View source for Peruvians of European descent

{{Short description|Peruvians with European ancestry}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group    = European Peruvians<br />''Peruanos europeos''
|image    =
|pop  = <!--Per 2017 census source provided.-->'''1,366,931''' (2017 census)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page = 214 |website = Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref><br/><!--If other reliable sources give higher estimates, then add as other estimates.-->5.89% of the Peru's population
|popplace = Principally in  [[La Libertad Region|La Libertad]], [[Cajamarca Region|Cajamarca]], [[Piura Region|Piura]], [[Lima Region|Lima]], [[Lambayeque Region|Lambayeque]], [[Oxapampa Province|Oxapampa]] and [[Arequipa]] .
|langs    = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{*}}Other [[European languages]]
|rels     = Predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]] ([[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]], followed by [[Protestantism]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]])<br /> minorities [[Judaism]], [[Atheist]] and [[Agnostic]]
}}
'''European Peruvians''', also known as '''White Peruvians''', are [[Peruvians]] who have predominantly or total [[Europe]]an ancestry (formerly called [[Criollo people|Criollos]] or [[Castizo|Castizos]] in the viceregal era). Traditionally, this group had been more dominant in the political, commercial, and diplomatic sectors of Peruvian society. According to the most recent 2017 census where ethnic self-identification was used, it makes up about 5.9% of the total population aged 12 years and above of Peru.<ref name="census2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page = 214 |website = Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>
== History ==
European immigration to Peru began with the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]] and continued during the Republic of Peru in the 19th century with the immigration of people from other countries of Europe (especially, Spain, Italy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inmigración italiana al Perú |url=http://www.espejodelperu.com.pe/Poblacion-del-Peru/Inmigracion-Italiana-al-Peru.htm#.YuvcAXbMLIU |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.espejodelperu.com.pe}}</ref> Portugal,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barreto |first=Gleydi Sullón |date=2016 |title=La presencia femenina entre los inmigrantes portugueses en Lima en el siglo XVII |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/RCHA/article/view/53719 |journal=Revista Complutense de Historia de América |language=es |volume=42 |pages=267–292 |doi=10.5209/RCHA.53719 |issn=1988-270X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Embajada del Peru en la Republica Portuguesa - Historia |url=https://www.embaixadaperu.pt/index.php/historia |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.embaixadaperu.pt}}</ref> France,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riviale |first=Pascal |date=2007-05-08 |title=Los franceses en el Perú en el siglo XIX: retrato de una emigración discreta |url=https://journals.openedition.org/bifea/4627 |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines |volume=36 |language=es |issue=1 |pages=109–121 |doi=10.4000/bifea.4627 |issn=0303-7495|doi-access=free }}</ref> England and Germany, among others).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cervantes |first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de |title=Historia de la conquista del Perú y de Pizarro / Henri Lebrun; traducida ...por J.R. |url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-de-la-conquista-del-peru-y-de-pizarro--0/html/ff2b1b7c-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |language=es}}</ref>
===Spanish===
{{expand section|date= January 2024}}
{{main| Spanish immigration to Peru}}
Spanish settlement of Peru began in the early 1530s (continuing until 1821 as a [[Viceroyalty of Peru|viceroyalty]] of Spain) and continues to the present day. Spanish [[explorer]] [[Francisco Pizarro]] founded the first Spanish settlement in Peru, [[San Miguel de Piura]] in July 1532.<ref name=Hemming>Hemming, J., 1970, The Conquest of the Incas, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., {{ISBN|0151225605}}</ref>{{rp|27}}<ref>{{cite book |title=The South American Handbook |last=Box |first=Ben |year=2004 |publisher=[[Footprint Books|Footprint Travel Guides]] |isbn=978-1-903471-70-8 |page=1132 |edition=80 |title-link=South American Handbook }}</ref> According to historian Napoleón Cieza Burga, the [[conquistador]] [[Diego de Almagro]] founded the second Spanish settlement of [[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]] in November 1534 and one of the first cities in the Americas founded by the [[Spanish conquistadors]].<ref name=Prescott>{{cite book|last=Prescott |first=W.&nbsp;H. |date=2011 |title=The History of the Conquest of Peru |publisher=Digireads.com |isbn=978-1-420-94114-2}}</ref>{{rp|125}} calling it "Villa Trujillo de Nueva Castilla" ''(Trujillo of [[Governorate of New Castile|New Castile]])'' after [[Trujillo, Cáceres|Trujillo]], the birthplace of Francisco Pizarro.<ref name="laindustria.pe">{{cite news|url =http://laindustria.pe/trujillo/local/cieza-fundacion-de-trujillo-no-fue-el-5-de-marzo|title =Napoleón Cieza Burga: Fundación de Trujillo no fue el 5 de marzo|newspaper =La Industria|access-date =April 27, 2012|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120509105115/http://laindustria.pe/trujillo/local/cieza-fundacion-de-trujillo-no-fue-el-5-de-marzo|archive-date =May 9, 2012|url-status =dead|df =mdy-all}}</ref>
