View source for Pere Marquette 1225

{{Short description|Preserved PM N-1 class 2-8-4 locomotive}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{fan POV|date=November 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = Pere Marquette 1225
| bgcolor = 000000
| color = FFDF00
| powertype = Steam
| image = File:PM1225.jpg
| caption = Pere Marquette No. 1225 pulling an excursion in 2008
| builder = [[Lima Locomotive Works]]
| serialnumber = 7839
| builddate = October 1941
| rebuilddate =
| totalproduction =
| whytetype = [[2-8-4]]
| uicclass = 1′D2′ h2
| gauge = {{track gauge|ussg|allk=on}}
| leadingdiameter = {{convert|33|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|69|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter = {{convert|36|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} <br />{{convert|43|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (trail axle)
| minimumcurve = 20°
| length = {{convert|101|ft|8|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|15|ft|8+17/32|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| axleload = {{convert|69500|lb|abbr=on}}
| weightondrivers = {{convert|277600|lb|abbr=on}}
| locoweight = {{convert|442500|lb|abbr=on}}
| locotenderweight = {{convert|802500|lb|abbr=on}}
| fueltype = [[Coal]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|44000|lb|abbr=on}}
| watercap = {{convert|22000|usgal|abbr=on}}
| consumption = {{convert|1|ST|LT|lk=on}} of coal per 12 miles traveled (1 [[metric ton]] per 21&nbsp;km) <br> {{convert|1800|usgal|abbr=on}} of water per 12 miles traveled
| boiler = {{convert|98|in|0|abbr=on}}
| boilerpressure = {{convert|245|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| firearea = {{convert|90.3|sqft|m2|1|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Two
| cylindersize = {{convert|26|x|34|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvegear = [[Baker valve gear|Baker]]
| maxspeed = {{convert|70|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = At cylinders: {{convert|2979|hp|MW|2|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|69350|lbf|kN|1|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion = 4.00
| operator = {{unbulleted list|[[Pere Marquette Railway]]|→ [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]]|[[Steam Railroading Institute]]}}
| operatorclass = N-1
| numinclass = 10 of 12
| fleetnumbers = {{ubl|PM 1225|C&O 2659 (never renumbered)|C&O 1225}}
| locale = [[Owosso, Michigan]]
| deliverydate = December 1941
| retiredate = 1951
| preservedunits = June 1957
| restoredate = November 30, 1985
| nicknames = "The Real Polar Express"
| currentowner = Steam Railroading Institute
| disposition = Operational
| notes = References:<ref name="PM1225">{{Cite web|title=Pere Marquette 1225|url=https://www.michigansteamtrain.com/equipment/pere-marquette-1225|work=[[Steam Railroading Institute]]|access-date=December 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218081817/https://www.michigansteamtrain.com/equipment/pere-marquette-1225|archive-date=February 18, 2021}}</ref>
{{Infobox NRHP
| name         = Pere Marquette Railway Steam Locomotive No. 1225
| embed        = yes
| nrhp_type    =
| image        =
| caption      =
| location     = 405 S Washington St, [[Owosso, Michigan]]
| coordinates  =
| locmapin     = Michigan#USA
| built        = 1941
| builder      = [[Lima Locomotive Works]]
| architecture =
| added        = July 31, 1994
| area         =
| refnum       = 94000744
}}
}}
'''Pere Marquette 1225''' is a N-1 class [[2-8-4]] "Berkshire" type [[steam locomotive]] built by the [[Lima Locomotive Works]] for the Pere Marquette Railway (PM) in [[Lima, Ohio]]. No. 1225 is one of two surviving Pere Marquette 2-8-4 locomotives, the other being 1223, which was on display at the Tri-Cities Historical Society near the ex-[[Grand Trunk Western Railroad|Grand Trunk Western]] (GTW) [[coaling tower]] in [[Grand Haven, Michigan]], and both have the distinction of being the only surviving Pere Marquette steam locomotive left in preservation. No. 1225 was well known to be the basis for the locomotive used in the 2004 film ''[[The Polar Express (film)|The Polar Express]],'' earning itself the nickname "the real Polar Express".
