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{{Infobox Family
| name          = The Pazmiño family
| image         =
| crest         = [[File:Coat of Arms of Pazmiño family.png|Coat of arms of Pazmiño family|200px]]
| footnotes     = <small id="1">[1] Originally a Sephardi Jewish family from Llerena, Spain that converted to Catholicism in the 15th century, relocating to colonial Ecuador, and assimilating as members of the Hispanic population</small>
| caption       = In a field of sable, a golden tower, surmounted by a golden star.<ref>{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Pazmiño |publisher=linajes.net|url=http://www.linajes.net/esq22b.php?nombre=Pazmi%F1o&submit2=Buscar}}</ref>
| early_forms   = Paz Miño, de Paz Miño, de Pazmiño, de Paz y Miño, Pazimyño.
| members       =
| otherfamilies = Paz y Miño, Pasmiño, Pazminio, Pazimiño, Paziminio, Pasiminio, Pasminio, Pasimiño, Pazymiño, Pazmino, Paz y Mino, Paz-y-Mino, Pasmino, Pazimino, Pasimino, Pazymino.
| distinctions  = [[Extremadura]]n [[hidalgo (nobility)]].
| traditions    =
| heirlooms     =
| estate        =
| meaning       = [[Peace]] [and] [[Cinnabar|Cinnabar-Red]].
| origin        = [[Quito, Ecuador]].
| region        = Overwhelmingly [[Ecuador]]. Much lesser extent [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Chile]], Spain, United States and others.
| birth_place   =
}}
'''Pazmiño''' ({{IPA|es|pasˈmiɲo|lang}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|es|paθˈmiɲo|}}) is a [[Spanish language]] [[surname]] of [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] [[Anusim|judaeo-converso]] origin,<ref>{{cite book|title=Memorias, VII Jornadas Internacionales de Historia Social, Quito, Diciembre 1988|series=Colección Amigos de la genealogía |oclc=24825685|volume=42|year=1989|page=198|language=Spanish}}</ref> and originating in its present-day form in what is today [[Ecuador]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Platt|first=Lyman De|isbn=9780806314808|url=https://archive.org/details/hispanicsurnames00plat/page/215|url-access=registration|title=Hispanic Surnames and Family History|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Co|year=1996|page=215}}</ref> formerly the [[Royal Audiencia of Quito|Royal Audience of Quito]].
The surname is carried by the descendants of members of a family of [[Sephardi Jews]] from [[Llerena, Badajoz|Llerena]], Spain that converted to [[Catholicism]] in the late 15th century, at the dawn of the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. Sephardi Jewish converts to Catholicism have throughout time been variously termed [[anusim]], [[conversos]] and [[marranos]], each with differing connotations, the latter being [[pejorative]].
In the early 16th century, during the first decades of [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonization]] of [[South America]], the family relocated to colonial Ecuador, along with other Sephardi Jewish converts to Catholicism whose [[Crypto-Judaism|real ethnicity was obscured and hidden]] from the colonial authorities.
In the last couple of centuries, persons of this lineage have since migrated out of Ecuador into neighboring countries, particularly [[Colombia]], but also [[Peru]]. Some have ventured further afield around [[Latin America]], including [[Chile]] and [[Panama]]. Others yet have more recently migrated to the United States and Australia.
Over the last decade, however, the greatest number have crossed the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to Spain in what could be described as a reverse [[Human migration|migration]] of [[Sephardic Bnei Anusim|descendants of anusim]], some five centuries after their forebears first established themselves in the New World.  To this day, the bulk of persons of this lineage—whether Pazmiño or those carrying variants of the surname—are found mainly in Ecuador, and traditionally in the [[Geography of Ecuador#La Sierra (the highlands)|Sierra region]] of the country.
