View source for Peki'in

{{Short description|Local council in Israel}}
{{Distinguish|Beijing}}
{{Expand Hebrew|topic=geo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Peki'in
| native_name            = {{Hlist
| {{Lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|פְּקִיעִין}}|rtl=yes}}
| {{Lang|ar|{{lang|ar|البقيعة}}|rtl=yes}}
}}
| settlement_type        = [[Local council (Israel)|Local council]]
| translit_lang1         = Hebrew
| translit_lang1_type1   = [[ISO 259]]
| translit_lang1_info1   = Pqiˁin
| translit_lang1_type3   = Also spelled
| translit_lang1_info3   = Peqi'in (official)
| image_skyline          = 2016 WLM - OVEDC - PEKIIN - ELEF MILIM 58.jpg
| pushpin_map_alt        =
| pushpin_map            = Israel northwest#Israel
| pushpin_mapsize        =
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption    =
| coordinates            = {{coord|32|58|27|N|35|19|53|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name              = Grid&nbsp;position
| grid_position          = 181/264 [[Palestine grid|PAL]]
| subdivision_type1      = Country
| subdivision_name1      = {{flag|Israel}}
| subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Israel|District]]
| subdivision_name2      = [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern]]
| established_title      = Founded
| established_date       = 5000 BCE <small>(Earliest settlement)</small>
| unit_pref              = dunam
| area_total_dunam       = {{formatnum:3565|R}}
| population_footnotes   = {{Israel populations|reference}}
| population_total       = {{Israel populations|Peqi'in (buqei'a)}}
| population_as_of       = {{Israel populations|Year}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1     = Ethnicity
| demographics1_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}}
|  demographics1_title1  = [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arabs]]
|  demographics1_info1   = 99.98%
|  demographics1_title2  = [[Israeli Jews|Jews and others]]
|  demographics1_info2   = 0.02%
| blank_name_sec1        = Name meaning
| blank_info_sec1        = The little valley (between mountains)<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/70/mode/1up 70]</ref>
}}
'''Peki'in''' (alternatively '''Peqi'in''') ({{langx|he|פְּקִיעִין}}) or '''Buqei'a'''  ({{langx|ar|البقيعة}}), is a [[Druze in Israel |Druze]]–[[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab]] town with [[Local council (Israel)|local council]] status in [[Israel]]'s [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern District]]. It is located eight kilometres east of [[Ma'alot-Tarshiha]] in the Upper [[Galilee]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Peqi'in (buqei'a)}}.{{Israel populations|reference}} The majority of residents are [[Druze]] (78%), with a large [[Christians|Christian]] (20.8%) and [[Muslim]] (1.2%) minorities.<ref>[https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2018/local_authorities16_1722/460_0494.pdf Peki'in 2019] {{in lang|he}}</ref>
The [[Jewish]] community of Peki'in maintained a presence since at least the 16th century with a short interruption during the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–1939 Arab revolt]].<ref name=":0" /> Most Jews in Peki'in did not return to the village after the violence, and call themselves the [[Hadera]] [city] Diaspora. The Zinatis are the only family who returned, and it is currently represented by one elderly member, [[Margalit Zinati]], residing in the village.<ref name="Haaretz2">[http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/researchers-race-to-document-vanishing-jewish-heritage-of-galilee-druze-village-1.453433 Researchers race to document vanishing Jewish heritage of Galilee Druze village], Eli Ashkenaz, 25 July 2012, [[Haaretz]], "Zinati, who was born in 1931, is the last link in the chain of a Jewish community that apparently maintained a continuous presence in Peki'in since the time of the Second Temple, when three families from the ranks of the [[Kohen|kohenim]], the priestly caste that served in the Temple, moved there. Since then, the only known break in the Jewish presence was during two years in the late 1930s, when the town's Jews fled the Arab riots of 1936–39. Most of them went to what they called the Hadera diaspora. But one family, Zinati's, returned home in 1940."</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NYNCUXGoFWMC&pg=PA314 Jews and Muslims in the Arab World: Haunted by Pasts Real and Imagined], Jacob Lassner, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p.314, "...the small community of Peki'in in the mountains of the Galilee, not far from Safed, whose present-day residents could demonstrate that they were direct descendants of inhabitants of the village who had never gone into exile."</ref>
==History==
===Chalcolithic===