The Pere Marquette Railway used No. 1225 in regular service from the locomotive's construction in 1941 until the railroad merged into Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) in 1947; It remained in use on C&O's Michigan lines until 1951. Avoiding the [[wrecking yard|scrapyard]], No. 1225 was acquired by the [[Michigan State University]] in 1957 and put on static display.
In 1969, a group of students took an interest in No. 1225, and in 1971, the Michigan State University Railroad Club was formed and began work to restore No. 1225 to operational status, an effort that culminated with its first [[excursion train|excursion]] run in 1988. The locomotive, listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], is now operated by the Steam Railroading Institute for use in excursion service on the [[Great Lakes Central Railroad]] based out of [[Owosso, Michigan|Owosso]]. It will also eventually run alongside Chicago and Northwestern 175, which is presently being restored to operating condition.
==History==
===Revenue service===
[[File:Owosso Train Festival 7-26-2009 011 N (3848337305).jpg|thumb|left|PM No. 1225's [[builder's plate]]]]
No. 1225 is an N-1 class 2-8-4 steam locomotive built in October 1941 by [[Lima Locomotive Works]] in [[Lima, Ohio]] (LLW) at a cost of [[United States dollar|$]]200,000 for the [[Pere Marquette Railway]] (PM).<ref name="PM1225"/> PM ordered this wheel arrangement type in three different locomotive classes from Lima: class N in 1937 (Nos. 1201–1215),<ref name="Keefe2016p37">{{Harvp|Keefe|2016|p=37}}.</ref> class N-1 in 1941 (Nos. 1216–1227),<ref name="Keefe2016p43">{{Harvp|Keefe|2016|p=43}}.</ref> and class N-2 in 1944 (Nos. 1228–1239).<ref name="Keefe2016p52">{{Harvp|Keefe|2016|p=52}}.</ref>
For the first part of its service life, 1225 was used to shuttle steel and wartime freight between Detroit, Saginaw, Flint and northern Indiana steel mills. After 10 years of service, the engine was retired and sat in a scrap yard until 1957.<ref name="PM1225"/>
The 1200s remained on the roster through the PM's merger into [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]] (C&O) in 1947; class N were renumbered to 2685–2699, class N-1 to 2650–2661, and class N-2 to 2670–2681. Part of the merger agreement, however, included the stipulation that locomotives that were acquired and fully paid for by PM would remain painted after the merger. Although all the Berkshires received new numbers, only class N engines were repainted into the standard C&O livery and renumbered. The majority of the class N locomotives were scrapped between 1954 and 1957, but class N-1s [[Pere Marquette 1223|1223]] and 1225 were both preserved.<ref name="PM1225"/>
===Retirement and Gift to MSU===
In 1955, Michigan State University Trustee, Forest Akers, the former VP of Dodge Motors, was asked by C&O Chairman Cyrus Eaton if the university would be interested in having a steam locomotive (Eaton did not want to scrap the engines but was having a hard time finding places that would accept them) so that engineering students would have a piece of real equipment to study. Akers proposed the idea to University President John Hannah, who accepted the gift of the locomotive. When he told the Dean of the College of Engineering about the gift, the Dean said that Engineering was not interested in an obsolete locomotive. John Hannah then called up Dr. Rollin Baker, director of the MSU Museum and told him that he was getting a locomotive.<ref>Personal The conversation between Dr. Baker and Chuck Julian</ref> The C&O then instructed the yardmaster at New Buffalo to send an engine to the Wyoming Shops for a [[Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles|cosmetic restoration]] and repainting with the name Chesapeake and Ohio on the side. Lighted number boards were added as was the standard for C&O engines, though the Pere Marquette Railway never used them. Eventually, the Michigan State Trust for Railway Preservation, operating at the Steam Railway Institute, decided to remove these. No. 1225 was the last engine in the line, i.e. easiest to get out.<ref>Conversation between Chuck Julian, Railroad Club President, Sam Chidester, retired PM engineer, and Hershel Christiansen, retired roundhouse foreman.  That was later confirmed to Chuck Julian by Henry (Hank) Truer, machinist at the PM.</ref>