==History==
===Spain===
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Llerena, Spain
|shield_size = 75px
|pushpin_map = Spain
|pushpin_mapsize = 250
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Llerena within Spain
|coordinates = {{coord|38|14|21|N|6|01|07|W|display=inline}}
}}
Sancho de Paz, a native of Llerena born around 1445, was a [[Jew]]ish merchant of good standing and economic means that converted to [[Catholicism]],<ref name=JuradoNoboa>{{cite book|last=Jurado Noboa|first=Fernando|authorlink=Fernando Jurado Noboa|oclc=50669339|title=Los Paz en el Ecuador y en el sur de Colombia|publisher=Sociedad Amigos de la Genealogía|year=2001|language=Spanish}}</ref>{{rp|305}} turning himself and his family into [[converso]]s. Llerena, located in [[Extremadura]] in southwestern Spain, at the buffer zone with [[Portugal]], became the seat of the most virulent court of the [[Spanish Inquisition|Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition]].
Llerena and surrounding areas in Extremadura served as areas of refuge for those Jews who fled the [[History of the Jews in Spain#Massacres and mass conversions of 1391|pogroms of 1391]], and later served as a refuge for the Jews of [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]], [[Seville]] and [[Cádiz]]. In 1485, the permanent tribunal of the Inquisition was set up in Llerena. In that same year, Sancho de Paz was habilitated{{Clarify|date=April 2012}} by the Inquisition.<ref name=JuradoNoboa />{{rp|309}}
Sancho de Paz's sons, Pedro de Paz Miño (also found as Pedro de Miño y Paz, Pedro de Miño de Paz), born around 1475, and Cristóbal, born around 1485, are the ancestral trunk and founders of the Pazmiño clan. They migrated to the Royal Audience of Quito, where they, along with their children (among them, Sancho, Rodrigo, Cristóbal) and their numerous grandchildren (among them Diego, Hernando, Cristóbal, Pedro, Ana, and Isabel) served in the capacity of both [[conquistadors]] and settlers.
===Royal Audience of Quito===
[[File:Real Audiencia de Quito 1779.jpg|thumb|Royal Audience of Quito, a map of 1779 by Francisco Requena y Herrera]]
Sancho de Paz Miño y García, born around 1505, grandson of Sancho de Paz, was a conquistador of the [[Quijos-Quichua]], the [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Amerindians]] of the [[Quijos Canton|Quijos]] region in modern-day [[Napo Province]], in Ecuador's [[Amazon basin]].<ref name=Gutierrez>{{cite book|last=Gutiérrez Marín|first=Wilson|url=http://www.canton.quijos.gob.ec/resena-historica/|title=Baeza, la ciudad de los Quijos: su historia desde el siglo XVI al silo XIX|year=2002|isbn=9789978222430|publisher=Tena, Provincia de Napo, Ecuador|language=Spanish|access-date=2012-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216152610/http://canton.quijos.gob.ec/resena-historica/|archive-date=2017-12-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sancho de Paz Miño y García married Ecuadorian-born Ana Jaramillo y Burgos,<ref name=Ortiz>{{cite book|last=Ortíz de la Tabla Ducasse|first=Javier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KLe255VTUoC|title=Los Encomenderos de Quito: 1534–1660. Origen y evolución de una élite colonial|publisher=Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos SCIC|year=1993|isbn= 9788400073688|language=Spanish}}</ref>{{rp|321}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Jurado Noboa|first=Fernando|title=Quito secreto: historia documentada y desconocida sobre el orígen y el desarrollo de esta ciudad andina|publisher=Grupo Cinco|year=1998|oclc=254546160|series=Colección Amigos de la genealogía|volume=135|language=Spanish}}</ref> also a member of a family of Sephardic anusim, the daughter of a wealthy converso merchant, Juan de Burgos.<ref name=JuradoNoboa />{{rp|310}}