[[sherd|Potsherds]] and [[Ossuary|ossuaries]] of the [[Chalcolithic]] period were found in the village, and a burial site close by, making a {{convert|100|dunam|acre}} settlement a possibility.<ref>{{Cite web| work =  Hadashot Arkheologiyot / Excavations and Surveys in Israel | publisher = Israel Antiquities Authority|title= Peqi'in |year= 2007 |volume= 119 |access-date = 28 September 2014| url = http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?search=&id=523&mag_id=112 }}</ref>
The village ''Baca'' in [[Josephus]]' ''[[The Jewish War]]''<ref>{{cite Josephus | pace = 1 | text = wars | NorW = N | bookno = 3 | sec = 35 |show-translator=no |show-source=no}}</ref> is thought to be Peki'in.<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 0792-8424| volume = 51| last = Stern| first = Edna J.| author2 = Nimrod Getzov, עדנה שטרן, נמרוד גצוב| title = מנהגי הקבורה הפיניקיים בתקופה הרומית לאור החפירות ליד אל-כברי / Aspects of Phoenician Burial Customs in the Roman Period in Light of an Excavation near El-Kabri (Kabri)| journal = 'Atiqot / עתיקות| date = 1 January 2006| jstor = 23464423 |at = p. 120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | isbn = 9783161490446 | last1 = Zangenberg| first1 = Jürgen| first2 = Harold W. |last2 = Attridge |first3= Dale B. |last3= Martin | title = Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in Ancient Galilee: A Region in Transition| date = 2007 |at= pp. 130-131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | publisher = BRILL| isbn = 978-9004117938 |editor-last= Mason |editor-first= Steve |editor-link = Steve Mason (biblical scholar) | series = Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary | volume = 9 |title = Life of Josephus | date = 2001 |at= p. 179}}</ref> According to Josephus it marked the border between the kingdom of [[Herod Agrippa II]], and [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]].
====DNA findings====
A 2018 study<ref name="Nature2018">{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9 | title=Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation | year=2018 | last1=Harney | first1=Éadaoin | last2=May | first2=Hila | last3=Shalem | first3=Dina | last4=Rohland | first4=Nadin | last5=Mallick | first5=Swapan | last6=Lazaridis | first6=Iosif | last7=Sarig | first7=Rachel | last8=Stewardson | first8=Kristin | last9=Nordenfelt | first9=Susanne | last10=Patterson | first10=Nick | last11=Hershkovitz | first11=Israel | last12=Reich | first12=David | journal=Nature Communications | volume=9 | issue=1 | page=3336 | pmid=30127404 | pmc=6102297 }}</ref> conducted by scholars from [[Tel-Aviv University]], the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] and [[Harvard University]] had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local [[Levant]]ine and [[Zagros]]ian<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/DNA-study-in-Israeli-cave-sheds-light-on-origins-of-Chalcolithic-culture-565293 DNA STUDY IN ISRAELI CAVE SHEDS LIGHT ON ORIGINS OF CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE]</ref> ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation,” the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.".<ref name="timesofisrael.com">[https://www.timesofisrael.com/anomalous-blue-eyed-people-came-to-israel-6500-years-ago-from-iran-dna-shows/ Anomalous blue-eyed people came to Israel 6,500 years ago from Iran, DNA shows]</ref> The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to [[Eye color#Blue|blue eye color]], were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains...The blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region".<ref name="timesofisrael.com"/>
===Identification with ancient Peki'in===
[[File:Sinagogapekiin036 (3).jpg|thumb|220px|[[Peki'in Synagogue|Old Synagogue in Peki'in]]]]
A set of Jewish traditions is associated with a certain Peki'in, often appearing in writing under the names ''Baka'', ''Paka'' and ''Peki'in'', near [[Lod]]. According to the [[Talmud]], Rabbi [[Joshua ben Hananiah]] ran a [[Beth Midrash]], Rabbi [[Shimon bar Yochai]] and his son Rabbi [[Eleazar b. Simeon|Elazar ben Shimon]], hid in a cave from the Romans for 13 years,<ref>Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat, 33b</ref><ref>Visitors in the village are still shown a small cave by an old [[Carob tree]], as according to legend, one has nourished the rabbis when they stayed there.</ref> and Shimon bar Yochai went on to teach at the city. However, the mis-identification of Rabbinic Peki'in with Peki'in-Buqei'a is of Ottoman time,<ref name=yediot1959>{{Cite journal |issn= 2312-007X |volume= 23 |issue= 1–2 |at= צמיחת המסורות של מירון ופקיעין [Development of the traditions of Meiron and Peki'in], pp. 92–94 |last= ברסלבי |first= י. |title= Summary of the Fourteenth Archaeological Convention, Safed, Sept.—Oct., 1958 / הכינוס הארצי הי"ד לידיעת הארץ: צפת והגליל העליון סוכות, תשי"ט |journal= Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society / ידיעות החברה לחקירת ארץ-ישראל ועתיקותיה |year= 1959 |jstor = 23730960 |language= he}}</ref> and other sites in the vicinity of [[Rehovot]] have also been suggested. The first writing where the name ''Peki'in'' undoubtedly refers to this village is from a 1765 Hebrew [[Travel literature|travel book]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1xFAAAAYAAJ|year=1918|publisher=British Palestine Committee|page=165|quote=Its current Hebrew name, Peki'in, appears for the first time in 1765, in an account in Rabbi Simcha ben Joshua's book Ahavat Zion}}</ref>