Baker received the gift of the locomotive in June 1957 when it was brought to campus.<ref name="PM1225"/> The locomotive remained on static display near [[Spartan Stadium, East Lansing|Spartan Stadium]] on the Michigan State campus in [[East Lansing, Michigan]] for more than a decade.<ref name="PM1225"/> While on display, a child by the name of [[Chris Van Allsburg]] used to stop by the locomotive on football weekends, on his way to the game with his father.  He later stated that the engine was the inspiration for his story, ''[[The Polar Express]]''.<ref name="PM1225"/>
===Michigan State Railroad Club===
During the time that Akers was alive until 1966, when money was allocated to paint and display the engine.<ref>Personal Communication between Chuck Julian and Dr. Rollin Baker.</ref> In 1969, a group of MSU students formed the Michigan State University Railroad Club as a railfan group. Steve Reeves, a student and part-time employee of the Museum, whose responsibility was to display the engine on football weekends, sent out a notice in the State News that the Railroad Club would be meeting. Those early meetings did not discuss the restoration of the engine. Instead, they were slide shows of engines various members had seen on trips across the US, most of which were diesels. In 1970, at the suggestion of Randy Paquette, the club investigated the possibility of restoring the locomotive to running condition and started on that goal in 1971, with Baker's permission. Baker later stated that he thought having students be occupied with restoring a locomotive was far more in keeping with his idea of the image the university should be presenting than campus protests.<ref name="PM1225"/> Dr. Breslin, the university vice president, was not so sure. After the club started removing the sheet metal and exposing a rusty boiler, Breslin sent Baker to the engine with two messages. The first was the instruction to paint the engine. (The engine needs to look good, even when it is being worked on). The second message was the day the students stop working on the engine is the day the torches come out. The locomotive was safe as long as the students kept working on it. To emphasize, he had the hopper car next to the engine cut up the next week.<ref name="PM1225"/>
The students fired up the boiler in 1975 and sounding No. 1225's whistle for the first time in two decades. The MSU Railroad Club had looked to engine 1223 at the State Fairgrounds for parts.<ref name="PM1225"/> The Michigan Railroad Club, then custodians of that engine, objected, so needed parts were fabricated. As of now, 1223 is preserved in a lakeside park in Grand Haven, Michigan.
In 1976, Chuck Julian talked to Dr. Baker about the locomotive.  He asked Baker if he understood what members were asking in 1970, when they said that they wanted to restore the locomotive. Baker said that he fully understood. He thought that he would rather students be known for being involved in restoring a locomotive than known for protesting the war.<ref name="PM1225"/>
===The Search for a New Home===
In 1977, Dr. Edgar Harden became the University Interim President. Chuck Julian, as president of the MSU Railroad Club, went to his reception and made an appointment to see him. Harden was asked about the engine's future. The Railroad Club had fired the engine and it was nearing operability. Harden said that the university was not interested in running a locomotive and if it was, it would be run by all university employees. He said that if the Railroad Club wanted to run the engine, it should form a 501(c)(3) corporation and then he would give the club the engine.<ref name="PM1225"/>
In that meeting, Dr. Harden told Chuck Julian that the university was closing the Shaw Lane Power Plant and planned to pull up the tracks. The railroad had informed the university that it did not want to maintain a switch on a line not being used. With no switch, there was no need to keep the track. If the Club wanted to be able to get the engine off the display track and onto the mainline, it needed to move it soon. Dr. Harden gave the MSURRC permission to connect the display track to the siding and move the engine over to a part of the track near the police station, with the provision that the club provide a bond, remove the fence, stairs and all of its belongings from the display site, then tear up the track put down along with the display track.  The club also had to repair the sidewalk that it needed to go through after it was done and generally clean up the site.<ref name="PM1225"/>