Sancho de Paz Miño y García and other members of the family were among the founders of [[Baeza, Ecuador|Baeza]],<ref name=Hortegon>{{cite book|first=D.|last=Hortegón|first2=T.|last2=De Ortiguera|first3=P.|last3=Fernández Ruiz de Castro y Osorio Lemos|title=La Gobernación de los Quijos (1559–1621)|publisher=Publicaciones CETA|year=1989|isbn=9788489295056|language=Spanish}}</ref>{{rp|97}} today the main regional town of [[Quijos Canton]], in [[Napo Province]], Ecuador. By 1566 he was already serving as [[Alcalde|Alcalde Ordinario]] of that settlement.<ref name=Gutierrez />{{rp|153}}
Because of problems owing to his Jewish lineage,<ref name=JuradoNoboa />{{rp|310}} he soon found himself living in a dire financial situation and with a reduction of land allotted to him,<ref name=Ortiz />{{rp|83}} and so he returned to Llerena, and on July 29, 1569, brought proceedings against the Municipality of Llerena<ref>{{cite book|author=Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Granada|url=http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/cultura/hidalguias/imprimirSimple.htm?id0=56675|title=Collección de Hidalguías. Catálogo|publisher=Junta de Andalusía|year=1569|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Barredo De Valenzuela y Arrojo|first=Adolfo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYgEW-UvPTMC|title=Nobiliario de Extremadura|volume=6|isbn=9788489851351|publisher=Editorial Hidalguía|year=2001|page=29|language=Spanish}}</ref> with the aim of proving that he was of [[Hidalgo (Spanish nobility)|hidalgo]] (noble) lineage, which would then ease the problems relating to the family's Jewish background back in the Audience of Quito.
By 1584, years after his death, his allotment in Baeza was so scarce that his children were left in extreme poverty. Such was the situation that in 1586, as claimed and asserted by various witnesses at the time, his eldest son Cristóbal pleaded with the colonial authorities in Quito for higher rate of rent income and increased land allotment.<ref name=Ortiz />{{rp|83}}
===Branching===
[[File:Tenencia Política Baeza Quijios Napo Ecuador.jpg|thumb|Plaque at the Tenencia Política of Baeza, in [[Baeza, Ecuador]]. Signed by [[Alcalde]] of Quijos, Mr. Javier Vinueza and Executive Director of Ecuador´s National Institute of Cultural Heritage (INPC), Arch. Inés Pazmiño.]]
Soon after establishing themselves in the Royal Audience of Quito, members of the family mixed with locals, both in Baeza and then moving the lineage to the administrative capital in [[Quito]].<ref name=Ortiz />{{rp|66}} The family then diversified, branching out geographically throughout the colony. Different marriages also resulted in [[Social strata|social diversification]] of the clan.
Initially, they married others also of [[New Christian]] Jewish lineages like themselves,<ref name=JuradoNoboa />{{rp|310}} then [[exogamy|intermarried]] with those of [[Old Christian]] Spanish lineages. Some married with those of [[Hidalgo (Spanish nobility)|hidalgo]] (Spanish nobility) origin,<ref name=Ortiz />{{rp|77}} and others with those of more humble antecedents.<ref name=JuradoNoboa />{{rp|311}} Ethnically, they mixed with [[peninsulars]], [[Criollo people|criollos]], and [[mestizo]]s alike. Much later, those branching out into [[Geography of Ecuador|Ecuador's coastal region]], would mix with [[mulatto]]s.