===Crusader and Mamluk periods===
In the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusader era]], Peki'in was known under the name of  ''Bokehel.''<ref>Frankel, 1988, p. 265</ref> Together with several other villages in the area, it was part of the lordship of St. George, one of the largest in the Acre area. In the 12th century it was held by Henry de Milly, after his death it was inherited by his three daughters.<ref>Pringle, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80 80]</ref><ref>Ellenblum, 2003, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA167 167]</ref>
Henry de Milly's third and youngest daughter, Agnes of Milly, married [[Joscelin III, Count of Edessa|Joscelin III]]. In 1220 their daughter [[Beatrix de Courtenay]] and her husband [[Otto von Botenlauben]], [[House of Henneberg|Count of Henneberg]], sold their land, including  "one third of the [[fief]] of St. George", and  "one third of the village of ''Bokehel''", to the [[Teutonic Knights]].<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n59/mode/1up 43]- 44, No. 53; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n254/mode/1up 248], No.  934 (38); cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 253, 264–5</ref> During this era the village was connected by a road to [[Mi'ilya|Castellum Regis]].<ref>Strehlke, 1869, p. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n136/mode/1up 120], no.128; cited in Ellenblum, 2003, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C&pg=PA43 43]-44</ref>
The presence of a [[Druze]] community in the village in the early [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] period is attested by the geographer [[Al-Dimashqi (geographer)|Shams al-Din al-Dimashqi]] (1257–1327).<ref>Falah 1975, p. 36.</ref>
===Ottoman period===
[[File:2016 WLM - OVEDC - PEKIIN - ELEF MILIM 70.jpg|thumb|220px|Zinati House]]
Incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517 with the rest of the Levant region, Peki'in's Jewish population was recorded at 33 households in 1525, and experienced a rise, drop, stabilization and another rise before 1596.<ref name="David2010">{{cite book|author=Abraham David|title=To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&pg=PA27|date=24 May 2010|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-5643-9|pages=27–28}}</ref> It is said some [[Kohen|Kohanitic]] families emigrated from [[Kafr 'Inan]], possibly in the late 16th century.<ref name="yediot33">{{Cite journal | issn = 2312-0096 | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | last = Braslavski | title = Kefar Hanania / כפר חנניה: על יסוד פרטים שנאספו בשעת סיור | journal = Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society / ידיעות החברה העברית לחקירת ארץ-ישראל ועתיקותיה| date = 1 July 1933 | jstor = 23718865 |at= p. 20 |language= he }}</ref> The Almani family probably came from the village [[Alma, Safad|Alma]].<ref>{{cite book |first= Y. |last= Ben-Zvi |editor-first= Joel |editor-last= Rappel |script-title=he:תולדות ארץ ישראל |date= 1979 |oclc= 37604188 |at= p. 489 |language= he}} Alma's Jewish population had dwindled during the 16th century, and was gone by the mid 18th.</ref> Peki'in also appeared in the 1596 [[daftar|tax register]]s as being in the ''[[Nahiya]]'' of [[Acre, Israel|Akka]] of the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa]]'' of [[Safad]]. It had a population of 77 households and 7 bachelors who were all Muslims, in addition to 79 Jewish households.<ref name=":0" />
The villagers paid taxes on occasional revenues, goats and/or beehives, a press for olives or grapes, and [[jizya]].<ref name=":0">Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192</ref> A tax on silk spinning (''dulab harir''), which was levied in 1555 on six villages surrounding [[Mount Meron]], rated highest in Peki'in.<ref name="rhodediss">{{Cite thesis |publisher=Columbia University |last=Rhode |first=Harold |title=The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |date=1982 |degree=PhD}} See p. 145 for the silk tax, and p. 5 for the date.</ref> A silk industry is also attested by an account from 1602,<ref name="judaica">{{cite encyclopedia |contribution= Peki'in | contribution-url= http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15533.html |via= [[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date= 10 October 2014 |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopedia Judaica]] |year= 2008 |first1= Michael |last1= Avi-Yonah |first2= Joseph |last2= Braslavi (Braslavski)}}</ref> and by several old [[mulberry]] trees in the village.