Colin Williams, of Williams Brothers Asphalt Paving Co. of Ionia, Michigan provided the club with a surety bond, a dump truck, a front-end loader and a bulldozer plus operators to run the equipment which was used to build the grade. Club members then tore up the track next to the engine and laid it down behind the engine. The engine was then rolled down the tracks.  Chuck Julian, Dave Jones, an equipment operator from Williams Brothers, Dick Grieves, and a group of Hmong refugees who volunteered their time, then spent the next three days with the Williams Brothers equipment restoring the site, including casting a new concrete sidewalk.  Williams Brothers sent a grader from Ionia to fine grade the site after they were done with the bulk cleanup, including loading debris into the dump truck and rails onto a flatbed and hauling all of it to Ionia.<ref name="PM1225"/>
Dr. Harden said that if the club could find another place on campus that was suitable, it could move the engine to it. He assigned Ted Simmons and the head of the Landscape Arts Department the task of working with Chuck Julian to find a place. They visited several places. Ted Simmons was not willing to give up a siding at Power Plant 65 for the engine. The club would need to build one if it wanted one. The club would not be able to build a cheap structure. If the club or later the trust wanted a structure, it would need to be built by contractors after the university approved the design.<ref name="PM1225"/>
This set club members to looking for a new site.  Several were looked at. The Ann Arbor Railroad had gone bankrupt at the time and the State of Michigan became the owner of its assets. Hank Londo spoke to his state Senator and arranged for the new Michigan State Trust for Railway Preservation (MSTRP) to lease the Owosso engine shop. The engine and all of its equipment were then moved there. This was a great place to move because the engine shop had a lot of equipment that would be useful in restoring the engine.<ref name="PM1225"/>
The MSU Railroad Club and supporters of "Project 1225" formed the [[Michigan State Trust for Railway Preservation]] in 1978. Chuck Julian, then president of the MSU Railroad Club, became the Trust's first president. Soon after, the MSTRP was given ownership of 1225 by Michigan State University. The MSTRP moved 1225 to the former [[Ann Arbor Railroad (1895-1976)|Ann Arbor Railroad]] steam backshop in [[Owosso, Michigan|Owosso]] in 1983.<ref name="PM1225"/>
===Excursion service===
[[File: 1225 Pole Ex.jpg|thumb|right|Pere Marquette 1225 passing through with the ''Polar Express'' livery in 2004]]
On November 30, 1985, the engine was restored and moved again under its own power for the first time since its retirement in 1951.<ref name="PM1225"/><ref name= Grnak>Grnak, Robert, ''[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s28iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L60FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3249,2362324&dq=steamtown&hl=en Steam Locomotive 1225 to Gain National Exposure at Pennsylvania Activity]''. The Argus-Press. May 25, 1995 accessed July 18, 2010.</ref> The first excursion service occurred in 1988 on a 17-mile trip between Owosso and [[St. Charles, Michigan]]. In August 1991, 1225, along with [[Nickel Plate Road 765|Nickle Plate Road 765]], pulled a 31-car passenger train during the National Railway Historical Society's annual convention in [[Huntington, West Virginia]].<ref name="PM1225"/>{{efn|In June 1995, No. 1225 was scheduled to join [[Milwaukee Road 261]] on a doubleheader excursion and travel to [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], for the grand opening ceremony of [[Steamtown National Historic Site]], but after a series of routing issues, No. 1225's participation in the ceremony was cancelled, at the last minute.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vecchio |first=Mike Del |date=October 1995 |title=Steamtown’s Grand Opening |magazine=Railfan & Railroad |publisher=Carstens Publications |pages=40-41 |volume=14 |issue=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Keefe |first=Kevin |date=October 1995 |title=Observations - For 261, the best of times; for 1225, the worst |url=https://www.trains.com/trn/magazine/archive-access/trains-october-1995/ |url-access=limited |access-date=September 24, 2024 |magazine=Trains |publisher=Kalmbach Publishing |pages=88-89 |volume=55 |issue=10}}</ref>}}