[[Spanish culture|Spanish cultural]] influence is the most notable of all European cultural groups in [[Peruvian culture]]. Spanish heritage has left an indelible mark in the country and signs of this cultural exchange can be found everywhere, from the [[Peruvian Spanish|official language]], the dominant [[Roman Catholicism in Peru|Roman Catholic]] religion, [[bullfighting]], [[Music of Peru|musical genres]] to the local [[Peruvian cuisine|culinary]] styles.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y96z8U4c6IoC&q=spanish+settlers+in+peru History of How the Spaniards Arrived in Peru: Relasçion de como los ...] - By Titu Cusi Yupanqui, Catherine J. Julien</ref>
===Italians===
{{main|Italian Peruvians}}
Among Peruvians of European descent, Italians were the second largest group of immigrants to settle in the country.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pera|first=Mario|date=2011-12-31|title=Fare l'America or Learn to Live in it? Italian Immigration in Peru|url=http://journals.openedition.org/diasporas/1809|journal=Diasporas. Circulations, migrations, histoire|language=en|issue=19|pages=62–71|doi=10.4000/diasporas.1809|issn=1637-5823|doi-access=free}}</ref> Italian immigration in Peru began in the colonial era, during the Spanish [[Viceroyalty of Peru]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Patrucco|first=Sandro|date=2005|url=http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/5935|title= Italianos en la Lima Borbónica, su presencia e inserción en la Sociedad Virreinal (1700-1800)|website=Tesis Pucp, Universidad Católica del Peru|language=Spanish}}</ref>
However, the peak of Italian immigrants occurred after Peruvian independence, between 1840 and 1880, with the [[guano]] export boom.<ref name="itals">{{cite web|url=https://www.itals.it/andar-mari-storia-di-migranti-per%C3%B9|title=ANDAR PER MARI: STORIA DI MIGRANTI IN PERÙ|access-date=30 October 2023|language=it}}</ref>
===British===
{{expand section|date=January 2024}}
{{main|British Peruvians}}
One cultural influence is [[Inca Kola]], a [[soft drink]] that was created in Peru in 1935 by an [[English people|English]] immigrant Joseph Robinson Lindley. In 1911, in [[Rímac District|Rímac]], one of [[Lima]]'s oldest and most traditional neighborhoods, an English family began a small bottling company under their family name, Lindley. In 1928, the company was formally chartered in Peru as [[Corporación José R. Lindley S.A.]], whereupon Joseph R. Lindley became its first General Manager.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sisviso.plades.org.pe/sisviso/empresas.jsp?idempresaf=F0003|title=Empresas Transnacionales en el Perú: Breve Reseña Histórica|trans-title=Transnational Companies in Peru: Brief Historical Review|language=es|publisher=PLADES |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022043300/http://sisviso.plades.org.pe/sisviso/empresas.jsp?idempresaf=F0003 |archive-date=October 22, 2011 |access-date=April 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=EMPRESAS TRANSNACIONALES EN EL PERÚ: Nestlé Peru S.A.|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creditosperu.com.pe/pp-corporacion-jose-r-lindley-s-a.php|title=Directorio de las principales empresas y entidades del Perú: Corporacion Jose R. Lindley .S.A.|trans-title=Directory of the main companies and entities of Peru: Corporation Jose R. Lindley .S.A.|language=es|access-date=January 11, 2012|publisher=CreditosPeru.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731020016/http://www.creditosperu.com.pe/pp-corporacion-jose-r-lindley-s-a.php|archive-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.incakola.com.pe|title=Corporación José R. Lindley S.A.|publisher=Inca Kola}}</ref> Today it is still a family business with the great-grandson Johnny Lindley Suarez being the current president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.incakola.com.pe|language= es|title=Corporación José R. Lindley S.A.|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
==Geographical distribution==
[[File:PPK siendo censado.jpg|245px|thumb|right|The 66th [[President of Peru]] [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], of [[Polish-Jewish]] and [[Swiss-French]] descent, responded ''[[white people|blanco]]'' (white) for the 2017 census' question on habits and ancestors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/actualidad/ppk-sobre-origen-etnico-ustedes-me-ven-cara-soy-blanco-n296370|title=PPK sobre origen étnico: Ustedes me ven la cara, soy blanco|website=americatv.com|date=2017|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>]]
According to the [[2017 Peru Census|2017]] census 5.9% or 1.3 million (1,336,931) people 12 years of age and above self-identified as white.<ref name="census2017" /> There were 619,402 (5.5%) males and 747,528 (6.3%) females. This was the first time a question for ethnic origins had been asked. The regions with the highest proportion of self-identified whites were in [[La Libertad Region]] (10.5%), [[Tumbes Region]] and [[Lambayeque Region]] (9.0% each), [[Piura Region]] (8.1%), [[Callao]] (7.7%), [[Cajamarca Region]] (7.5%), [[Lima Province]] (7.2%), [[Lima Region]] (6.0%), [[Ica Region]] and [[Ancash Region]] (5.8% each), and [[Arequipa Region]] (4.9%).<ref name="census2017" /><ref>{{cite web|author1=Carlos Miranda Loayza|author2=Daniel Abuhadba Rodrigues|title=Inmigración Europea al Perú|trans-title=European immigration to Peru|language=es|url=http://www.espejodelperu.com.pe/Poblacion-del-Peru/Inmigracion-Europea-al-Peru.htm|work=espejodelperu.com.pe|date=2007|access-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>