In 1754/5, Stephen Schultz discovered approximately ten Jewish families residing in Pek'in. Throughout the following century, the village received mentions from several Jewish visitors. In 1765, Rabbi Simcha, on behalf of Rabbi Joshua of Zlazitz, described the Jewish community as consisting of 50 householders who worked the fields and vineyards. The village's lands were fertile, featuring springs and Rashbi's old carob tree. Based on this information, [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi|Ben Zvi]] estimated the Jewish population of the village in 1765 to be around 250 people.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ben-Zvi |first=Itzhak |author-link=Yitzhak Ben-Zvi |title=שאר ישוב: מאמרים ופרקים בדברי ימי הישוב העברי בא"י ובחקר המולדת |publisher=none |year=1967 |location=תל אביב תרפ"ז |pages=19–30, 46–50 |language=Hebrew |trans-title=She'ar Yeshuv}}</ref> In 1824, Rabbi David d'Beit Hillel visited Peki'in and reported about 20 native-born Jewish families, most of whom owned flocks of sheep and goats, and they maintained a small synagogue.<ref name=":3" />
Based on Moses Montefiore's archives, in 1839, the Jewish community of Peki'in comprised long-established priestly families such as Zinati, Oudi, and Suli-Toma, alongside families who had migrated from other locations, including the Almani family from [[Alma, Safad|Alma]], Tsror from [[Deir al-Qamar]], and Shams from [[Hasbaya]] (the latter two in [[Lebanon]]).[[File:2016 WLM - OVEDC - PEKIIN - ELEF MILIM 04.jpg|thumb|220px|View of Peki'in]]
In 1875, French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited the village and described it as: "The population at present number 600—Druzes, [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|United Greeks]], [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Schismatic Greeks]], and a few Jewish families, who descend from the ancient inhabitants of the country. Every year in the summer several hundreds of Jews come here from Tiberias to pass the hot season. Most of these Jews came originally from Europe, and are happy in finding here the last indigenous scions of the ancient national stock. ... At Bukeiah, thanks to the two springs which issue from the hill-side, they cultivate on the slopes and almost to the bottom of the valley delicious gardens, watered by numerous streams. Here grow, on different terraces, kept up by great walls, probably ancient, fruit-trees of all kinds, such as citrons, oranges, pomegranates, figs, quinces, and mulberries. The vine flourishes marvelously, as is shown by the enormous trunks. The United Greeks have a little church, which I found shut; the Schismatic Greeks also have one which has replaced a much more ancient Christian sanctuary. Only a few cut stones and the trunk of a column remain of it.The Jews worship in a synagogue of modern date."<ref>Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n94/mode/2up 78–79], as translated in Conder and Kitchener, 1881, p.  [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/197/mode/1up 197]</ref>
In 1881, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]'s ''Survey of Western Palestine'' described it as "A good village, built of stone, containing a chapel and a synagogue. There are about 100 Moslems, 100 Christians, 100 Druzes, and 100 Jews. It is situated on the slope of the hill, with gardens, figs, olives, pomegranates, and arable land. There is a good spring in the village, and two springs near. This is the only place where Jews cultivate the ground. They say it has descended to them from their fathers from time immemorial."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/196/mode/1up 196]-197</ref>
In November 1883, [[Laurence Oliphant (author)|Laurence Oliphant]] visited Peki'in and observed a diverse population: 80 Druze families, 40 Greek Christians, and 20 Jewish families. The Jewish community totalled approximately 120 Jews, "who claimed to be the descendants of families who had tilled the land in this same locality prior to the [[destruction of Jerusalem]] and the subsequent dispersion of the race". The same year saw an outbreak of [[cholera]], prompting wealthier Jews and rabbis from [[Safed]] and [[Tiberias]] to visit Peki'in, transforming it into a sanatorium. Oliphant wrote that the Druze had settled in Peki'in around 300 years earlier. He further noted discussions with Christian and Druze leaders regarding the Jewish families, who mentioned that historically, "more of the village lands belonged to them, but owing to the wars, pestilences, and other misfortunes which had overtaken the country at various times, their property had become diminished; indeed, there can be little doubt that the Druses themselves, when [[Fakhr al-Din II|Fakr Eddin]] conquered this part of the country, appropriated some of it; so that now, ... the Jews are badly off."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Oliphant |first=Laurence |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547797/page/107/mode/2up |title=Haifa, or Life in Modern Palestine |year=1887 |location=London |pages=107-112}}</ref>