The Trust started using the name, Steam Railroading Institute because it was thought that this name better represented the goals of the organization. The official name is still Michigan State Trust for Railway Preservation. The SRI name is registered as a DBA (Doing Business As), with the State of Michigan.<ref name="PM1225"/>
PM 1225 attended the Train Festival 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trainfestival2009.com/ |title=Home |website=trainfestival2009.com}}</ref> in [[Owosso, Michigan]] from July 23–26 as part of a fundraiser to raise money for 1225's upcoming 2010-2013 FRA overhaul. The national event showcased hundreds of train related items, events, and themes from around the country and some parts of the world. No. 1225 was not able to haul any excursions during the festival due to 5 of its flues failing, which occurred on July 24. 1225 was on display during the rest of festival for people to visit the engine, chat with the crew, take photos, and explore the cab. On October 7, 2008, it was announced that NKP 765 would once again join 1225 at Train Festival, marking the first time the two Berk's have met each other since 1991.<ref name="PM1225"/> Famous [[Southern Pacific 4449]] also attended the festival as one of the many attending engines along with the 1225 and 765. 1225 and 765 met up twice more that year, with a photo freight in August and an excursion in October.
The flue failing was later repeated on December 5 of that year, so in January 2010, 1225 went down for its required 15-year inspection, and it was found that the firebox sheets had deteriorated to the point of needing replacement. That program was largely completed through small and large donations of funds and labor by the organization's supporters. Approximately $900,000 had spent on 1225's FRA overhaul.<ref name="PM1225"/>
On October 20, 2013, the engine was fired up for a test run and moved again for the first time since 2009. It will run again for another 15 years until 2028 when its next overhaul work is due.<ref name="PM1225"/>
As of 2014, No. 1225 operates excursion trains over the [[Great Lakes Central Railroad]] (formally Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway) several times per year, including operations that leave Owosso and going to locations such as Alma, Clare, Mt. Pleasant, and Cadillac, Michigan. Since 2004, 1225 has hauled winter weekend excursions to [[Ashley, Michigan]] between Thanksgiving and the middle of December, due to copyright issues, as the "North Pole Express."<ref name="PM1225"/>
In 2021, the No. 1225 locomotive had its [[leading wheel]], [[trailing wheel]]s, and tender [[bogie|trucks]] upgraded with [[Rolling-element bearing#Roller bearings|roller bearings]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 24, 2021|title=Roll With It: PM 1225's Roller Bearing Conversion|url=https://www.michigansteamtrain.com/blog/roll-with-it|work=Steam Railroading Institute|access-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419081407/https://www.michigansteamtrain.com/blog/roll-with-it|archive-date=April 19, 2021}}</ref> In 2022, the locomotive went under a significant overhaul to its wheels and running gear with assistance from FMW Solutions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Steam Railroading Institute and FMW Solutions Partner for Work on Pere Marquette Locomotive No. 1225|url=https://www.fmwsolutions.com/newsroom/2022/2/8/steam-railroad-contractor-partners-with-institute|access-date=2022-02-09|website=FMW Solutions LLC|date=9 February 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> In late 2023, No. 1225 went back into service with a new dual-beam headlight, a digital [[thermocouple]], a second Nathan mechanical lubricator from [[Nickel Plate Road 757]], along with a temperature sensor and alarm systems for the crew to monitor the brass and bearing boxes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iverson |first=Lucas |date=November 9, 2023 |title=Pere Marquette No. 1225 returns to service after wheel and running gear rebuild - Trains |url=https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/pere-marquette-no-1225-returns-to-service-after-wheel-and-running-gear-rebuild/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110010552/https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/pere-marquette-no-1225-returns-to-service-after-wheel-and-running-gear-rebuild/ |archive-date=November 10, 2023 |access-date=November 10, 2023 |website=Trains Magazine}}</ref> In late 2024, the locomotive would haul more excursions until being sidelined for the rest of the season due to issues with the [[Superheater|superheaters]], necessitating Great Lakes Central diesel locomotives to haul the rest of the excursions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Franz |first=Justin |date=2024-12-02 |title=Pere Marquette 1225 Sidelined For Rest of Season |url=https://railfan.com/pere-marquette-1225-sidelined-for-rest-of-season/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Railfan & Railroad Magazine |language=en-CA}}</ref>