Among the family´s more prolific progeny, Captain Cristóbal Miño Paz y Jaramillo (born c. 1558, not to be confused with his uncle of the same name) on his own, and through his marriage with Petronila Pinque de Troya y Siliceo, sister of the founder of [[Ibarra, Ecuador]] (who on her maternal side was of humble [[Amerindian]] origins), can claim title to being the source of the great majority of the Pazmiño, especially those from [[Guaranda]].<ref name=JuradoNoboa />{{rp|311}}
The descendants of the clan are now numerous in Ecuador, and the surname is mainly found in Ecuador.<ref name=hanks>{{cite book|editor-last=Hanks|editor-first=Patrick|editor-link=Patrick Hanks|title=Dictionary of American Family Names|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780195081374|year=2003|page=63}}</ref> In Quito alone the list of descendants is extremely long. Outside of Quito, places where the branches of the clan have settled permanently include other cantons of [[Pichincha Province|Pichincha]] province including [[Machachi]], and in various cities around the southern and central Sierra region including [[Loja, Ecuador|Loja]] in the province of [[Loja Province|Loja]], [[Guaranda]] in [[Bolívar Province (Ecuador)|Bolivar]], [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]] in [[Azuay]], [[Ambato Canton|Ambato]] in [[Tungurahua]], and [[Latacunga]] in [[Cotopaxi]]. Though less so around the coastal region, there are established branches in the city of [[Guayaquil]] in the province of [[Guayas Province|Guayas]] and in the city of [[Machala]] in the province of [[El Oro Province|El Oro]]. Traditionally, these are the core geographic points where they have lived for generations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Núñez Sánchez|first=Jorge|url=http://bolivar.cce.org.ec/fileadmin/bolivar.cce.org.ec/archivos/Inquisicion_y_Diaspora_Judia.doc|title=Inquisición y Diáspora Judía: Los Sefarditas de Chimbo|publisher=Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana "Benjamín Carrión" Núcleo de Bolívar|year=2012|page=17|language=Spanish|format=DOC}}</ref> More recently, grandchildren or great grandchildren from these nuclei have again set out to other areas around Ecuador, and also abroad.
Some descendants passing on the Paz y Miño variation, produced several Colonial Governors of the City of Quito, including Governor Sancho Paz y Miño.
==Anthroponymy==
[[File:Calle Hermanos Pazmiño Quito Ecuador.jpg|thumb|"Pazmiño" street sign in Quito, Ecuador, in honor of the Pazmiño brothers of [[Latacunga]], Ecuador. Ecuadorian Independence heroes who fought against Spanish rule, especially in the assault on the Royal Army Base in [[Lima, Peru]].]]
[[File:Calle Telmo Paz y Miño Quito Ecuador.jpg|thumb|"Paz y Miño" street sign in Quito, Ecuador, in honor of Gen. [[Luis Telmo Paz y Miño|Telmo Paz y Miño]], born in Quito's then-[[rural]] [[Parroquia (Ecuador)|parroquia]] of [[Chillogallo]]. First President of the [[Military junta|Supreme Military Junta]], among various other illustrious titles.]]
{{See also|Anthroponymy}}
The surname Pazmiño—and all its variations—is a [[compound surname]]. It consists of the separate surnames of ''Paz'' and ''Miño''. For a brief description of both, please see the sections below.
Ultimately tracing back to Spain, although in a differing ancestral form, Pazmiño is an Ecuadorian [[Hispanic]] surname,<ref name=hanks /> though not a "Spanish" surname per se. It is relatively rare compared to other Hispanic surnames, even in Ecuador itself.
As a [[Spanish naming customs|Hispanic surname]], it is also rare in that its genesis places it among the few Hispanic surnames of solely judeo-converso origin. That is, Pazmiño as a compound surname is found only among the converso descendants of the original founding family of Jewish origin that converted to Christianity, identifying them as separate from other unrelated lineages of, both Jewish and gentile, Paz families and Miño families. This is in contrast to other Hispanic surnames (such as [[Sánchez]], [[Pérez]], [[Núñez]], even Paz and Miño as separate surnames) which, though they may be found among persons of Sephardi Jewish descent, are in themselves Old Christian Spanish gentile surnames (thus occurring mostly among gentiles), and which only entered the Jewish population as a result of the deliberate [[Jewish surname|adoption of Spanish Old Christian gentile surnames by Sephardic Jews]] (including Jewish converts to Christianity) to obscure their own origins, or because they were imposed on them upon baptism; forced or otherwise.