A population list from about 1887 showed  ''el Bukei’a'' to have about 950 inhabitants; Druse, Jews and Christians.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n216/mode/1up 191]</ref>
===British Mandate period===
[[File:Jews of Peki'in, c. 1930.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Jews of Peki'in, c. 1930]]
[[File:פקיעין - מראה-JNF027621.jpeg|thumb|Peki’in 1940]]
In a [[1922 census of Palestine|census]] conducted in 1922 by the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Al Buqai'a had a population of 652 residents; 70 Muslims, 63 Jews, 215 Christians and 304 Druse.<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p.[https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n38/mode/1up 36]</ref> Of the Christians, 167 were Orthodox and 48 were Greek Catholic ([[Melkite|Melchite]]).<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n52/mode/1up 50]</ref> In the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], El Buqei'a had a total population of 799; 71 Muslims, 52 Jews, 264 Christians and 412 Druse, in a total of 190 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 100]</ref>
In 1927, [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]] observed that the ancient Jewish community of Peki'in, once a majority, was struggling for survival as it dwindled in size and faced declining material conditions. Ben Zvi noted that Jewish homes were concentrated on one hill and described the community as diligent in both their work on the land and its cultivation. They adhered strictly to Jewish practices, including ''[[Handwashing in Judaism|netilat yadayim]], [[Tefillin|tefilin]],'' and ''[[kashrut]]''. Following the death of their last [[Shechita|''shohet'']], they abstained from eating meat for several months. Despite a period of emigration to [[Argentina]], many returned with financial resources that they reinvested in their native village. The local Hebrew school had 25 pupils at that time, and aside from a few elders, the residents conversed fluently in Hebrew, albeit with a [[Fellah|''fellahin'']] accent.<ref name=":3" />
The [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936 Arab revolt]] forced the Jews of Peki'in to leave their homes for safer parts of the country; only a few of them later returned.<ref name="Haaretz">[http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/researchers-race-to-document-vanishing-jewish-heritage-of-galilee-druze-village-1.453433 Researchers race to document vanishing Jewish heritage of Galilee Druze village], Eli Ashkenaz, 25 July 2012, [[Haaretz]], "Zinati, who was born in 1931, is the last link in the chain of a Jewish community that apparently maintained a continuous presence in Peki'in since the time of the Second Temple, when three families from the ranks of the [[Kohen|kohenim]], the priestly caste that served in the Temple, moved there. Since then, the only known break in the Jewish presence was during two years in the late 1930s, when the town's Jews fled the Arab riots of 1936–39. Most of them went to what they called the Hadera diaspora. But one family, Zinati's, returned home in 1940."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ben Dror |first=Elad |date=January 2016 |title=The Jewish–Arab Conflict and the Disintegration of the Ancient Jewish Community in the Village of Peqi‘in . |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies}}</ref>
In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]], the population was 990; 100 Muslims, 370 Christians, and 520 "others", that is Druse,<ref name=1945p4>Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p04.jpg 4]</ref> owning 10,276 [[dunam]]s, while Jews owned 189 dunams, and 3,731 was publicly owned, according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Acre/Page-040.jpg 40]</ref> Of this, 1,598 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 3,424 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Acre/Page-080.jpg 80]</ref> while 40 dunams were classified as built-up areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Acre/Page-130.jpg 130]</ref>
===State of Israel===
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 14266 Pkiin Vilage.jpg|thumb|220px|Druse women of Peki'in, 2011]]
In July 2006, Peki'in was hit by [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] [[rocket]]s launched by [[Hezbollah]], causing significant damage to homes and orchards.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/peki-in-nowhere-to-shelter-1.193306 Nowhere to shelter], [[Haaretz]]</ref>
In October 2007, riots broke out after the installation of a cellular antenna due to concerns that such antennas have been linked to an increase in cancer. Riot police fired bullets and gas grenades, which further angered the residents, who burned down the house of a Jewish family living in the village.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3465602,00.html Dozens injured in Galilee clashes], 10.30.07, Ynet</ref> In December 2007, the last Jewish family left the town after their car was torched.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3478336,00.html Last Jewish Family Leaves Peki'in], Ynetnews, 2007</ref> Only Margalit Zinati, a descendant of a [[Mustarabim]] family, has remained there to keep alive the memory of the town's vanishing Jewish heritage.<ref name=Haaretz/>