[[File:MajuMantillaHuanchaco.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[María Julia Mantilla]] ([[Miss World 2004]]) from [[La Libertad Region|La Libertad]], a region with the highest proportion who self-identify as white.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|Population by region, 2017<ref name="census2017" />
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Regions of Peru|Region]]
! Population
! %
|-
| [[File:La Libertad Flag(PER).png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[La Libertad Region|La Libertad]]
| 144,606
| 10.5%
|-
| [[File:Bandera de Tumbes.svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Tumbes Region|Tumbes]]
|15,383
| 9.0%
|-
| [[File:Flag of Lambayeque Department.svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Lambayeque Region|Lambayeque]]
| 83,908
| 9.0%
|-
| [[File:Bandera Región Piura.png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Piura Region|Piura]]
| 114,682
|8.1%
|-
| [[File:Bandera del Callao.png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Callao]]
| 61,576
|7.7%
|-
| [[File:Bandera de Cajamarca.svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Cajamarca Region|Cajamarca]]
| 76,953
|7.5%
|-
| {{flagicon|Lima}}
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Lima Province|Lima]] Province
| 507,039
|7.2%
|-
| [[File:Bandera Región Lima.png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Lima Region|Lima]]
| 43,074
|6.0%
|-
| [[File:Bandera Región Ica.png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Ica Region|Ica]]
|  38,119
|5.8%
|-
| [[File:Bandera Ancash.png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Áncash Region|Ancash]]
| 49,175
|5.8%
|-
| {{flagicon|Arequipa}}
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Arequipa Region|Arequipa]]
| 55,093
|4.9%
|-
| [[File:Amazonas bandera.png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Amazonas (Peruvian department)|Amazonas]]
| 12,470
|4.4%
|-
| [[File:Flag of Huánuco.svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Huánuco Region|Huánuco]]
| 24,130
|4.4%
|-
| [[File:Bandera San Martín.png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[San Martín Region|San Martín]]
| 24,516
|4.0%
|-
| [[File:Bandera Moquegua Perú.png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Moquegua Region|Moquegua]]
|  5,703
|4.0%
|-
| [[File:Flag of Pasco Department.svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Pasco Region|Pasco]]
|  7,448
|3.8%
|-
| [[File:Flag of Junin.svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Junín Region|Junín]]
| 34,700
|3.6%
|-
| [[File:Flag of Madre de Dios Department.svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Madre de Dios Region|Madre de Dios]]
|  3,444
|3.3%
|-
| [[File:Flag of Tacna.svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Department of Tacna|Tacna]]
|  8,678
|3.2%
|-
| [[File:Bandera de Ucayali.svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Ucayali Region|Ucayali]]
|   8,283
|2.3%
|-
| [[File:Flag of Ayacucho.svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Ayacucho Region|Ayacucho]]
| 9,516
|2.0%
|-
| [[File:..Huancavelica Flag(PERU).png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Huancavelica Region|Huancavelica]]
| 5,222
|2.0%
|-
| [[File:Bandera Región Loreto.png|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Loreto Region|Loreto]]
| 11,884
|1.9%
|-
| [[File:Flag of Cusco (2021).svg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Cusco Region|Cusco]]
| 12,458
|1.3%
|-
| [[File:Apurimacbandera.jpg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Apurímac Region|Apurímac]]
| 3,034
|1.0%
|-
| [[File:Primer-lugar-de-la-bandera-regional-Puno1.jpg|23px|border]]
| style="text-align: left;" |[[Puno Region|Puno]]
| 5,837
|0.6%
|-
! {{flagicon|Peru}}
! style="text-align: left;" |Republic of Peru
! 1,336,931
! 5.9%
|}
==Origins==
The following European ethnic backgrounds form the majority of white Peruvians: [[Spanish Peruvian|Spanish]], [[Italian Peruvian|Italian]], [[German Peruvian|German]] (includes [[Polish Peruvians|Poles]] due to the [[partitions of Poland]]), [[French Peruvian|French]], [[British Peruvian|British]], [[Croatian Peruvian|Croatian]], and [[Irish people|Irish]]. Peru is also home to some 2,600 [[Peruvian Jews|Jews]], whose ancestors came ([[Ashkenazi Jews|mainly]]) from [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Hungary]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]] and [[Russia]], among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/peru|title=Peru|website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Europe|Peru}}
* [[White Latin American]]
* [[Croatian Peruvians]]
* [[Italian Peruvians]]
* [[French Peruvians]]
* [[German Peruvians]]
* [[Polish Peruvians]]
* [[Spanish immigration to Peru]]
* [[History of the Jews in Peru]]
* [[British Peruvians]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{White people}}
{{Ethnic groups in Peru}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Peru|European]]
[[Category:European diaspora in Peru|*]]