===Paz===
As a separate Hispanic surname, "Paz" can have three separate origins: [[Galicia (Spain)|Galician]], [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]], and [[Sephardi Jew]]ish. Within each origin, numerous unrelated lineages exist, especially for [[patronymic]]s. The surname also exists in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
====Galician Paz====
When "Paz" is of [[Galician language|Galician]] origin, it is a [[patronymic]] surname. The Galician "Paz", together with "Páez", "Paes", and "Pais", are the Galician patronymic forms of the Galician [[given name]] "Paio."
In Castilian, the given name is "Pelayo" and its Castilian patronymic counterpart is "Peláyez", not "Paz."
====Castilian Paz====
When "Paz" is of [[Castilian language|Castilian]] origin, it is a descriptive surname meaning '[[peace]]' (from [[Latin language|Latin]] 'pax', [[genitive]] 'pacis'), deriving from the Castilian language [[Infanta María de la Paz of Spain|Marian]] [[epithet]]; "María de la Paz."<ref name=hanks /> With this same etymological history, the surname also exists in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].
====Sephardi Paz====
"Paz" is also a rough translation of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] first name [[Shlomo]] (שלמה), meaning [[Solomon]]. This translation coincided with the pre-existing Castilian Spanish [[Old Christian]] surname "Paz" described above, and was thus often assumed by Jewish-origin [[New Christians]] to obscure their Sephardi Jewish origin. In these cases, "Paz" is found among [[Spaniards]] and [[Hispanics]] of Sephardic Jewish lineage converted to Catholicism.<ref name=hanks /> With this same etymological history, the surname also exists as a Sephardic origin Portuguese surname among [[Portuguese people]] and [[Brazilians]].
To this day, the surname Paz can be still be found among Sephardic Jews who descend from those who left Spain to remain within the Jewish fold. These emigrated to areas outside the Spanish Kingdom and its colonial possessions in the Americas, beyond the reach of the Inquisition. They moved to various parts of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (North Africa, the Balkans in Southern Europe, and the Middle East, including Ottoman Palestine), as well as the [[Netherlands]], England and elsewhere, where they could return to the religion.
When the surname Paz is given a superficial [[transliteration]] into the [[Hebrew language]] (as פז), the surname in Hebrew is synonymous with "Gold" (Paz), although the literal word for gold is זהב (Zahav). However, a direct [[translation]] into Hebrew (as שלום) would render the surname as "Peace" (Shalom). The contextual translation renders it as Shlomo (שלמה, Solomon).
===Miño===
[[File:Tui Miño 060415 1.JPG|right|thumb|River Miño and [[Tui, Galicia]] as seen from [[Valença, Portugal|Valença]], [[Portugal]]]]
The surname "Miño", conversely, has only one language origin. It is a [[Galicia, Spain|Galician]] [[topographic]] surname adopted by, or imposed upon, a person originally from the banks of the [[Miño River]], or several towns of the same name, traversing [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] in northeast Spain and flowing into northern [[Portugal]]. The river forms a natural border between the two countries.
Etynologically, Miño is derived from a [[Latin grammar|Latin comparative adjective]] that carries the meaning "Cinnabar-red" (from [[Latin language|Latin]] 'minius', [[superlative]] 'minium'). [[Cinnabar]] itself is a mercuric sulfide [[mineral]] occurring in red crystals. [[Mercury sulfide]] is used as a red [[pigment]]. The Miño river was named after this mercuric sulfide mineral.