==Influence on ''The Polar Express''==
In 2002, [[Warner Bros.]] was given copies of the 1225's blueprints, saved from oblivion and donated to the MSURRC by Hank Truer, which were the prototype for the locomotive image, and its sounds were used in the 2004 film ''[[The Polar Express (film)|The Polar Express]]'', directed by [[Robert Zemeckis]]. However, the whistle used in the film was provided by [[Sierra No. 3]] of ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'' fame, which was also directed by Zemeckis (although the first whistle heard is that of 1225). The film was based on the [[Caldecott Medal]] winning [[The Polar Express|book of the same name]]. The children's book was written and illustrated by [[Chris Van Allsburg]], who grew up in [[Grand Rapids]], Michigan, and as a child attended every home [[American football|football]] game at Michigan State, next to which the engine was on static display. He recalls playing on this engine many times as a child saying, "I remember that train on campus, ...I can't believe it's the same train! I climbed on that train. I actually stood on it."<ref>Detroit Free Press, Allsburg, November 4, 2004 "Meet Chris Van Allsburg"</ref> Appropriately enough, the locomotive's road number is the date of Christmas; 12/25.
Some people claim that the 1225 was picked out by the railroad to give to MSU because the number represented Christmas Day.  Chuck Julian, in speaking to Sam Chidester and Herschal Christiansen, had it revealed to him that the engine was chosen because it was the last engine on the line at New Buffalo, waiting to be scrapped. It was the easiest one to get out. The number was not a consideration at all. Phil Gary, the brakeman who accompanied the engine to campus, confirmed the story.
The 1225 and other locomotives on the scrap line, sat there for many years after the railroad had stopped running steam. This was because the railroad could not scrap the engines until the liens to Detroit Bank and Trust (later to become known as Comerica), were paid off and removed.
== See also ==
{{Portal|National Register of Historic Places|Trains|Michigan}}
* [[New York Central 3001]]
* [[Nickel Plate Road 759]]
* [[Chesapeake and Ohio 2716]]
* [[Chicago and North Western 175]] - 1225's current stablemate
* [[Grand Trunk Western 6325]]
== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|last=Keefe|first=Kevin|year=2016|title=Twelve Twenty-Five: The Life and Times of a Steam Locomotive|edition=1st|publisher=[[Michigan State University Press]]|isbn=978-1-61186-202-7|url=https://archive.org/details/TwelveTwentyFive}}
==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last1=Gaffney|first1=T.J.|last2=Pyers|first2=Dean|year=2014|title=Pere Marquette 1225|series=Images of Rail|edition=1st|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4671-1282-6}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pere Marquette Railway 1225}}
* [http://michigansteamtrain.com/ Steam Railroading Institute] - official website of Pere Marquette 1225.
{{National Register of Historic Places in Michigan}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Pere Marquette Railway locomotives|1225]]
[[Category:2-8-4 locomotives]]
[[Category:Lima locomotives]]
[[Category:Individual locomotives of the United States]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Michigan]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Shiawassee County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Transportation in Shiawassee County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives on the National Register of Historic Places]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1941]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]
[[Category:Standard gauge locomotives of the United States]]
[[Category:Rail transportation on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan]]
[[Category:1′D2′ h2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Preserved steam locomotives of Michigan]]