In 2011, the Israeli government approved an aid program of NIS 680 million ($184M) for housing, education and tourism upgrades in Peki'in and other Druze communities in northern Israel.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4027987,00.html Cabinet approves NIS 680M for Druze, Circassian towns]</ref>
==Education and culture==
[[File:Druze Youth Movement in Israel.JPG|thumb|The Druze Youth Movement in Israel, Peki'in branch]]
The Druze Youth Movement in Israel, a movement with 19 branches around the country and a membership of 12,000, has its headquarters in Peki'in. The founder of the movement is [[Hamad Amar]], an Israeli Druze member of the [[Knesset]] from [[Shfaram]], who established it to pass on Druze heritage to the younger generation while developing a sense of national Israeli pride.<ref name=jpost>{{cite news |url= http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Setting-the-example-313339 |title= Setting the Example |newspaper= [[The Jerusalem Post]] |date= 16 May 2013 |last= Hasten |first= Josh}}</ref>
==Tourism==
According to Galib Kheir, head of the town's tourism department, about 60,000 tourists visit Peki'in each year. The tourist trade supports local restaurants and specialty shops. The town also has a hotel and youth hostel.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
== Notable people ==
* [[Margalit Zinati]]
==See also==
*[[Nahal Peki'in]]
*[[Arab localities in Israel]]
*[[Peki'in Synagogue]]
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Conder|first1=C. R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder
|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
|year=1881
|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft
|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=1}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
*{{cite book |first=R.|last=Ellenblum|author-link=Ronnie Ellenblum |title=Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riHMZiH_Te4C  | publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn= 9780521521871}}
*{{cite book |last1=Falah |first1=Salman |editor1-last=Ma'oz |editor1-first=Moshe |title=Studies on Palestine during the Ottoman Period |date=1975 |publisher=Magnes Press |location=Jerusalem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoJtAAAAMAAJ |chapter=A History of the Druze Settlements in Palestine during the Ottoman Period|isbn=9789652235893 }}
*{{cite journal | first1=Rafael | last1=Frankel | title=Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period | journal= [[Israel Exploration Journal]] | volume=38 | number= 4 | year=1988 | pages= 249–272}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first1=S.|last1=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book
| last1= Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth
|last2=Abdulfattah|first2=K. |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah
| title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ  | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 978-3-920405-41-4}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)| volume =I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ|first=D.|last=Pringle|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1993|isbn=0-521-39036-2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
*{{cite book
|last=Rhode|first=H.|author-link=Harold Rhode
|date=1979|url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845   |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century   |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}
*{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R. |author-link=Reinhold Röhricht|title= (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=la}}
*{{cite journal
| last = Schumacher | first =G.| author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher
| title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka |  journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888}}
*{{cite book
|editor-last=Strehlke | editor-first = E.| editor-link = Ernst Strehlke
|title=Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum
|url=https://archive.org/details/tabulaeordinist00stregoog|year=1869|publisher=  Weidmanns
|location=Berlin}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Buqei_a_Peki_in_923/index.html Welcome To Buqei'a/Peki'in]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8367 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.04.jpg Wikimedia commons]
*[https://www.nli.org.il/en/maps/NNL_ALEPH002698466/NLI#$FL32703849 Map of Peqi'in 1947] - Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The [[National Library of Israel]]
{{Arab localities in Israel footer|uncollapsed}}
{{Northern District (Israel)}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Arab localities in Israel]]
[[Category:Arab Christian communities in Israel]]
[[Category:Druze communities in Israel]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]]
[[Category:Jewish pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Local councils in Northern District (Israel)]]
[[Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee]]