In [[Spanish naming customs]], people carry two surnames, the first paternal the second maternal. According to the National Statistics Institute of Spain, in the year 2010 there were a total of 1,733 people had "Miño" as a surname.<ref>{{cite web|author=Explotación Estadística del Padrón|url=http://www.ine.es/apellidos/formGeneralresult.do?L=0&vista=4&orig=ine&cmb1=99&cmb6=mi%F1o&x=0&y=0|title=Aplicativo Apellidos: Miño|work=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]]|year=2010|accessdate=20 April 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref> Of these, 907 people had it as their paternal surname, 819 as their maternal surname, and 7 as both. Of the total 1,733 persons with Miño as a surname, 1,354 were born in Spain both to [[Spaniards]] and foreign-born residents in Spain. A total of 372 of the Miño in Spain were foreign-born persons, of which 217 were Ecuador-born, 60 [[Argentina]]-born, 62 [[Paraguay]]-born, 7 [[Chile]]-born, 5 [[Uruguay]]-born, and 21 born in "other" countries.
==Variants of Pazmiño==
[[File:Paz Miño surname evolution.png|400px|right|thumb|Evolution of the extant and extinct surname variants of the Paz Miño lineage, in no particular chronology.]]
In the clan's initial two to three generations, the emerging compound surname was not stable, and the two elements kept changing order. The fluctuation was also spurred by the irregular addition of the [[Preposition and postposition|preposition]] "de" (meaning "of") and the [[Conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]] "y" (meaning "and"), both of which also frequently changed positions.
Oftentimes the same individuals would variously appear on different colonial documents as "Paz Miño", "Miño Paz", "Paz de Miño", "Miño de Paz", "de Miño y Paz", "de Miño de Paz", "de Paz Miño", "de Pazmiño", "Pazimyño", as well as "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño." Ultimately, all these archaic varieties [[Standardization|standardized]] as the latter two: "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño."
As standardized forms, both "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño" were initially equally as common. Gradually, however, and over the initial [[generation]]s, many of those who had standardized as "Paz y Miño" eventually consolidated as "Pazmiño." This was partly influenced by the fact that the progeny of the "Pazmiño" had become more numerous, and their form of the surname the most familiar.
Even in [[birth certificate]]s of more recent generations, one still finds "Paz y Miño" parents with "Pazmiño" children. Similarly, in much the same process, other newer variations which exist today also sprouted from "Pazmiño" and "Paz y Miño."
Among these is "Pasmiño" which evolved from "Pazmiño." "Pazimiño" evolved from "de Paz y Miño." Sancho de Paz y Miño y Garcia was himself sometimes rendered as "Sancho de Pazimiño."<ref name=Hortegon />{{rp|97}} "Pazimyño" is an unusual variation of "Pazimiño"<ref name=Hortegon />{{rp|223}} which has since died out with all the other archaic forms.
Those that are today "Pazymiño" are mostly the latest evolutions, the product of some "Paz y Miño" who have since migrated to Hispanic countries outside Ecuador, attempting to preserve their surname where those unfamiliar with this Ecuadorian last name, by convention, misidentify it as being solely "Paz" or solely "Miño". Indeed, members of the clan were lost in this  process even in the initial generations in Ecuador. Some became "Paz" alone, others became "Miño" alone, henceforth making it difficult to differentiate them from all other "Paz" and "Miño" who derive from various unrelated ancestral lineages.
In non-Hispanic countries, specifically in the [[English-speaking world]], the "[[ñ]]" would be dropped and replaced simply with an "[[n]]", rendering "Pazymino."
==Distribution==
The process as described above relates to [[Ecuador]], and all varieties are found in the country to some extent. The Pazmiños are most numerous in Ecuador, both in real numbers and proportional to the population. In greatly reduced numbers, when Pazmiños or those with variations of the surname are found elsewhere, both in the [[Hispanophone|Hispanosphere]] and outside of it, they are the result of the arrival of Ecuadorian emigrants who took the surname with them over the last couple of centuries. In those cases, what small numbers might be found, the prevalence of the forms of the surname differs by country.
* In [[Colombia]], the prevalent form is Pazmiño, and to a lesser extent Pasmiño, and more rarely Pasminio and Pasiminio.
* In [[Peru]], there are some Paz y Miño, and fewer Paziminio and Pasiminio.
