Múnich, Alemania, 2013-09-08, DD 01.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia tuberculata]]'' {{small|Cárdenas}} ||Bolivia.
|-
! rowspan="31" style="text-align:center;"| ''Notocactus''
|[[File:Notocactus allosiphon.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia allosiphon]]'' {{small|(Marchesi) N.P.Taylor}} || Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Uruguay
|-
|[[File:Notocactus buiningii 01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia buiningii]]'' {{small|(Buxb.) N.P.Taylor}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Uruguay
|-
| ||''[[Parodia calvescens]]'' {{small|(N.Gerloff & A.D.Nilson) Anceschi & Magli}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Argentina (Corrientes)
|-
|[[File:Parodia claviceps 2020-07-18 01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia claviceps]]'' {{small|(F.Ritter) F.H.Brandt}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Argentina (Misiones).
|-
|[[File:Parodia carambeiensis in habitat.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia carambeiensis]]'' {{small|(Buining & Brederoo) Hofacker}} || Brazil (Paraná)
|-
|[[File:Parodia tabularis pm 1.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia concinna]]'' {{small|(Monv.) N.P.Taylor}} || Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Uruguay
|-
|[[File:Notocactus ubelmannianus.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia crassigibba]]'' {{small|(F.Ritter) N.P.Taylor}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
|[[File:Parodia arnostiana (Lisal & Kolarik) Hofacker.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia curvispina]]'' {{small|(F.Ritter) D.R.Hunt}} || Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
| ||''[[Parodia erinaceus]]'' {{small|(Haw.) N.P.Taylor}} ||Central Colombia, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to NE. & S. Central Argentina
|-
|[[File:Notocactus schlosseri - erubescens Parodia erubescens.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia × erubescens]]'' {{small|(Osten) D.R.Hunt}} (P. mammulosa x P. concinna)||Uruguay
|-
|[[File:Parodia fusca (F.Ritter) Hofacker & P.J.Braun.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia fusca]]'' {{small|(F.Ritter) Hofacker & P.J.Braun}} ||S. Brazil.
|-
| ||''[[Parodia gaucha]]'' {{small|M.Machado & Larocca}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
|-
|[[File:Parodia-herteri-1.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia herteri]]'' {{small|(Werderm.) N.P.Taylor}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Uruguay.
|-
|[[File:Parodia horstii pm.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia horstii]]'' {{small|(F.Ritter) N.P.Taylor}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
|-
| ||''[[Parodia ibicuiensis]]'' {{small|(Prestlé) Anceschi & Magli}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul ).
|-
| ||''[[Parodia langsdorfii]]'' {{small|(Lehm.) D.R.Hunt}} ||S. Brazil.
|-
|[[File:Parodia linkii (Lehmann) R. Kiesling.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia linkii]]'' {{small|(Lehm.) R.Kiesling}} ||S. Brazil to NE. Argentina
|-
|[[File:Parodia mammulosa1001.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia mammulosa]]'' {{small|(Lem.) N.P.Taylor}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Argentina
|-
|[[File:Parodia rutilans.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia mueller-melchersii]]'' {{small|(Frič ex Backeb.) N.P.Taylor}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Uruguay
|-
| ||''[[Parodia muricata]]'' {{small|(Link & Otto ex Pfeiff.) Hofacker}} ||S. Brazil.
|-
| ||''[[Parodia neoarechavaletae]]'' {{small|(Havlíček) D.R.Hunt}} ||Uruguay.
|-
| ||''[[Parodia neobuenekeri]]'' {{small|(F.Ritter) Anceschi & Magli}} ||Brazil.
|-
|[[File:Ritterocactus horstii.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia neohorstii]]'' {{small|N.P.Taylor}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
| ||''[[Parodia nothorauschii]]'' {{small|D.R.Hunt}} || Uruguay
|-
|[[File:Notocactus ottonis 04.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia ottonis]]'' {{small|(Lehm.) N.P.Taylor}} ||S. Brazil to NE. Argentina.
|-
|[[File:Parodia oxycostata 01.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia oxycostata]]'' {{small|(Buining & Brederoo) Hofacker}} || Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
|-
| ||''[[Parodia roseolutea]]'' {{small|(Vliet) Hofacker, A.S.Oliveira & R.Pontes}} ||Uruguay.