* In [[Chile]], where the surname is largely confined to the southern region of the country, the most prevalent form is Pasmiño, with a scarce number of Pazmiño.
* In countries outside the Hispanosphere, the surnames among immigrants are modified to conform with local languages that lack the [[diacritical]] [[tilde]] of the Spanish language [[ñ]]. In other instances, "Paz y Miño" is rendered "Paz-y-Miño" and "Paz-y-Mino" to avoid accidental partial pronunciation or partial transmission. Others compounded it into "Pazymiño" and "Pazymino."
===The Pazmiño in contemporary Spain===
{{See also|Emigration from Ecuador}}
The migration of the colonial era Paz Miño family, who originally introduced the lineage and surname to Ecuador, occurred at the same time the surname itself came into existence some five centuries ago. Spain was therefore left without a native-born Pazmiño population for hundreds of years.
Thus, in the case of Spain, most Pazmiños are [[Emigration from Ecuador|recent migrants who arrived in the last 15 to 20]] years, as part of the mass [[Immigration|economic emigration]] of [[Demographics of Ecuador|Ecuadorians]] during the [[Economy of Ecuador|Ecuadorian financial crisis]] of the late 1990s and early 2000s. During this time, some 10% of the total Ecuadorian population left their homeland, the largest number, over half a million, landing in Spain. Beyond these arrivals, the presence of any other Pazmiños in Spain that pre-date the last two decades of Ecuador´s economic instability, are also the consequence of back-migration by Ecuadorians, including their descendants which have since been born in Spain.
====Statistics====
=====Pazmiño=====
In 2010, according to the [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]], Spain's national census agency, of a total resident population in Spain of over 46 million people in that year, 1,683 persons had the surname Pazmiño,<ref name=Estadistica>{{cite web|author=Explotación Estadística del Padrón|url=http://www.ine.es/apellidos/formGeneralresult.do?L=0&vista=4&orig=ine&cmb1=99&cmb6=pazmi%F1o&x=0&y=0|title=Aplicativo Apellidos: Pazmiño|work=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|year=2010|accessdate=20 April 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref> whether as their paternal surname, their maternal surname, or as both their maternal and paternal surname.
Of the total 1,638 Pazmiño registered in Spain in 2010, 1,095 were persons who were not of Spanish nationality. All of the Pazmiños who were not of Spanish nationality were of Ecuadorian nationality, except for 13 who were of [[Colombia]]n nationality, 5 who of [[Venezuela]]n nationality, and 12 who of nationality from "other" countries. The census agency, as a matter of policy for privacy concerns, does not tally separately any group by nationality if their total would be less than 5 persons. These are instead put collectively in the "other" group. Of the 588 Pazmiños who of [[Spanish nationality law|Spanish nationality]], these are naturalized Spanish citizens of Ecuadorian descent or Spanish-born descendants of Pazmiños of Ecuadorian-birth or nationality in Spain, plus any which may be attributable to the few Pazmiños in Spain of non-Ecuadorian nationalities or birth.
'''Table of Pazmiños in Spain by country of origin'''<ref name=Estadistica />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country of birth !! Paternal surname !! Maternal surname !! Paternal & maternal !! TOTAL
|-
| Spain || 291 || 297 || .. || 588
|-
| Ecuador || 574 || 486 || 5 || 1,065
|-
| Colombia || 8 || 5 || .. || 13
|-
| Venezuela || .. || .. || 5 || 5
|-
| Other || 6 || 3 || 3 || 12
|-
| '''TOTAL''' || 879 || 796 || 8 || '''1,683'''
|}
=====Paz y Miño=====
According to the same 2010 census data, a total of 6 persons in Spain had the surname "Paz y Miño" as their paternal surname.<ref>{{cite web|author=Explotación Estadística del Padrón|url=http://www.ine.es/apellidos/formGeneralresult.do?L=0&vista=4&orig=ine&cmb1=99&cmb6=paz+y+mi%F1o&x=0&y=0|title=Aplicativo Apellidos: Paz y Miño|work=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|year=2010|accessdate=20 April 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref> None had it as their maternal surname. None had it as both their maternal and paternal surname.