|-
|[[File:Notocactus scopa.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia scopa]]'' {{small|(Spreng.) N.P.Taylor}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Uruguay
|-
|[[File:Parodia stockingeri.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia stockingeri]]'' {{small|(Prestlé) Hofacker & P.J.Braun}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
|-
|[[File:Notocactus minimus.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia tenuicylindrica]]'' {{small|(F.Ritter) D.R.Hunt}} || Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
| ||''[[Parodia werdermanniana]]'' {{small|(Herter) N.P.Taylor}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Uruguay
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| ''Eriocactus'' {{small| (Buxb.) F.H.Brandt}}
| ||[[File:Parodia 0085.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia leninghausii]]'' {{small|(F.Haage) F.H.Brandt ex Eggli & Hofacker}} || Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
| ||[[File:Eriocactus magnificus JPG.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia magnifica]]'' {{small|(F.Ritter) F.H.Brandt}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
| || ||''[[Parodia nigrispina]]'' {{small|(K.Schum.) F.H.Brandt}} ||Paraguay
|-
| ||[[File:Pájara La Lajita - Oasis Park - Parodia schumanniana 02 ies.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia schumanniana]]'' {{small|(Nicolai) F.H.Brandt}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) to Argentina (Misiones)
|-
| ||[[File:Notocactus wasarii.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Parodia warasii]]'' {{small|(F.Ritter) F.H.Brandt}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| ''Brasilicactus'' {{small| (Buxb.) F.H.Brandt}}
| ||[[File:Parodia alacriportana (Brasilparodia) v brevihamata.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia alacriportana]]'' {{small|Backeb. & Voll}} || Brazil
|-
| ||[[File:Parodia haselbergii.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia haselbergii]]'' {{small|(Haage ex Rümpler) F.H.Brandt}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
| ||[[File:Parodia rechensis (Buining) F.H.Brandt.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Parodia rechensis]]'' {{small|(Buining) F.H.Brandt}} ||Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
|}
===Synonyms===
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
*''Acanthocephala'' <small>[[Backeb.]]</small>
*''Brasilicactus'' <small>[[Backeb.]]</small>
*''Brasiliparodia'' <small>[[F.Ritter]]</small>
*''Brasilocactus'' <small>[[Alberto Vojtech Frič|Fric]]</small> (nom. inval.)
*''Chrysocactus'' <small>[[Y.Itô]]</small> (nom. inval.)
*''Dactylanthocactus'' <small>[[Y.Itô]]</small>
*''Eriocactus'' <small>[[Backeb.]]</small>
*''Eriocephala'' <small>[[Backeb.]]</small>
*''Friesia'' <small>[[Alberto Vojtech Frič|Fric]]</small> (nom. inval.)
|
*''Hickenia'' <small>[[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]]</small>
*''Jauhisoparodia'' <small>[[Gabriel Blackhat|Blackhat]]</small>
*''Malacocarpus'' <small>[[Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck|Salm-Dyck]]</small>
*''Microspermia'' <small>[[Alberto Vojtech Frič|Fric]]</small>
*''Neohickenia'' <small>[[Alberto Vojtech Frič|Fric]]</small>
*''Notocactus'' <small>([[K.Schum.]]) [[Alberto Vojtech Frič|Fric]]</small>
*''Sericocactus'' <small>[[Y.Itô]]</small>
*''Wigginsia'' <small>[[D.M.Porter]]</small>
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id105617/ Biolib]
* [http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=1841364 Universal biological indexer]
==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Edward F. |year=2001 |title=The Cactus Family |publication-place=Pentland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-498-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Innes |first=Clive| year=1995| chapter=Cacti |editor-last1=Innes |editor-first1=Clive |editor-last2=Wall |editor-first2=Bill |title=Cacti, Succulents and Bromeliads |publication-place=London |publisher=Cassell for the Royal Horticultural Society |isbn=978-0-304-32076-9 |name-list-style=amp |pages=11–70 }}
* {{Commons category-inline|Parodia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q311614}}
{{Auth}}
[[Category:Parodia| ]]
[[Category:Cactoideae genera]]
[[Category:Cacti of South America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carlo Luigi Spegazzini]]