In 2010, all six "Paz y Miño" in Spain were not of Spanish nationality. No specific countries of origin were assigned, since 1 or more of the 6 persons were born in a country other than Ecuador, and the census agency does not tally separately any group by country of birth if the total would be less than 5 persons.
As of 2015, an additional 4 people were registered as having "Paz y Miño" as their surname in Spain, making a total of ten persons. None had it as their maternal surname. None had it as both their maternal and paternal surname. Seven of these 10 were now reported to have Spanish nationality, including previously tabulated as non-citizens who have since acquired Spanish nationality by naturalization and/or any new births in Spain to non-national parents in the last 5 years.
=====Other variations=====
As of 2010, no persons with any other variations of the surname, including Pasmiño, Pasiminio, Pazimiño, etc. were registered in Spain.
==Notable people==
===Colonial figures===
* Sancho de Paz Miño y García (c. 1505-1584), [[Anusim|judeo-converso]] [[conquistador]] and founder of [[Baeza, Ecuador]].
* Sancho de Paz y Miño, Colonial Governor of the City of [[Quito]]
* Juana de Jesús Paz y Miño (1662–1703), mystic and religious woman of the Monasterio de la Purísima Concepción. A [[Child abandonment|foundling]] left at the doors of the same monastery, and adopted by members of her extended family, Governor Sancho de Paz y Miño and his wife. Died in 1703 unmarried and without descendants.
* Juan Paz Miño, Colonial Franciscan [[Friar]], son of Governor Sancho de Paz y Miño. Baptiser of his adopted sister Juana de Jesús Paz y Miño.
* Francisco de Paz Miño, political figure in the Corregimiento de Quito. Co-signer of the Petitions of the Cabildo to King [[Felipe IV]] in 1646.
===Independence heroes===
*Tomás Pazmiño, Ecuadorian patriot. Battalion leader of the War of [[Machachi]] against the Spanish Army in 1820, proclaiming Machachi's independence.
*Francisco Pazmiño Naranjo, Ecuadorian patriot and member of the battalion at the War of Machachi 1820, led by Tomás Pazmiño against the [[Spanish Army]] securing Machachi's independence.
===Politics, judiciary, diplomacy===
* [[Luis Telmo Paz|Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella]] (1884–1962), Head of State as Chairman of Supreme Military Junta of Ecuador, 1925
* Diego Morejón Pazmiño, current [[United Nations]] Ambassador for Ecuador and Chair of the [[Special Committee on Decolonization|U.N. Special Committee of the 24 on Decolonization]].
===Academia, literature and journalism===
* [[Ismael Pérez Pazmiño]] (1876–1944), born in [[Machala]], Ecuador, and founder of [[El Universo]] newspaper in [[Guayaquil]].
===Beauty pageant titleholders===
* [[Jennifer Pazmiño|Jennifer Stephanie Pazmiño Saldaña]] (1987-), Miss International Ecuador 2008, [[Miss Ecuador Earth]] 2010, [[Miss Earth Air]] 2010.
==See also==
* [[Crypto-Judaism]]
* [[History of the Jews in Latin America]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite web|work=Ancestry.com|url=http://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=pazmino|title=Family Facts for: Pazmino|accessdate=20 April 2012}}
* {{cite web|work=Ancestry.com|url=http://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=paz|title=Family Facts for: Paz|accessdate=20 April 2012}}
* {{cite web|work=Ancestry.com|url=http://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=mino|title=Family Facts for: Mino|accessdate=20 April 2012}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pazmino}}
[[Category:Spanish-language surnames]]
[[Category:Patronymic surnames]]